This essay examines the relationship between political institutions and public goods. It defines political institutions as organizations that create, enforce, and apply laws, mediate conflicts, and develop government policies. Public goods are defined as non-rivalrous and non-excludable goods, such as clean air and education. The essay explores how public institutions provide public goods and their impact on society domestically and internationally, highlighting their role in poverty reduction and environmental protection. It further analyzes how the demand and supply of public goods are influenced by external, environmental, economic, and political factors, including tax policies, environmental laws, inflation rates, and population growth. Finally, the essay discusses Arrow's impossibility theorem and its implications for the political process, explaining how it affects decision-making in scenarios with multiple preferences.