Globalization, Nation-States, Immigration: Key Concepts

This assignment presents detailed responses to eight short-answer questions covering key concepts in political science. The questions explore the origins and pivotal moments of globalization, the concept of nation-states and their 'artificial division of planetary social space,' and the reasons why immigration is increasingly viewed as a women's issue. The responses also delve into the causes of irregular immigration, the challenges faced by Canada as a non-typical nation-state, and the factors contributing to the rise of neoliberalism in Western countries. Each answer provides in-depth analysis and supporting examples to illustrate the complexities of these interconnected topics, offering a comprehensive overview of the subject matter.

Running Head: QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
Question and Answer Assignment
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note:

1QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
Table of Contents
Response to Question 1...................................................................................................................2
Response to Question 2...................................................................................................................3
Response to Question 3...................................................................................................................4
Response to Question 4...................................................................................................................5
Response to Question 5...................................................................................................................7
Response to Question 6...................................................................................................................8
Response to Question 7...................................................................................................................9
Response to Question 8.................................................................................................................10
Response to Question 9.................................................................................................................11
Works-Cited...................................................................................................................................14

2QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
Response to Question 1
Globalization as a concept is as related to the global history as being weaved together in
the form of a mesh, and one cannot expect it to be even a near possibility to determine the origin
of one without keeping the other one in context. However, when we talk about the origin of
globalization as a global phenomenon with which the world saw the emergence of the concepts
of interdependencies and interconnectivity. Still, the idea was present in the society even before
the technological advancement of the late twenty-first century, which has been considered as the
mechanism on which the globalization flourishes. Yet, going back to the history we have
witnessed that the idea of exchanging commodities are not altogether a new one for it started
with the expansion of the Graeco-Roman world which gave the option of the ideas and invention
travelling with the imperialist powers (Ambrosini). The Roman network of trade extended till the
Chines and the Indian routes, and in no time it was observed that Roman commodities were more
commonly found than the native ones.
Nevertheless, the current role of globalization was pushed into the working with the First
World War and the where the demand for regular supply by the countries participating in the war
saw a huge jump which made these countries indulge in exporting commodities to maintain the
soldiers in the front. Prior to the war and the demand, the globalization mechanism or
commodity market integration was already in place, but the trading world has started
understanding the related cost of import and trade tariffs which had slowed down the process
which was then overcome with the invention of transport and is determined O’Rourke that this
was one of the pivotal movement in the history of globalization which enhanced and accelerated
the process (Blodgett). The wars created a demand in food commodities, and the trade between
Chicago for their wheat saw a massive hike for their steep fall in the British market, yet, there

3QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
were other food commodities which could not be lowered due to their shelf-life. The process of
defining the commodity integration of the market showed that there was a need felt for the
innovation in the technological terms and in this case, refrigerators. In the late twentieth century,
the integration of the market was completed with the Asian wheat trade being included. But the
period after the First World War is the most pivotal movement in the globalization due to the
establishment of Pax Britannica, for it made the British play the role of global policy and they
integrated almost the entire world economy as one (Blake). It was also because of this that the
decline and repression experienced by the British Empire were felt the whole world.
Response to Question 2
The concept of nation-states is comparatively more recent for it is the replacement of the
conventional notion of the imperial and the state-based power control, which determined the
culture to be followed by the people on their preferences. Before this, the states were formed as a
result of the rulers who implemented the cultural activity uniformly across the borders they had
under control. The establishment of the nation-states was initiated to instil the feeling of equality
among the people who are culturally different than each other and to boost nationalism among
them. Though the process was seen as a step to bring harmony among the people and to generate
a sense of connectivity in them, which formed the theory of nationalism (Farris). The start of the
democratic republics in the world was a parallel phenomenon along with globalization. This
meant that even though the political borders were maintained, people belonged to another culture
who settled down as residents there. To ensure that they feel the same sense of nationalism and
count themselves as the one belonging to the nation. This process was put in the mechanism by
the state, which was the organizational power who had control over the practical as well the

4QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
political standpoint of the nation (Godbout and Bjørn). The country was the people who resided
within the nation’s boundary.
The ideology of nation-state was started to instil the sense of nationalism, but the other
side of the coin was ignored, which has now become the most important agent of the artificial
division among the people. The ideology has been instilled among the people but has taken a
severe form of establishing their existence which can be compared with the reigns of kings
where they were morally and ethically considered to be responsible for their subjects (Masco).
The social space such as technology, trade, education and all the other social spheres which were
expected to the zone liberated and free from such nuances has become the field of exerting
power (Gills and William). The mechanism put in place to gain connectivity among people have
resulted in their segregation with more clarity with people claiming and responsible for their
nation. The Asians, Americans, English have all now added to the aspect of bringing separation
and made the social world a divided state in itself.
Response to Question 3
When the commentators say that immigration has increasingly become a women’s issue,
it reflects more than one thing; for once the writers or their contributions are acknowledging the
field of women and their contribution to the aspect have finally been deemed relevant by the
historians and anthropologists to write about and the other is that the though the writings have
finally begun it rose with the culmination of the advancement of the women and their plight and
suffering and struggles have become large enough. The migration flow across the international
borders have long remained in the shadows for their efforts were never acknowledge in any
sector whether it is literature, science, economics or sociology. Among them all, science and
economics have been deemed as the male-centred ones where their contributions were significant

5QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
enough to be displayed in writing (Masco). The fact remains that the ratio of women immigration
has outnumbered the male counterparts yet it was not until the feminist’s effort, they were
brought in the forefront. The immigration stories came to the front when the ethnic and local
writers brought the matters of the private in into the eyes of the public by changing their canon of
study and focused their narrative by putting them in the centre.
There is no denying the fact that a significant percentage of immigration is witnessed to
and from the Middle East and the Arabs countries and the primary reason has been the economic
amassing of the assets by the male. But, the fact that has been revealed is that more and more
women from the third world countries have shown the tendency to immigrate to the first world
countries to support themselves and to gain the gender equality. The reason behind the
immigration of men and women are different in their ideologies (O’Rourke, Kevin and Jeffrey).
While men migrate to seek economic stability, women too, but the unequal distribution of
opportunities in their land has been detected as the most important reason behind their decision.
This, in turn, has seen to be the declining part of the study for they were thrown in the sections of
humanity not out of preference but for accommodation. The first world countries utilized them as
a means to escape costly labors and they were quickly replaced to provide cheap work which has
resulted in the sighting of odd workings hour and pay and have been stuck in the same ghetto
which they escaped.
Response to Question 4
Irregular immigration is the concept used by the national and international law-making
agencies to regulate and keep a record of the immigration and emigration within the nation and
makes the law and policies governing the entry and exit to and from the national border.
Irregular immigration is the entry or departure into or from the state without observing the laws

6QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
or is unethical. The problem concerning the irregular migration is that although the nation and
the organizational institution have been trying to put the rules and the keep a close look at the
boundaries to maintain and control the illegal immigration, it has been observed they are being
overcome by agents who have found ways to veil the matter. The agents at play who enhances
the process of irregular immigration are the intermediaries who provide a safe passage for the
immigrants into the market and the society (O’Rourke, Kevin and Jeffrey). These intermediaries
come in all shape and form and what makes it hard for the government to control is that not all
are illegal, some are legal and are weaved into the legal structures of the government. They take
the shape of all kinds of aids for people seeking migration and works for profits solely and this
not only put the nation’s safety at risk but also the life of the individual looking to migrate at
risk.
There are certain factors which strengthen the immigration industry and that is
determined by the segregation of the immigrants on account of their need for the same. Their
categorization is based on the fact that they are coming from the countries going through a
massive crunch in the employment sector and the only way to sustain their life is to migrate to
another place and earn sustainability. The second primary reason is the genocide which is being
observed around the world, due to which people migrate through sea-routes which are filled
fraudulent who works on profits and smuggle them to the society and get them employment in
the private sector. The third is the lack of policies in the country they are coming from or they
enter into due to which they seek refuge and in spite of not getting paid equally are
accommodated by people looking for cheap labor and can send commodities back home to
sustain their family. The fourth is often seen as the most dangerous form of support that is given
due to the instability in the political organization of the nation where they aim to cause the lack

7QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
of equality and bring chaos. The fifth reason is to escape from the natural or human-made
disaster faced by the country.
Response to Question 5
The formation of Confederation was the result of the political instability and weakness
felt by the American Civil War and the fact newspaper articles were speculating the annexation
of the British North America (BNA) which they knew would be hard for them to address. The
confederation was also the result of the fact that they viewed the American civil war as the
instability in the unity of the government. So the idea of merging the colonies of British North
America was carried out which would fall under the combined legislation of the Province of
Canada. This meant that there were uprising among the people and suppression from the
government which in turn said that the combined Confederation was solely based on the political
front and the people from the different provinces and colonies were unable to form the general
idea of nationalism for the same (Ousey and Charis). The sole motive was to strengthen the
merge the resources to defend themselves from the aggressive nature of approach of US which
they found that hesitant in the part of Britain to afford. The second merging of the colonies
brought an end to the first Confederation and a new union was formed with the Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and the province of Canada and fulfilled the long dream of attaining a country consisting
of ‘A Mari usque ad Mare’ (from sea to sea) (Osimiri).
The formation of confederation was formed with the motive of bringing political
harmony in which the cultural and ethnic population was ignored mainly that later cost the
country of ethnic and cultural diversity and chaos. The chaos was primarily due to the neglect of
the government in terms of social security and responsibility towards the indigenous population
of the country. Also, the mid-nineteenth century election saw significant discrimination based on

8QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
gender where the women were barred from casting their vote and yet the government was
declared to be elected democratically. The corrosive nature of internal politics which was
followed after the establishment of the complete confederation was their self-destruction of the
land and the internal colonialism of the indigenous people of the north in an attempt to erase
their existence that was present from the past century (Osimiri). This degraded the cultural unity
of the nation further where the internal struggles of the underrepresentation of the Catholics and
the Acadians were also one of the major components. Considering the point the province of
Canada was never made with the motive of attaining a culturally united nation but a political
one, the struggle to instil the sense of nationality in the government still lingers large.
Response to Question 6
The concept of neoliberalism in the United States has been directly linked with the
energy crisis of the 1970s due to the Iranian revolution and the Yom Kippur War and as a result
of which the most significant shortage of oil export was witnessed. Leading to this phenomenon
was the occurrence of the event of price elevation in countries such as the United States, Canada,
Australia, Europe, and Australia. This was predated with the crisis of petroleum products in the
1960s due to which they were dependent on the export of the oil from the Middle East. The term
neoliberalism does not conform to anyone aspect but has been seen to be applied in the many
sociological fields (Ousey and Charis). But, here we are concerned with the economic policies
which emerged due to the neoliberal world based on the financial condition of the period. So, it
can be defined as a particular economic policy which determines the economic policies in terms
of its profit bearing and the social activities in terms of their contribution to the elevation of the
per capita accumulation of the capital.

9QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
The neoliberal concept and its use in the US policies to fight the energy crisis is always
debated that it was never used entirely just as a cloak to bound the economic condition of the
world and restrict the free-market to control the competition. The energy crisis toppled the
complete structure of the financial world for it was then followed by a credit crunch which
further tied their hand from making up for the liquid crisis. The credit crunch led to the general
recession which meant that the financial crisis, pay cut and the debt was taking a giant shape and
it was predicted that it would end up similarly as the great depression. The George Bush
administration took the NAFTA under its control and the first step it took was to declare the big
banks as out of the question of facing any deflation due to which the crisis of public debt was
introduced but it saved them from the GDP fall (Udartsev). This was where the neoliberal
concept of Medicare and Social Security took a plunge and value of dollar saw a new low like
never before. Yet it is considered that the position of the dollar as the world money and the
establishment of economic superiority in the past made the sailing easier for them.
Response to Question 7
The rise of the economic crisis of 2008 started a year before from the mid of 2007 which
was the result of the emergence of the new class between the capitalist and the working class that
was termed as the professional class who invested in the depository interest of the banks. The
neoliberal policies implemented during the Clinton administration which was done with the
motive of establishing the neoliberal policies that would strengthen individualism and political
radicalization of the economic institution of the World Bank. The complete reversal of the
financial picture after the 1970s energy crisis and the introduction of the neoliberal policies
which then added to the capitalist form governance (Fraser). The capitalist form of management
was high income generated and constructed finance-led capitalism. This was done to overcome

10QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
the problem of inequality, financial instability, market regulation and to boost economic growth.
But in the later years it was witnessed that the opposite has happened for the privileged class and
a considerable increase in the inequality was observed. So, the direct causes of the crisis are not
to point out but they did not take shape suddenly, they were all related to the policies of the
finance sector to deregulate the system and became wildly dependent on the monetary functions
of the public.
The immediate cause of the world crisis in the western countries was due to the
bankruptcy experienced by the US banks due to mortgage debts of the household sector which
was the direct result of the bank’s participation in lending money on personal commodities such
as a mortgage on individual assets. This was worsened by the liquid and the financial crunch
faced by the country. Another aspect which contributed to the element of the crisis was
globalization and its reach (Jessop). After the World Wars, the mechanism of consumer-
commodity exchange had made the countries rely on each other to sustain and the domination of
dollar as the world currency made the economic crisis felt in the western countries felt the heat
of it in the eastern part of the world as well. The financial crisis soon turned into a recession
which meant a pay cut and loss of employment which struck the chord with the natives of the
countries and the great intuitions retaining the people who were willing to pay taxes and suffer
from the lack of monetary flow. This was again followed by the irregular export of food
commodities which in turn resulted in the elevation in the price of food materials.
Response to Question 8
The idea of news has transformed with the advent and use of technology, more precisely
the use of social media to share information and data as news. This made it complicated for the
individuals carrying personal and public agendas have been witnessed to be using or misusing

11QUESTION AND ANSWER ASSIGNMENT
them to turn the view of the public against or in favor of the subject which profits their
intentions. The elections in the first world countries have been the most prominent subject of
manipulation and misleading the public about one or any general topic. It can be used to
misrepresent the character of anyone and the characteristic of public display puts the content on a
global stage and makes it impossible to be completely erased or destroyed when detected.
However, the question arises with this fact of immortality which has been provided to mischief
makers that the typical reader and their inclination towards the determination of genuine and
legitimate sources which can be trusted to be honest to the core of journalism (Fields and Stuart).
The internet and the different portals are the essential agents which play a vital role in the life of
the younger generation which makes the use of these portals hazardous for society. The global
stages such the Facebook and the twitter have presented strong legislation to fight the unethical
information shared in these sites yet it remains for now one of the biggest challenges of the
twenty-first century.
There have been speculations about the resources which are legitimate and has been in
the industry of the news and journalism for years and yet sometimes the fraudsters manage to
manipulate them as well. This means that as a viewer one nowadays has put an extra effort
before forming a view on any topic. One cannot stay utterly reliant on one single resource. The
other option to determine the authenticity of news is to compare it with additional resources and
that resources cannot be based on either private or public but has to be evaluated on both
(McGrew). Another important matter that should be considered while assessing the genuineness
of a news resource is making sure that the source of the news is provided with complete
transparency as well as that the sources said are available with full access of the origins of the