Public Policy: Comparing Theories and Analyzing Implementation Factors

This essay provides an overview of public policy, highlighting its importance and comparing selected theories used during the policy development phase. It discusses public policy in the UK, including government spending on education, healthcare, social security, and defense. The essay identifies issues related to public policy, such as problems faced by policymakers and the influence of political parties and special interest groups. It explores political and institutional theories, examining their effectiveness in addressing healthcare and education policies. The conclusion emphasizes the role of government administrators and parliament members in creating policies for the benefit of citizens and national development. The essay uses peer-reviewed references to support its analysis and arguments.

PUBLIC POLICY

INTRODUCTION
Public policy refers to regulatory measures, systems of laws, funding priorities and
courses of action relating to a given topic regulated by governmental entities as well as its
representatives. It includes laws, the action of plans, or behaviours adopted by the
government. There are four types of public policies such as redistributive, distributive,
constituent and regulatory which help government administrators to conduct their practices.
Every policy has three key factors goals to be achieved and a problem definition addition to
policy instruments that address the issues or accomplish the objectives. This essay highlights
a public policy issue and its importance and then compares selected theories during the policy
development phase.
MAIN BODY
a) Record the Journal entry in the books of Municipal corporation.
JOURNAL ENTRIES
Date Particulars Debit Credit
01/10/21 Bank
Cash
Capital
(Capital introduced to the municipal corporation)
10000
61800
71800
02/10/21 Purchases
Machinery
(Machinery being purchased on credit)
5400
5400
04/10/21 Computer
Printer
Bank
(Computer and printer being bought for cash)
800
200
1000
12/10/21 Repair Expense
Cash
(repair expenses incurred for repairs done in the
printer)
110
110

18/10/21 Purchase A/c
Cash A/c
(Furniture of wroth 250 being purchased to profit)
250
250
21/10/21 Bank
Rent Income
(Rent being received by the organisation)
800
800
23/10/21 Wages
Cash
(2100 paid as wages)
2100
23/10/21 Cash
Scrap
(sold goods to David for cash)
700 700
24/10/21 Laptop
Bank
(A new laptop has been bought for official use)
1700
1700
26/10/21 Wages
Bank
(shopkeeper has been paid monthly wages)
820
820
30/10/21 Rent Expenses
Bank
(a place being rented by the business and paid
expenses for same)
850
850
31/10/21 Machinery
Cash
(The machine has been purchased and payment has
been made in cash)
150
150
Summary of the above Journal Entry’s:
The above are the journal entries in the books of municipal corporation in their books. At the
beginning they have introduced the capital in their business which is amounting to 71800
under which the bank has been 10000 and remaining is the cash of 61800. On 2nd October,

they have purchased the machinery for the business amounting to 5400, such machinery they
have purchased based on the credit. After that 12th October, they repair printer at the cost of
110 against cash. During the period, they receive income from rent on amounting 800. The
municipal corporation paid wages to their labours as a form of cash. They purchased laptop
on behalf of official use pricing 1700 dated on 24th October. The business which is running
the municipal corporation is rented and they paid expenses against the building at costing
850.
Public policy in the UK includes spending money on education, health care, social
security and defence for the benefit of the public. The government of the country spent a
large amount of money on these four-category in order to provide beneficial services to
people for their development and betterment so they live a better, healthy and long life.
Public policy refers to the law, policies, subsidies as well as various programs of government
administration in order to conduct their practices to achieve the development goal of the
country. By these, they provide their services to help the people to develop their living
standards as well as contribute to the development of the whole country by conducting their
professional practices. They provide employment opportunities, education, loan, security, and
health care services to people so they live a better life and earn their livelihood in order to
increase the GDP of the country as well as the overall economic development of the nation as
compared to other nations (Smith & Larimer, 2018). There are various issues related to public
policy in the UK which creates problems in providing these services to the people for their
welfare. These problems are related to practices of political parties, various issues related to
diseases, inflation in the country, misconduct practices of political leaders of other countries
and many more.
The enormous number of problems that policymakers face is first, the policymaker
emphasizes more on the smaller problems leaving behind the ones which require high
attention. They ignore or do not have the ability to properly understand complex problems.
Second, policymakers instead of doing things on their own usually rely on the government
for huge machines and networks of organisations that are essential to policy delivery and
oversee a statute book that they could not possibly understand. Third, they have less control
over the state and even minimal knowledge and form the policies without knowing how they

relate to existing policies. Policymakers ignore the evidence of health and climate change
researchers because they find efficient ways to ignore almost all evidence to make timely
choices (Strassheim, & Beck, 2019). As a result, all the policies are taking place through
small and specialist policy communities that operate out of the public spotlight and with
minimal elected policymakers’ involvement. There are various factors related to public policy
as regulations, principles stakeholders, special interest groups and assisted policies makes
during the implementation process of public policy in a country. Also, there are several
theories related to public policy which assists administrators to make effective policy in order
to reduce the issues related to the current policy of the country. These theories are political
and institutional which helps them to make better policy in order to provide education, social
security, defence and health care services to people effectively for their welfare as well as the
development of the whole nation.
Political theory is the study of political ideas values like democracy, justice and
power that we use to explain, understand and assess political institutions and practices. This
theory is divided into four sections- The first section will be of interest to those people who
are seeking just that is more than just economic for policymaking. The second section will be
effective for those who seek a motivational framework and moral foundation and
examination of the institution of policymaking. The third section will be of assistance in
understanding the limitations of a theoretical foundation for policymaking (Kraft, & Furlong
2019) The fourth section will be good in seeing the application of Gooden’s assertions to two
policy areas. It helps the political administrators to make public policy by understanding the
concept of political practices and the way they are used in day-to-day language. It is a series
of concepts about political life that incorporate ideas, purpose and essential aspects of
government, human political power, assumptions and statement about the state and society.
The institutional theory focuses on the role of political, economic and social systems in
which company gain their legitimacy and operates. There are two main trends in institutional
theory first one is the old institutionalism and new institutionalism. This helps us to
understand the two most important stages in the policy cycle in a government setting such ad
agenda setting and policy implementation. It provides the basis for the systematic analysis of
innovation (Cairney, P. 2019). These theories help the administrators to put together all the
factors of the public policy while framing the policies. The effectiveness of political theory is
it helps them to make policies related to healthcare and education by keeping all people equal
such as they must make policies for people who belong to different income levels and every

sector country take benefits of these policies equally. Whereas effectiveness of institutional
theories assists them to use various resources such as funds, infrastructure, education policy
and many more to implement in the process to the process of public policy.
CONCLUSION
From the above-presented information, it is concluded that public policy refers to the
processes, strategies, rules, and regulations made by government administrators, members of
parliament and many more in order to run the country as well as its affairs effectively. These
policies are related to health care, education, employment, security, defence as well as the
livelihood of people living within a country. They make policies to provide these services for
the benefit of people so they earn, live as well as contribute to the development of the country
in order to increase resources, GDP, employment rate and monetary value of the nation in the
international market. There are various theories such as institutional and political theory
which helps members of parliament to understand the concept of politics, social needs,
economics and its related institutional factors in order to make effective policy to reduce the
various issues.
REFERENCES
Books and journal
Smith, K. B., & Larimer, C. W. (2018). The public policy theory primer. Routledge.
Strassheim, H., & Beck, S. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of behavioural change and public
policy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2019). Public policy: Politics, analysis, and alternatives. Cq
Press.
Cairney, P. (2019). Understanding public policy: theories and issues. Bloomsbury Publishing