Financial Markets Analysis: Commonwealth and Westpac Report

This report undertakes a fundamental evaluation of Commonwealth Bank and Westpac Bank, two prominent organizations listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, within the context of the Australian banking sector. The analysis employs both bottom-up and top-down approaches, incorporating an examination of the banks' mission statements and the broader economic landscape, including GDP growth, inflation, and unemployment rates. The top-down analysis utilizes the EIC (Economy, Industry, Company) approach to assess the impact of macroeconomic factors on the banking industry. The bottom-up analysis involves the evaluation of the financial ratios of the organizations. The report also provides an overview of the Australian banking industry, its evolution, and key developments such as the Banking Act 1959 and the significance of LCR (Liquidity Coverage Ratio). Finally, the report offers recommendations based on the findings, providing investors with valuable insights into the financial health and potential of Commonwealth Bank and Westpac.

Running head: PRINCIPLES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
Principles of Financial Markets
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

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PRINCIPLES OF FINANCIAL MARKETS
Executive Summary
This paper has been constructed in order to explain about the organizations
Commonwealth Bank and Westpac Bank. The vision and mission statement of the companies are
even explained in this paper. The background of the Australian banking sector is even explained.
The fundamental evaluation has been undertaken by taking help of the bottom up and top down
analysis. The top down analysis is possible with the help of the rate of inflation, unemployment
and GDP growth of the country. Furthermore, the impact on the Australian economy on the
concerned organizations is even explained. The bottom up analysis is possible by undertaking the
evaluation of the financial ratios of the organizations.

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Banking Industry background of Australia......................................................................................3
Mission Statement of the organizations...........................................................................................4
Top-down Analysis..........................................................................................................................5
Bottom-up Analysis.......................................................................................................................10
Recommendations and Summary..................................................................................................19
Reference List................................................................................................................................21

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Introduction
In the current terms of the business, it has been of countless spirit for an investor to
undertake an effective evaluation of the organization or the industrial sector before undertaking
an investment. This evaluation can be undertaken by taking assistance of the bottom-up and the
top-down evaluation. Along with this, it can be cited that top down assessment aids the investors
to disclose a bigger picture of the economy that is to be represented and even the industry itself.
Conversely, the approach of bottom up discloses an image that is micro-economic with respect to
the organization that has been taken into consideration (Bodie 2013). The concerned report will
be helpful for undertaking a fundamental evaluation on two organizations that are listed in the
Australian Stock Exchange. The organizations that have been taken into consideration are
Westpac and Common Wealth Bank of Australia (CWB). This research will be done on the basis
of the bottom-up and top-down evaluation of the financial figures that are available for both the
organizations. By depending on the outcomes, appropriate suggestions can be attained from the
mindset of the investors.
Banking Industry background of Australia
It has been observed that the establishment of the Banking Act 1959 has been one of the
influential factors that have aided Australia in enhancing their banking sector. There has been a
stable evolution in the performance of the asset in the banking sector, which in a way has
assisted in the overall growth of the Australian economy. There have been numerous banks that
have been licence and are therefore within the banking sector of Australia. The constancy of the
banking sector has been developed by the enhancement in the capital in the current quarters of
the financial year (PwC 2017). The other significant step that has been uncovered by the banking
sector of Australia is inclusive of concentrating on the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR).

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The evaluation of financial stability of Australia discloses that significance has been
stressed on the performance of the assets of the banks in Australia. During the year 2016, a key
step has been creating loans for the organizations. The significant decisions and the competitive
pressures that are undertaken by the country have been done with the help of assessing the
development and the growth of numerous cities. The pattern of the banking sector in Australia is
inclusive of evaluating critically the valuations of the commercial property. The extent of the
competition in the banking sector has been consistent. This is the significant factor that the sector
has developed over the past few years. The democracy of the free market of Australia has even
assisted in reaching the present condition of the sector (Delen, Kuzey and Uyar 2013). The
enhancement of the banking sector has been inclusive of the significance of the banks that are
present and the even their securitization. Furthermore, the third transformation has been in the
sharing of the assets. Lastly, the development has been dependent on the fall in the existence of
the financial organisations, constructing societies and the credit unions.
Mission Statement of the organizations
Commonwealth Bank of Australia and Westpac has been two significant banks that are
functioning in Australia.
The mission statement of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia has been to promote the
capital of their priceless customers. This is to make sure that the desires of their customers are
fulfilled. The vision of the bank has been to develop the financial wellness of their customers.
This is inclusive of the trust and the loyalty of the customers by safeguarding their communities
and their business (Commbank.com.au. 2017).

