University Management Principles and Practice TMA 1 Report

This report analyzes the principles and practice of management through case studies. It examines the application of scientific management theory, the four major management functions (planning, organizing, leading, and controlling), and the corporate citizen model, along with arguments for corporate social responsibility. The report explores how these concepts apply to real-world scenarios, specifically referencing the Aspen Group's approach to CSR and its responsibilities towards stakeholders. It also provides a detailed overview of the scientific management theory and its key principles, along with examples of organizations that still apply this theory. The analysis includes the application of the corporate citizen model, and the arguments supporting CSR, providing a comprehensive understanding of management practices.

Running head: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
TMA 1: Principles and Practice of Management
Name of the University:
Name of the Student:
Authors Note:

1PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Question 1........................................................................................................................................2
Part 1 (a)......................................................................................................................................2
Part 1 (b)......................................................................................................................................5
Question 2........................................................................................................................................7
Part 2 (a)......................................................................................................................................7
Part 2 (b)......................................................................................................................................8
Part 2 (c)....................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................11
References......................................................................................................................................12

2PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2
Introduction
The objective of the report is to analyze the case studies on the principles of management
practice through analyzing the application of scientific management theory, four major
management functions, corporate citizen model along with the major arguments on corporate
social responsibility.
Question 1
Part 1 (a)
Given below are the four functions of management that will help Alison to achieve her
goal.
Planning
Planning refers to setting an organization’s goal and deciding best ways to achieve them.
The process of planning includes decision making, setting the future goals, working on it and
completing the task or goal.
 Planning helps in maintaining management effectiveness because it works as a guide for
the organization for future activities (van Niekerk& Getz, 2019).
 Planning alsoinvolves selecting missions, objectives and the actions to achieve them,
apart from these a decision making course is also required.
 Planning also helps to determine the organization’s current and future positions or the
ways to improve positions.

3PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2 Planning helps to improve the management process and contributes in the future welfare
of company (Crişan, Stegerean, Crişan& Afrăsinei-Zevoianu, 2018).
Organizing
Organizing is explained to be a process by which the established plans are moved closer to
realization (Rahman, Mahmood & Farooqi, 2019)
 Once Alison will set her goals and develops plans, her next managerial function is
organizing human along with other resources which is deemed to be necessary by the
plan to reach the goal.
 Organizing involves determining the effective use of the resources and activities for the
betterment of the company.
 Another purpose of an organization structure is to create a best possible human
performance friendly environment.
 Organizing produces a suitable relationship structure in an organization and it is through
these structured relationships that future plans are pursued.
 Organizing is that part of management system which involves establishing an intentional
structure of roles for people to fill in the organization (Waldo, 2017).
 Staffing is a term related to organizing and it involves filling and keeping filled, the
positions in the organization structure.
 Basically organizing is the process of making decision regarding allotment of suitable
jobs and tasks, deciding the people that will work for organisations and the ways in which
resources will assemble (Baker, 2017).
Leading

4PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2The third basic managerial function foe Alison is leading. Leading is one of the most
important skill of influencing people for a particular purpose or reason, that is why often leading
is considered to be the most important and challenging of all managerial or management
activities.
 Leading involves influencing or persuading the members of the company to work
together.
 Leading also includes creating a positive attitude towards the work and goals in among
the members of the organization. The skill of leading is required for it supports the
objective of effectiveness and efficiency through altering behavior of the employees
(Akhmetshin, Vasilev &Vlasova, 2019).
 The process of leading any organization includes the functions of direction, motivation,
communication, and coordination.
 Coordinating is also very vital element in leading.
 Motivating is an important and efficient quality for leading. Motivating serves as an
important management process of influencing people's behavior. This is relied on the
knowledge of what cause and channel sustain human behavior in a particular committed
direction (Kazakov, Kotova& Ilyasov, 2019).
 Efficient managers need to be effective leaders, so Alison must lead her team in that way.
 As leadership implies fellowship and people are likely to follow them. This offers a
means of satisfying their own needs along with aspirations that is understandable that and
considers that leading includes motivation leadership styles and approaches and
communication (Kazakov, Kotova& Ilyasov, 2019).
Controlling

5PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2The process of controlling refers to monitoring the organizational progress toward goal
fulfillment.Controlling or monitoring the progress of the organization is important to ensure the
achievement of organizational goal.
 Controlling again is measuring, comparing, finding deviation and correcting the
organizational activities which are performed for achieving the goals or objectives.
 The measurement of achievement or the action results which were taken to attain the
goal are related by control.
 Some means of controlling likeinspection records, like the budget for expenses and the
record of labor hours lost, are generally similar. Each measure also indicates whether
plans are effective or not.
 By controlling what people do in a company we can easily control the outcomes.
Therefore, controlling can be said as the last but not the least important management
function process in any organization (Kazakov, Kotova& Ilyasov, 2019).
 It is also stated that, "planning without controlling is useless”. So, it is clear that
controlling enables the accomplishment of the plan very effectively and also efficiently
(Kearney, 2018).
The management process designs and sustains a surrounding in which personnel's, working
together in groups, accomplish efficiently selected aims. So if Alison follows these basic
functions, she will surely achieve her target.
Part 1 (b)
Scientific Management Theory

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Question 2The Scientific Management Theory is famously known for its application of engineering
science at the production floor or the operating levels.Fredrick Winslow Taylor is the main
contributor the scientific management theory and that is also the reason for which the scientific
management is referred to be "Taylorism". The scientific management theory is centered on
enhancing the efficiency of each individual in the organization means focusing on each and
every individual. The main emphasis is on increasing the production through the use of more and
more intensive technology, along with indivuduals are just considered as machines in the
performance of routine assignments (Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2015).
The scientific management theory generally includes work carried out in workplace as
these tasks are generally distinct from the other tasks performed within the organization. There
are much activities which do not require the individual worker to exercise complex-problem
solving activity (Waring, 2016).
The main principles of scientific management theory given by Taylor can be written as
follows (Friedmann, 2017):
 Planning is separate from doing.
 Supervisors feel the need to offer directions and instructions in their respective fields is
considered as the Functional foremanship of supervision
 The amount of work carried out by each and every individual worker is determined by
the time, motion and fatigue studies
 Improving the workplace surroundings and standardizing the tools, period of work and
cost of production.
 Training of workmen and proper scientific selection need to be done.

7PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2 To boost the productivity and motivate the workers to perform well the financial
incentives should be given (Friedmann, 2017).
Thus, the scientific management theory focused more on mechanization and automation, the
broader aspects of human behavior in the organization is not focused much rather the technical
areas and aspects are focused more.
The two modern examples of organizations that still practices the scientific management
theory are (Kearney, 2018):
 Toyota motors.
 Ford motors.
Question 2
Part 2 (a)
Aspen Group’s approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) considers delivering
vlue to all its stakeholders being a responsible corporate citizen that offers exceptional quality,
affordable medicines along with products globally. The Group ensures maintaining corporate
social responsibility through carrying out their business ethically with high integrity along with
commercial wisdom(Shafritz, Ott& Jang, 2015). The CSR approach of Aspen Group strives to
improve the social as well as economic well-being of employees, investors, consumers along
with business partners. The company also aspires to attain excellence in their corporate
governance through developing several effective CSR programs and abiding by the code of
conduct to operate business in an ethical manner, increasing public attention on certain issues

8PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2and creating a larger job market. The company’s CSR approaches are focused on three major
areas that are indicated below:
 Philanthropic Approach:Through following this CSR approach Aspen Group integrates
needs of its business with a charitable cause that can serve as fastest means of alliance
along with increasing engagement among stakeholders(Crişan, Stegerean, Crişan
&Afrăsinei-Zevoianu, 2018).
 Community Approach:In following this CSR approach the company is focussed on
building business-society relations that contributes to the company’s contribution in
solving environmental and social concerns. It is deemed important by the company to
address societal interests through stating responsibility of their operational activities
impact of community(Crişan, Stegerean, Crişan &Afrăsinei-Zevoianu, 2018).
 Shared Value Creation Approach:Aspen Group has a strategy of developing its future
market by strengthening economies, the communities and the marketplace. The company
also focuses on developing an interdependence of long term success of business on
balanced social systems.
Part 2 (b)
Referring to the Corporate Citizen Model, Aspen Group’s responsibilities towards their
communities along with consumers in Penang is explained. (Crişan, Stegerean, Crişan
andAfrăsinei-Zevoianu (2018)stated that corporate citizenship is a recognition that a corporation
or business has cultural, social along with environmental responsibilities towards the community
within which it seeks a business operations license along with financial and economic ones to its
stakeholders. Following this model, Aspen Group has the responsibility to meet its

9PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2responsibilities towards its consumers in order to attain long term sustainable success for the
overall community.
Figure 1: Corporate Citizenship Model
(Source: Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2015)
Aspen Group considers that its responsibilities towards consumers and communities are
focused on developing sustainability initiatives for attaining good outcomes in building a better
community(Shafritz, Ott & Jang, 2015). In analyzing the case study and aspect indicated within
the model it is served that the company follows activated citizenship focused on maximizing the
collaborative value where the employees are centered on developing a societal brand. In
following this CSR approach, the company is focused on analyzing the importance in sharing as
well as maintaining public amenities in supporting them to live better lives(Crişan, Stegerean,
Crişan &Afrăsinei-Zevoianu, 2018). Moreover, Aspen Group also focuses on following its
activities citizenship approach through working with local businesses and councils in educating

10PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2people regarding sharing convenience of replenishing the umbrellas and sharing them with
others.
Part 2 (c)
Throughanalyzing the case study of Aspen Group, the following arguments in support of
corporate social responsibility are indicated below:
 Public Requirements:Businesses can exist with public support and the business must
ensure to fulfil societal needs. One major argument on social responsibility is that public
expectations from the businesses have changed. For such reasons if companies desire to
exist for a long duration it must consider addressing societal needs. It is also argued that
the businesses must address expectations of public for its survival considering that the
demand for services and products take place from consumers(van Niekerk & Getz, 2019).
 Favourable for Business:Social obligation performance by the business is deemed to be
in the interest of the society and also in its own interest. It is also argued that the
companies that are highly responsive towards improvement of life quality of the
community can develop a better community for sustainable business operations(van
Niekerk & Getz, 2019).
 Moral Justification:In the current business era, the industrial society deals with several
serious issues due to growth in large scale companies. It is argued that these large
companies have a moral accountability to deal with such issues. In addition the
companies that are employing huge resources has the accountability to manage such
resources in overall society development(van Niekerk & Getz, 2019).

11PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2 Socio-Cultural Norms:In certain nations it is argued that there exist cultural values and
rich heritage in which any company promoting social equality, consumer service along
with employee-employer relations will attain better position.
 Government Regulations:It is argued that businesses do not positively respond to
societal needs and they are compelled to conduct the same through government
regulations and laws. The businesses must also consider regulating themselves in public
interest(van Niekerk & Getz, 2019).
Conclusion
The objective of the report was to analyze the case studies on the principles of
management practice and the report revealed that in a situation where Alison sets her goals and
develops plans, her next managerial function is organizing human and other resources that are
identified as necessary by the plan to reach the goal. Moreover, Aspen Group’s approach to
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) considers delivering value to all its stakeholders being a
responsible corporate citizen that offers exceptional quality, affordable medicines along with
products globally.

12PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Question 2
References
4 Functions of Management Process: Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling. (2019).
Retrieved 2 September 2019, from https://iedunote.com/function-of-management-process
Akhmetshin, E. M., Vasilev, V. L., Vlasova, N. I., Kazakov, A. V., Kotova, X. Y., &Ilyasov, R.
H. (2019). Improving Management Functions at an Enterprise: Levels of the Internal
Control System. Calitatea, 20(171), 39-43.
Baker, T. (2017). Management Myth# 4—A Business is Best Organized around Functions. In
Performance Management for Agile Organizations (pp. 107-124). Palgrave Macmillan,
Cham.
Crişan, E., Stegerean, R., Crişan, C., &Afrăsinei-Zevoianu, C. (2018). The Use Of A Four
Management Functions Perception Tool To Diagnose Organizational Management
Practices: A Case Study. Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society.
Proceedings, 11(1), 1.
Friedmann, J. (2017). Two centuries of planning theory: An overview. In Explorations in
planning theory (pp. 10-29). Routledge.
Kearney, R. (2018). Public sector performance: management, motivation, and measurement.
Routledge.
Rahman, M. A., Mahmood, S. M., &Farooqi, M. R. (2019). MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS: A
MECHANISM FOR INTERPERSONAL TRUST AMONG COLLEGE PRINCIPALS.
Indian Journal of Applied Research, 9(4).

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Question 2Shafritz, J. M., Ott, J. S., & Jang, Y. S. (2015). Classics of organization theory. Cengage
Learning.
van Niekerk, M., & Getz, D. (2019). Applying Stakeholder Theory to the Management
Functions.
Waldo, D. (2017). The administrative state: A study of the political theory of American public
administration. Routledge.
Waring, S. P. (2016). Taylorism transformed: Scientific management theory since 1945. UNC
Press Books.