Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Causes, Research Questions, and Impact

This report provides an overview of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), exploring its major causes and associated research questions. It delves into the impact of sexual trauma, military combat, and witnessing violence as potential triggers for PTSD. The report highlights the importance of understanding PTSD to address suicidal attempts and self-harm behaviors. It also examines research questions related to the impact of early trauma, personality traits, and war-driven injuries on PTSD symptoms. The report references several studies to support its findings, emphasizing the need for further research to improve treatment and support for those affected by PTSD. It also highlights the impact of trauma on veterans and the need for sociological support for them.

RUNNING HEAD: POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
PART 1
RESEARCH TOPIC
Name of Student
Name of University
Author note

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Table of Contents
PART 1.......................................................................................................................................2
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder..................................................................................................2
1.1 PTSD AS A MAJOR CLINICAL PROBLEM....................................................................2
1.2 Major causes of PTSD.........................................................................................................2
Sexual Trauma and PTSD......................................................................................................2
Military Combat and PTSD...................................................................................................4
Witnessing Violence and PTSD.............................................................................................6
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS..................................................................................................7

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PART 1
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
1.1 PTSD AS A MAJOR CLINICAL PROBLEM
PTSD can be considered as a condition which creates in certain individuals who have
encountered some sort of shocking, unnerving, or a perilous occasion in life. It is normal to
feel apprehensive during and after the traumatic circumstance (Hinton & Good, 2016). Any
sort of Fear responses consistently triggers a large number of the brief instant changes in the
body to help safeguard against risk or to maintain a strategic distance from it. The individuals
who keep on encountering issues might be determined to have PTSD. Individuals with PTSD
can feel pushed or even scared, notwithstanding when the danger has passed away (Kessler et
al., 2017). Few out of every odd and each damaged individual create chronic or even a
momentary sort of acute PTSD. It isn't that everybody with PTSD has experienced a
hazardous occasion. There are certain conditions that can primarily lead to PTSD which are
sexual trauma, military combat, witnessing violence. This study focuses chiefly on PTSD as
because it has led to various suicidal attempts and self-harm behaviors across the decades and
it is time, that scientific research must focus on the problem, profoundly from all perspective
so as to take measures against it.
1.2 Major causes of PTSD
There are certain sub- areas that the research focuses on while studying PTSD in all
its aspects.
Sexual Trauma and PTSD
Sexual Abuse in kids is a significant social issue globally. In a meta-investigation of
around two hundred and seventeen distributions that originated from various different nations

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distributed between the time of 1980 and of 2008 assessed the commonness pace of about
Sexual type of abuse before an age of 18 was observed to be eighteen percent for that of
women and furthermore 7.6% for that of men. The reports elucidated factors about youthful
sexual victimization and violence that was identified with different retrospective
investigations of adult examples (Breiding et al., 2015). The given outcomes show in all
respects unequivocally that sexual maltreatment of kids is connected to the multiple sorts of
different long haul results. Insightful literature reviews reasoned that sexual abuse cases is a
non-explicit hazard factor for a range of psychosocial issues and simply mental issues like
sorrow, the suicidal tendencies, anxiety disorders and of course PTSD, just as the physical
issues just as risky sexual practices.
Military Combat and PTSD
Serving for United States Army gives a significant chance to the sociological sense,
the having a place sense and a mindfulness. The re-foundation of new sociological sense is
fundamental for veterans who are progressing from military to a much needed civilian life. In
any case, the improvement of new connectedness sense is one of numerous difficulties
isolating the administration individuals may confront (Head et al. 2016). Little is thought
about the major function of Social-connectivity may play in advancing positive social
transition results.
One such test progressing Veterans may experience is neglected psychological well-
being needs, especially in Posttraumatic-Stress issue or PTSD circumstances. The Evidence
proposes that veterans are particularly in danger of building up any indications of PTSD
because of the potential sort of stressors related with the combative exposure identified with
military-related traumatic type of experience (Kintzle et al., 2018). The very manifestations
of PTSD are described by nosy Thoughts in which the excitatory trauma is kind of re-
experienced alongside avoidance (Brockman et al., 2016) endeavors of circumstances that

