Analysis and Evaluation of Public Health Policy: WHO Governance

This essay provides an analysis and evaluation of public health policy, with a particular focus on the World Health Organization's (WHO) governance. It begins by defining policy and its impact on health, highlighting a case study on enhancing tobacco prices to combat cancer. The essay delves into the WHO's role in global health governance, including disease prevention, health promotion, and standard setting. It examines the influence of social, cultural, economic, political, and environmental factors on policy development, along with the involvement of key stakeholders such as healthcare professionals, patients, and policymakers. The essay also addresses the challenges in public health, such as aging populations and unhealthy lifestyles. It concludes by discussing the importance of stakeholder engagement in policy making, implementation, and operation, emphasizing the use of goal-based evaluation to measure policy effectiveness, and the role of Desklib in providing access to study tools and past assignments.

Policy and evaluation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Policy is defined as the law, regulation, process and procedure which may show the action
which is well related with the administration plan which is based on the term of incentive or the
voluntary that show the practice of the government and the other institutions which may provide
the aspect which is well related with the context of other institution. In addition, the policy may
show the aspect which help to reflect the aspect which is based on the resource. The health can
be generally influence by the term of policies in the various sector. The main plot of the report is
demonstrated the context of policy which is showing the issue of governance in the public health
WHO (Alho, Dematteis, Lembo,Maremmani, Roncero, and Somaini, 2020). In this report,
chosen public health policy is enhancing tobacco price due to the issue of cancer which is
gradually enhance due to the excess use of tobacco, smoking that lead to cause complication.
Therefore, the study wells cover consequence which is increased due to tobacco use and user
face health related issue. The scope of implementing the policy is to reduce use of tobacco while
hiking the process that create health complication. The report is covers the policy, policy process,
content, actor, context which may include the vision of policy, aim and their objective which
provide proper rationale for the general population. Therefore, they show the aspect which is
reliable in order to provide the measurement of key stakeholder which may help to implement,
developing and operating. In addition, the factor is also analysed which is helpful in order to
cover the influence that show relevance with the policy and so on (Banik, Rahman, Sikder, and
Gozal, 2020).
MAIN BODY
The essay will well discuss the fraction which is related with the policy which is regarding
the public health such as issue of governance in the wider public health WHO. The world health
organisation usually provides the number of policies for the general population which may show
their relevance in term to carry the research of implemented aspect which cover the public health
impact and generate the aspect of wellbeing and resilience. The policy which is related with the
governance of the public health is usually show the context of demonstration which is usually
related with the world health organisation. According to the world health organisation, the major
goals of the public health is to prevent the disease, promote health and the prolong life among the
general population as the context of whole (Bogaty and Drebot, 2018). The study of the public
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health shows the various of initiative which have single aim to create the aspect which is help to
foster the initiative which have single aim at the fostering of condition in the which is showing
the aspect which is well related with the health initiation that show the aspect which provide the
condition which is healthy within the specific population and may promote the aspect which is in
general suitable for the world health organisation. In this, the world health organisation in the
public health show their context of responsibility for the providing of leadership which is well
related with the leadership on the global health matter, that help to shape the health research
agenda, setting norms and standard which is provide the proper articulation for the evidence
based data. It is providing the context which is well related with the context of policy option that
show technical support to the various countries that provide access to the countries and help to
monitor the public health configuration with policy implementation (Chaidoutis, Migdanis,
Keramydas, and Papalexis, 2019). In UK, the rise in consumption of excess tobacco create issue
that render health of the general population. Therefore, it is also examined that people are using
tobacco or smoking number of time in day which may create complication for their health. Due
to over use of tobacco and smoking lead to raise issue such as cancer, and other chronic
condition that cannot be treat adequately and at a time it become incurable like cancer. The main
reason to plot the policy to control the excess use of smoking in the form of tobacco use by
hiking the price where people use less in a day that resist to develop the issue that they are
prevalent previously.