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The vision of Westpac has been to assist the customers who are present all over the globe
in prospering and growing. They want to provide extensive service to their customers by
assisting them in their development. The mission of the organization has been to provide greater
returns to their customers, professional businessmen and other stakeholders. They even want the
relationship with their customers to be trustworthy and strong. The company wants themselves to
be the most effective place for their employees. They want to flourish on the style of leadership
and construct a company that is efficient in creating long term bonding (Westpac.com.au. 2017).
Top-down Analysis
Top-down analysis can be assessed by taking help of the EIC approach that is even
known as the Economy, Industry and Company process.
Bryce (2017) has cited that industry assessment comes on top during the process of top-
down analysis. It has been viewed that the economy of Australia is a prospering one. In the
present situation, the development of the GDP has been observed to be pretty good. This can be
analysed by looking at the present rate of growth of the GDP by around 4.40%.

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Figure 1: Australian Economy Overview
(Source: Brooks 2015)
By looking at the above table, it can be cited that the rate of growth in Australia has been
on the higher level and the rate of unemployment has decreased over the past few years.
Furthermore, the rate of inflation in the country has grown and the present account deficit has
been enhanced. This can be regarded as a sign that is negative for the economy of the country
and hence numerous steps are essential from the side of the government in order to reduce the
rate of growth in the country (Chikoto and Neely 2014).
The second level of the top-down assessment is the industry that has been highlighted.
The banking industry has been one of the primary contributors for the development of the
Australian GDP. There has been a transformation in the percentage rate of the GDP during the
year 2015, which has grown by 1% from the quarter in the month of June in the year 2012.

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Leaving aside the service sector, which has been the banking industry in this case, the significant
amount of development in the GDP of Australia has been contributed by the mineral sources and
the agricultural sector. The expenses have grown by 2% during the enhanced economic situation.
During the quarter of March 2016, it has been discovered that the expanded development of the
GDP of the country has been 1.1% (PwC 2017). This extent of contribution from the service
industry of the country has been crucial. Conversely, it has been cited by many well known
economists that the rise in the currency value of the Australian dollar in the international market
would be remarkable. This would even be inclusive of the stability that has been given out by the
capitalization of the market.
Figure 2: Growth of GDP in Australia
(Source: David. 2017)
The banking industry has been harassed in order to offer the outmost to the country’s
economy. In this respect, it can be opined that the GDP growth has been 3.1% over the past few

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years. The banking sector has been one of the significant contributors for the development. This
has been one of the key factors that the development of the economy has been essential. The
insurance and the financial services of Australia have been developing with a percentage of 1.8%
contribution to the GDP. Conversely, the other side of the banking industry and development of
the GDP has been inclusive of the inflation. It has been discovered that inflation may have been
the key factor that can undertake repayment of the debt more complex for the customers. This is
even inclusive of having an impact on the development of the GDP by not recognising the lower
level of rate of interest. The rivalry among the banks within the country is fundamental in
evaluating the essential indicators of performance. The banking industrial sector has been one of
the primary needs of the customers in order to construct a plan for their future (Marshall 2016).
There are several economists of the country who orate to the fact that the banking industry plays
a role of a bridge in between the economy and the stakeholders.
The economists have explained that the financial services of Australia have been the key
contributor to the domestic economy. The value that is anticipated has been $140 billion within
the GDP. The specific sector of the country has made use of around 450,000 employees. The
most renowned banks of Australia like Westpac and Commonwealth Bank of Australia has been
found to be the most secured banks in the overall list of the secured banks that are functioning all
over the globe. According to the World Economic Forum Financial development Index of the
year 2013, Australia has been highlighted to be one of the most effective countries with respect
to the performance of their financial centres. The financial stableness that has been given out by
the banks like Westpac and Commonwealth Bank of Australia has performed a key role in the
same.

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The financial process of Australia is vigorous and this has been the main reason that the
sector could develop and donate towards the GDP substantially.
Figure 3: GDP Indicators
(Source: PwC 2017)
The evaluation of the banks has assisted in gaining knowledge towards the contribution
to the GDP. The banks have been observed to be in a sustainable development that is assisted in
the enhancement of the economy. The vigorous presence of the banking sector can be listed as
one of the significant factors that has aided in the development of the economy (Kim and Upneja
2014). The association that has been created by the banks with the strategic goal of assisting the
shareholders has led to the growth of the economy overall.