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may trigger the injury, a type of over alertness or the hyper-excitement remains about
negative adjustments in the cognition processes and dispositional processes which may cause
again lead to aggression.
One of the essential hazard factors for PTSD led symptoms is a combative
representation. Broad research concentrates distinguishes the contentious introduction as a
robust indicator of physical-wellbeing and the psychosocial inconveniences in the Veterans
because of the danger of any physical damage, any mental type or psychosocial type injury
and the different stressors that are identified with wartime. An ongoing report analyzed
relationship between combative Exposure and mental, physical wellbeing focuses well on
PTSD cases and that is because of a complex psycho-physical pain and resultant depression
in the veterans (Brockie et al., 2015). The different discoveries demonstrate that veterans
presented to the fluctuating combative situations had more prominent pain power and
therefore higher PTSD and sadness side effects in examination veterans with no combating
presentation.
Witnessing Violence and PTSD
Studies and different researches on these war veterans detailed a critical kind of
relationship between the level of PTSD and the neuroticism levels that exist after and before
any trauma presentation. The outcomes concerning the other four types of traits in personality
and their vivid relationship with the progressive development of Post-traumatic stress
disorder are as very much conflicting. As indicated by a longitudinal research on oneself
revealed, the Adverse life occasions and longitudinal changes in the personality traits based
out of Five-Factor Model (Trautmann et al., 2015), directed on a urban example, coming up
next are the indicators of poor emotional wellness after violence presentation to injury: a
lower score on the extraversion levels or a conscientiousness level at the standard, builds the
degree of and for neuroticism. In these elder individuals with any myocardial Infarction and

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furthermore PTSD, with high neuroticism score - they scored lower on levels of
agreeableness when they were contrasted with the members without indications of PTSD.
With regards to wartime, the women among Civilian mass can be presented to
indistinguishable Traumatic encounters from the dynamic troopers (who were engaged with
Bombarding and Missiles), yet women might be moreover presented to a wide scope of
explicit Gender-Based demonstrations of violence like domination, constrained pregnancy,
sexual subjugation, assault in addition to constrained prostitution in wartime. The present
investigation scrutinizes and looks at the connection between the levels of early injury, the
presentation to character attributes, the forms of war-driven injury and the various kinds of
PTSD side effects among the female war victims following ten years after Croatian war. In
view of past research, it was theorized that a higher presentation to early injury in mixes with
a higher number of war-related horrendous mishaps would be indicators of posttraumatic
stress manifestations. It was likewise estimated that personality traits in and from the five-
factor model, particularly higher Neuroticism scores and lower levels of Conscientiousness
scores, Extraversion, Openness and Agreeableness would clarify the extra fluctuation found
or revealed in Posttraumatic symptomatology cases amongst the different traumatized
women.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The questions are as follows:-
1. How is sexual violence and victimization related to PTSD?
2. How is wartime memory of physical violence lead to PTSD?
3. How does any form of violence received at a young age impacts psychosocial aspects
of life as PTSD in the later stages?

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References
Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Basile, K. C., Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Merrick, M. T.
(2015). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate
partner violence victimization—National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence
Survey, United States, 2011. American journal of public health, 105(4), e11-e12.
Brockie, T. N., Dana-Sacco, G., Wallen, G. R., Wilcox, H. C., & Campbell, J. C. (2015). The
relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and
suicide attempt in reservation-based Native American adolescents and young
adults. American journal of community psychology, 55(3-4), 411-421.
Cloitre, M., Jackson, C., & Schmidt, J. A. (2016). STAIR for strengthening social support
and relationships among veterans with military sexual trauma and PTSD. Military
medicine, 181(2), e183-e187.
Head, M., Goodwin, L., Debell, F., Greenberg, N., Wessely, S., & Fear, N. T. (2016). Post-
traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse: comorbidity in UK military
personnel. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 51(8), 1171-1180.
Hinton, D. E., & Good, B. J. (Eds.). (2016). Culture and PTSD: Trauma in global and
historical perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., ... &
Florescu, S. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys.
European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup5), 1353383.
Kintzle, S., Barr, N., Corletto, G., & Castro, C. (2018, August). PTSD in US Veterans: The
Role of Social Connectedness, Combat Experience and Discharge.
In Healthcare (Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 102). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.

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Krause-Utz, A., Walther, J. C., Lis, S., Schmahl, C., & Bohus, M. (2018). F189. Heart Rate
Variability During a Cognitive Reappraisal Task in Borderline Personality Disorder:
The Role of Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute
Dissociation. Biological Psychiatry, 83(9), S312.
Trautmann, S., Schönfeld, S., Behrendt, S., Schäfer, J., Höfler, M., Zimmermann, P., &
Wittchen, H. U. (2015). Associations between lifetime PTSD symptoms and current
substance use disorders using a five-factor model of PTSD. Journal of anxiety
disorders, 29, 93-100.