In addition, governance include the evidence-based policy development that show the
inform decision making which make the issue related to public health which help to uphold the
key governance that is showing the aspect of principle of fairness. The major issue of governance
that is related with the public health WHO. The current challenge which may provide the reliable
policy intent that is create difficulties are formidable, include an ageing population, unhealthy
lifestyle, burden of behavioural determinant that is showing the aspect of leading in order to
enhanced the cause of mortality and the morbidity from the context of non-communicable to
communicable disease which is well related with the rapid transfer of the infectious disease that
is well related with the context of pathogen and show the potential for the global pandemic or
any kind of disaster is usually show the aspect which is provide the context that is related with
the study policy (dos Santos, Lopes, and Maciel, 2022). There is various public health official
have put their measurement in place which help to reduce the enhanced risk of death and illness
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which is caused due to consumption of tobacco and smoking. Some of the policies are
implemented which include increasing tobacco price and developing tobacco free area which is
built within the communities in order to protect non-smoker from effect of secondary smoking.
With the context to the policy, World health organisation may play vital role in the context
to the global governance of the health and social illness which help to show their impact which is
well related with the function which established, take proper monitoring and enforcing the
international norms and standard which may help to make the proper coordination and multiple
actor which is work in order to achieve the single goals and common goals. Overall, from the
above discussion the social, cultural, economic, political and environmental factor which may
generally influenced the policy. In this, the policy is well focus on the prevention of diseases or
any illness that may render the mental state of general population and so on. The social factor
which may influence the policy which is show the context that they require prevention and social
inclusion, group and communities usually render the health objective of the policy (Fadel and et.
al., 2020). The policy public health WHO has the major motive to take the preventive step which
may render the health outcome and quality of health. The policy independently focusses on the
various aspect which may develop the quality of health and due to the social inclusion and factor
and so on affect the quality of health.
In addition, there are number of stakeholders may play reliable role in order to show the
aspect which may place the aspect which is generally related with the context of process policy
making. The governance of the public health WHO implied the various section which may
support the individual in order to provide the context which may develop the scenario for the
provision of care and provide reliable health to the number of people for their health
development. The stakeholder within the formation of policy shows the aspect which is related
with the context that may provide the vision of formulation, development, implementation and
operating (Farrell and et. al., 2021). The development of the policy from the vision of
stakeholder is to manage the condition of public health issue where the policy have main aim to
control the issue and disease condition which may render the health outcome of the general
population. The stakeholder within the policy is show their approach with the proper monitoring
and inspection. In this, the stakeholder is healthcare professional, medical staff, patient and
others. In addition, it is essential in order to recognise the needs of the general population and as
according to them the proper aspect is used to follow which may take under the implementation
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of the policy formation. The operation is used to taken which may show the aspect which is help
to provide the advantage to the general population for the prevention and managing the issue
which cause due to the public health issue. The policy operation among the general population
may create various complication which require instant support and care to the people with the
help of policy. The world health organisation is properly taken the aspect which have ability to
complete the required aspect which is showing the behaviour which is general may develop the
quality of life due to the occurrence of policy that may influence the negative health and turn into
the positive outcome (Khan, Kallogjeri, and Piccirillo, 2022).