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The company analysis has been the last instance in the process of top-down analysis. It
can be incidental that the GDP with respect to the Australian economy is anticipated to develop
in the future years to come. This would have a optimistic effect on Westpac and Commonwealth
Bank of Australia. If the unemployment rate and GDP falls, then the companies considered in
this paper would be increasingly successful to raise their capitalization in the market along with
the rate of customers (Helmig, Ingerfurth and Pinz 2014). The banks in this case would be able
to increase their base of customers. Both the banks have operated effectively during the last
certain years and is anticipated to develop more. Leaving these aspects behind, the section of the
NRI of Commonwealth Bank of Australia is predicted to even enhance due to the developing
trend of the Australian economy. The effect on the economy of Australia has led to a positive
effect on the prices of the stocks that are listed in the ASX. This even has a substantial optimistic
effect on the prices of the stocks of both the banks namely Westpac and Commonwealth Bank of
Australia. It has been viewed that the prices of the stock of Commonwealth bank has increased
by a large margin during the last few years. During the year 2012, the share prices of
Commonwealth Bank was wound 40 and during the present time, the shares have been trading at
around 75.24. Conversely, the prices of the shares of Westpac in the year 2012 have been 18 and
currently trading at 39 (Asx.com.au. 2017). Therefore, it can be explained that the economy of
Australia has a positive and direct correlation on the performance of the finance of the banks that
have been selected for this research.
Bottom-up Analysis
This process of bottom-up analysis can be even undertaken with the help of the EIC
approach. It explains that a shareholder requires assessing the organization primarily then the
industry and the economy of the country where the organization operates. Hence, it can be of

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effective essence to gain knowledge about the financial scenario of the organizations that have
been chosen, which in this case has been Westpac and Commonwealth Bank of Australia.
The financial standing can be assessed by taking assistance of the financial ratios. The
financial ratio evaluation can be undertaken with the help of numerous processes. They include
the efficiency ratios, growth ratios, liquidity ratio, profitability ratios etc. The ratios that have
been named would assist an investor to undertake a comparison among the organizations with
respect to their financial performance (Vogel 2014).
The profitability ratio of the organization replicates the framework of profit in the mind
of the shareholders. The key profitability ratios are inclusive of the net profit ratios, operating
profit ratios and dividend payout ratios (Greenbaum, Thakor and Boot 2015).
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
39.00%
40.00%
41.00%
42.00%
43.00%
44.00%
45.00%
46.00%
47.00%
Operating Margin
Operating Margin
Graph 1: Operating Margin of Commonwealth Bank

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
50.34%
49.28%
52.93%
57.13%
52.75%
Operating margin
Operating margin
Graph 2: Operating Margin of Westpac Bank
The operating profit replicates the operating income percentage over the revenue of sales
of the company. By looking at the tables disclosed above, it can be stated that Westpac bank has
an increasing amount of the operating profit margin rather than the Commonwealth Bank of
Australia. The operating profit of Westpac is 52.75% and Commonwealth bank has the same
margin of 45.75% during the year 2015. Conversely, the margin of operating profit of the
selected banks has reduced from the previous year; even though the margin of profit for Westpac
has been better then Commonwealth Bank.
In the same manner, the net profit margin can be explained as the net profit percentage
over the revenue or sales (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). The margin of net profit of the selected
banks can be seen by looking at the tables provided below:

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Net Profit Margin
29.71%
32.14% 31.91%
33.50% 32.96%
Net Profit Margin
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Graph 3: Net Profit Margin of Commonwealth Bank
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Net Profit Margin
Graph 4: Net Profit Margin of Westpac Bank
By looking at the tables provided, it can be explained that Westpac bank has effective
position of profitability than Commonwealth Bank. This has been mainly due to the fact that the
revenue of sales of Westpac has been on the increasing side and the bank has been effective
enough in reducing the indirect and direct expenditure (Schönbohm 2013). This even highlights
that Westpac has an improved exploitation capability of their revenue than Commonwealth Bank
even though Westpac’s margin of net profit has reduced by 0.90% from the previous year. On

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the other hand, it can be assumed that the revenue of sales of Commonwealth Bank was 27497
and Westpac had reduced revenue of 21642. It can be assessed that the administration of
Commonwealth Bank has been ineffective in restraining their operational expenditure even
though their net profit margin has been more than Westpac.
The dividend payout ratio replicates the entire amount of dividend that is paid to the
investors with respect to the net income of a particular company (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry
2014). This ratio can even be compared by looking at the tables below:
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0.00%
0.02%
0.04%
0.06%
Dividend payout ratio
Dividend payout ratio
Graph 5: Dividend payout ratio of Commonwealth Bank

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0.00%
0.01%
0.02%
0.03%
0.02%
0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02%
Dividend payput ratio
Dividend payput ratio
Graph 6: Dividend payout ratio for Westpac Bank
By looking at the above tables, it can be stated that Commonwealth bank provides a
better dividend payout ratio with respect to Westpac. This even explains that Commonwealth
Bank pays their dividend regularly according to their margin of profit. This is a positive
reflection towards the shareholders as their key issue is the dividend percentage (Grinblatt and
Titman 2016). It can even be stated that the overall sales and the net income of Commonwealth
Bank has been higher then Westpac for the past five accounting years.
The efficiency ratios reveal the intrinsic attitude of the liabilities and the assets of a
concerned organization over a certain time period. This even provides an idea to the shareholders
regarding the overall use of the equity, inventory turnover and over receivables and payable
amount (Piot-Lepetit and Nzongang 2014).

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0.0275
0.028
0.0285
0.029
0.0295
0.03
0.0305
0.031
0.0315
0.032
0.0325
Asset Turnover ratio
Asset Turnover ratio
Graph 7: Asset Turnover Ratio of Commonwealth Bank
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0.024
0.0245
0.025
0.0255
0.026
0.0265
0.027
Asset Turnover ratio
Asset Turnover ratio
Graph 8: Asset Turnover Ratio of Westpac Bank
The ratio of asset turnover discloses the amount of assets the organizations are making
use of from their sales (Kraft 2014). By looking at the figures shown above, it can be reflected

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that Commonwealth bank has made use of increased level of the entire assets within their net
revenue. In the accounting year of 2015, Commonwealth Bank has 0.31 as their asset turnover
ratio. On the other hand, the asset turnover ratio of Westpac has been 0.0267. This explains that
Commonwealth Bank has a better position with respect to their effectiveness in comparison to
Westpac. This ratio assists the shareholders to assess the extent of efficiency with respect to
handling their current and fixed assets (Sun et al. 2014). By looking at the above calculations, it
can be observed that Commonwealth Bank is more effective from the mindset of a shareholder
as it accurately handles their current and fixed assets.
The liquidity ratios have discloses the overall percent of the liquidity status of the
organization. If this is higher, then it can be cited that the company has sufficient inflow of cash
and the company under consideration has made use of their cycle working capital in an efficient
way (Doss et al. 2013). It can even be stated that too much of the liquidity is not bad for any
company as the organization gets exposed to the risk of the financial leverage.
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Current ratio
Current ratio
Graph 9: Current Ratio of Commonwealth Bank

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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Current ratio
Current ratio
Graph 10: Current Ratio of Westpac Bank
By looking at the two tables that has been constructed above, it can be inferred that the
current ratio of both the organizations have changed over the past few years. By looking at the
2015 financial year, the current ratio of Westpac has been 1.26 and Commonwealth Bank on the
other hand has a current ratio of 0.89. This explains that Westpac has the ability to pay-off all
their short-term debts more than Commonwealth Bank. With respect to Commonwealth Bank, it
can be stated that their current ratio has fallen by 1.37 from the previous year. This explains that
in the previous year, a large segment of the current asset of Commonwealth Bank had become
outdated and in 2015, they have sold their current assets, which has led to a significant fall of
their current ratio. This may not be regarded as a positive symbol from the viewpoint of the
investors (Galy and Sauceda 2014).
By undertaking a comparison of the financial condition of both the organizations, by
taking assistance of the financial ratios, it can be said that Westpac has a better financial position
than Commonwealth Bank with respect to profitability and liquidity. Conversely, efficiency of

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Commonwealth Bank is more than Westpac even though Westpac has a bit of edge over
Commonwealth Bank.
Recommendations and Summary
It can be wrapped up that the Australian banking sector will develop sustainably during
the future years to come. By looking at the top-down and bottom-up analysis, it can be explained
that the Australian banking sector have given a huge amount towards the national income and the
Australian GDP. By looking at the bottom down analysis of the financial ratios, it can be
explained that Westpac, has performed a bit better than the Commonwealth Bank with respect to
profitability and liquidity. Conversely, with respect to sales and profit figures, Commonwealth
Bank has performed better than the market. Furthermore, the bank looks for an efficient policy
with respect to dividend for their investors and this strategy has a significant impact the price of
shares of Commonwealth Bank.
By looking at the bottom down analysis, it can be stated that Commonwealth Bank has
failed to restrain their operating expenditure and the status of liquidity flow within the firm
during the last few accounting years. On the contrary, Westpac has kept a steady trend of their
liquidity and the margins of profitability over the past few years even though their revenue has
been low.
Top down analysis reveals that the economy of Australia has been growing steadily
during the past few years. Conversely, in the last few years, current account shortages, the rate of
interest and the rate of unemployment were higher for the past years. Hence, from the viewpoint
of the investors, it is suggested that a shareholder should undertake investment on both the
organizations with an intention that is long-term in nature. If the shareholders look for a short-

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term purpose, then Westpac would give more returns to the investor and Commonwealth Bank
would provide increased returns to the investor in the long-term purpose.

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