In reference to evaluation, the policy has been specifically developing with the goals based
evaluation. The goals based evaluation is usually counted the aspect which may consist of
qualitative and quantitative data and information. As per this, policy have their specific time
which is used to help to achieve the aim. In context with tobacco policy, the goal based
evaluation indicate that within some period the tobacco user is reduced within UK. In addition, it
is broadly defined as stakeholders are usually take their participation in the organisation policies
making, development and operation in order to play a vital role from the group of patients,
research participants, service provider, advocacy groups policy makers and others. There for the
stakeholder’s engagement referred to the process by which an organisation is usually taking the
environment among the people who are usually affected by the decision. Therefore, it usually
makes an approach which influence implementation of decision stakeholders may also support to
create the disease and may influence the organisation or within the community that focus on the
operations. In this, the major focus is usually providing the detailed analysis of the integration
and engagement of stakeholders towards the policy making, implementation, and operations. The
type and extent of key stakeholders are usually show their involvement in the policy
development that may depend on the number of factors that include the specific contexts of the
policy development such as large bio-Bank, small genomics program and so on (Ngangom,
Tamunjoh, and Boyom, 2019). Therefore, it is also analysed that the public health WHO is also a
policy where the engagement of the stakeholders is usually evaluated which may helpful to
provide the details of the available resources and the power sharing structure of the program that
is involved within the group. In addition, the engagement method is critically show various
different models that describe the levels where the stakeholders are used to involve in the policy
making and show the proper aspect of decision-making implementation and analysing the
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association of public health participation which define the various level. The involvement in the
engagement process with the help of factsheet, website, public comment, focus group, survey,
involvement in the workshop, deliberative polling, collaborative behaviour, such as citizen
advisory committee, participatory decision making, and also empower the delegations of the
citizen juries. With these all context, the policy are usually implemented and operated with the
help of stakeholders the evaluation well stated that the involvement of such aspect help to create
policy development, implementation and operations (Ruth, Wachman, and Marshall, 2019).
In the contexts with the public health, stakeholders within the health care are usually include
but are not limited to patient, caregiver, doctor, nurses, union employees, employer, insurance
companies, community, and various organisation who is related with medications. In addition to
this, the stakeholders is defined as individual or group of people who usually share the same
information and interest regards with the project and share interest with the appropriate
stakeholders that day affect or is affected by project or organisation. In addition, the stakeholders
in healthcare play a major role in order to provide the direction of the health care industries and
also show their respect in the public health’s concerns to make a rise in the funds to take a proper
aspect for prevention of disease which maybe act as epidemic for the countries. They are show
supports which is vital to provide funding, support, strategic decision, direction, solution, and
also they have a network chain which is used for in order to make prevention aspect for the
disease and illness which may become the public health issues after a time. There are various
approaches which are generally taken by stakeholders in the healthcare such as health promotion,
health and social aspect, health research, and public health. In the public health stakeholders
usually play a vital role with the collaboration with various statutory body such as government,
community, school, international bodies, and many more (Ruth, Wachman, and Marshall, 2019).
Public health encourages welfare of the entire population, ensuring security of the
communities and protect them from infectious diseases and environmental hazards. This policy
enables a community's ability to perform better in terms of healthcare by implementing evidence
based public health actions and programmes. Common key elements of public health include
surveillance, governance, health promotion, legislation, research and human resources (Ruth,
2019). The health status of the population is determined by the healthcare services provided by
the governing body. Optimizing the health status of the communities can help add quality of life
to the individuals. The healthier the population the more will be the effectiveness of workforce
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leading to better growth of economy and fewer dependency. Public health is achieved by
promoting healthy lifestyle among people and preventive care from diseases. Public health is
determined by different factors such as social, economic, environmental and personal condition
of the individuals. Different areas of public health responsibilities include maintaining basic
infrastructure, educating the individuals about different diseases, implementing control measures
to prevent major outbreaks (Fadel and et. al., 2020). Policies and programmes to reduce the risk
of exposure to environmental hazards, monitoring air and water quality are also implemented
under public health. Preparing on how to respond to emergencies and providing leadership for
public health activities can help assess the health of the population in a superior way and
promote healthy behaviours within communities.
Yes, the increasing tobacco price policies address health equities and inequities. Health
inequity defined as unequal distribution to access of health. It is an avoidable health care
differences in different group of crowds. Policies address health equities by providing health
seminars and proving low-cost health facilities to those who are financially suffering (Jinghui,
and Wansheng, 2020). Policies makes communities to support to address health inequities for
recognize the inequities and reduce them. Policies address inequities and improve equities by
supporting high quality health care services. It also promotes economic mobility and develop
structure to improve equity. Health equity may be defined as every individual living in an area
has access to protect and promote their health (Meghani, 2020). Addressing health equities and
iniquities improves quality health care.
Policies address health equities and inequities in such a way because it removes barriers
which comes in way to access health such as poverty, discrimination, powerlessness, education
and safe environment. This makes an efficient health care system for all groups and healthier
peoples need less medical care. It makes sure that every individual person is getting chance to get
best medical care when he goes for the treatment. Health equity may have defined if the person
has the chance to attain her/ his full of health potential.
Health implication is defined as free from any diseases physically and mentally both. As
public health policy plays an important role in public wellbeing and addressing equities and
inequities is equally important. Addressing health inequities and equities has a greater impact on
public health as it improves patient outcome. This helps to identify the problems rising in public
and resolve these problems (Kahn, ed., 2020).
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There are three types of variables which show their effect on public policy
implementation. It shows the advantages of this framework which allows the people to
understand these, without any restrictive assumption imposition., these all three variables are
activated through the regional authorities to favour the implementation of these policy. These all
three variables are:
 That one which is related to a problem's complexity like behavioural diversity, scope of
changes, and technical difficulties.
 Variables which is statuary that help to structure the policy like coherence and clarity of
objectives, theory of causality clarity.
 Non statutory variables like socio-economic conditions and so on.
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well analysed that the issues of governance in the public
health WHO, it shows a vital role in order to create the barrier for the diseases and illness.
therefore, the policy is usually creating an aspect which is reliable and appropriate for the
prevention of disease and provide the proper support to the population. In addition to this,
stakeholder show their involvement because they have appropriate strategic pattern and
dimension which is usually followed by organisation in order to make the relevance of the policy
among the general population.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alho, H., Dematteis, M., Lembo, D., Maremmani, I., Roncero, C. and Somaini, L., 2020. Opioid-
related deaths in Europe: Strategies for a comprehensive approach to address a major
public health concern. International Journal of Drug Policy, 76, p.102616.
Banik, R., Rahman, M., Sikder, M.T. and Gozal, D., 2020. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an emerging
public health concern for the poorest in Bangladesh. Public Health in Practice, 1, p.100024.
Bogaty, C. and Drebot, M., 2018. Powassan virus—An emerging public health
concern. CMAJ, 190(15), pp.E472-E472.
Chaidoutis, E., Migdanis, A., Keramydas, D. and Papalexis, P., 2019. Biogenic amines in food as
a public health concern An outline of histamine food poisoning. Archives of Hellenic
Medicine/Arheia Ellenikes Iatrikes, 36(3).
dos Santos, E.J.E., Lopes, A.T.S. and Maciel, B.M., 2022. Salmonella in Wild Animals: A Public
Health Concern.
Fadel and et. al., 2020. Coronavirus outbreak: the role of companies in preparedness and
responses. The Lancet Public Health, 5(4), p. e193.
Farrell, M.L., Joyce, A., Duane, S., Fitzhenry, K., Hooban, B., Burke, L.P. and Morris, D., 2021.
Evaluating the potential for exposure to organisms of public health concern in naturally
occurring bathing waters in Europe: A scoping review. Water Research, 206, p.117711.
Khan, A.M., Kallogjeri, D. and Piccirillo, J.F., 2022. Growing Public Health Concern of
COVID-19 Chronic Olfactory Dysfunction. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck
Surgery, 148(1), pp.81-82.
Ngangom, B.L., Tamunjoh, S.S.A. and Boyom, F.F., 2019. Antibiotic residues in food animals:
Public health concern. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39(5), pp.411-415.
Ruth, B., Wachman, M.K. and Marshall, J., 2019. Public health social work. Handbook of health
social work, pp.93-118.
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