Why Australian Right Opposed Privatization and Globalization in 1990s?

This essay delves into the reasons behind the mass popular opposition to privatization and globalization from the right-wing of Australian politics during the 1990s. It examines the historical context, including the rise of globalization and privatization, and the various factors that influenced the Australian society, such as trade, investment, technology, and labor. The essay analyzes the political, social, and economic impacts of globalization and privatization in Australia, and explores the global opposition to neoliberalism and the anti-war movement. The essay also touches upon the Zapatista uprising in Mexico and the strike of rail and public transportation workers in France in December of 1995 and the movement against international financial institutions and transnational corporations. The essay concludes by summarizing the key arguments and providing references.

WHY DID MASS POPULAR
OPPOSITION TO
PRIVATZATION AND
GLOABALIZATION IN
1990s COME FROM THE
RIGHT OF AISATRAILA
POLITICS

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Why did mass popular opposition to privatization and globalization in the 1990s come from
the Right of Australian politics....................................................................................................3
Global opposition to neoliberalism..........................................................................................6
Anti-war movement.................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFRENCES...................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Globalization is the process by which an business that exists in a country gets chance to expand
itself globally within the scope of international market. In other words this means that connecting
of different parts of the world which leads towards expansion of business, culture, economics
and political activities. Under this there is integration of goods and person from different
countries. Privatization is referred to as transferring of business from public to private. This can
include any other sector relate to revenue generation. Scope of these topics is wide as it affects h
directly relationship and trade activities of an country. Nature is dynamic because of its tendency
to influence image of a country at global level. In the following essay things that are going to be
covered is history of opposing of globalization and privatization in 1990.
MAIN BODY
Why did mass popular opposition to privatization and globalization in the 1990s come from the
Right of Australian politics
Background
Generation of Australian citizens has been witnessing and has experienced lot of changes in the
society of Australia. Globalization is one of those important type of revolution which has
changed Australia. It has evolved over many years and globalization is the main reason behind it.
Various factors are there that has been facing change regarding lot of important elements of
Austria and they are trade, investment, technology, finance and labour. Also due to globalization
many other changes has taken place in technology, transport and communications, free trade and
the collapse of communism and the rise in global brands and companies. Political Impacts
politically globalization had an positive effect on Australia. The greatest effect is that it had an
considerable effect it had is for island and nation which is required to aid natural disaster. Also
government of Australia has aid programs focuses upon economic growth, law and justice also
enhancement of services delivery in country that is needed. Also this has helped in associating
Samoan government in improving of education and teaching. Social impact is that globalization
has helped in increasing of trade of both import and export. Due its geo graphical formation

Australia is very far from other continents and this use cause lot of problem in carrying out
1business activities. Due to globalization this scenario got changed and business activities at
global level become easier. This made Australia come closer to other countries and rest of the
world. Economic impact is that export has risen in the country by 32% in previous years. Further
it is currently has helped in boosting of economy of the country by making coal as an important
sources of generating revenue. Also manufacturing of car has played an important role in
increasing of Australian economy. Privatization has also provided benefits in Australia and they
are it has created quite an positive impact on the world. Firstly it has reduced government debts.
This has also lessened burden Upon the government. Also quality of services has to be enhanced
by greater margins. As the competition is increasing day by day in private sector. Moreover there
are variety of products present in the market on almost daily basis that is going to help people in
goods innovation. Mixing of creativity has private making and also interference of complexity of
doing business is reduced. This movement is an social movement of economic
globalization . The movement has also commonly referred as a global just movement, anti-
corporate globalization movement this is a social movement of economic globalization. Also
neoliberal organization. (Popoola, 2016).
Participants are based upon the circumstances and also various types of ideas related. Ideas that
has been opposed by a multinational corporation having unregulated political power, exercised
through trade agreements and deregulated financial markets. Corporations has also been accused
of seeking maximization in profit and has also even at the expense of work safety standards and
conditions, also labor hiring and compensation standard, environmental conservation principles
and standards, labor hiring and compensation standard, environmental conservation principles
and integrity of national legislative authority, independent sovereignty. Also globalization has
1 Son, K. and Zohlnhöfer, R., 2019. Measuring Privatization: Comparing Five Indicators
of the Disposition of State-Owned Enterprises in Advanced Democracies. Journal of
Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice. 21(4). pp.402-422.
Sparke, M., 2016. Globalization. International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth,
Environment and Technology: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology. pp.1-6.
Wonders, N.A., 2016. Just-in-time justice: Globalization and the changing character of law,
order, and power. Critical Criminology. 24(2). pp.201-216.
Zehra, M., 2016. Globalization and Weavers’ Health in India-Case Study of Varanasi Silk
Weavers. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 7(1). pp.69-73

defined it as a general form of integration which has provided democratic representation.
Advancement of human rights, fair trade and suitable development. They felt that anti-
globalization is misleading term. Pre-Seattle anti-globalization protest prior to the “ Battle in
Settle” in December 1999, most people were not familiar with those activities and arguments of
anti globalization protesters. So, they felt that anti-globalization is a misleading term. Pre-Seattle
anti- globalization protest prior to the “Battle in Seattle’’ in December 1999, most people were not
familiar with those activities and arguments of anti globalization protesters. This e were far different
than the Seattle 1999 protest. Also Seattle drew a great amount of media attention because of nature
of the event and has huge number of protesters, their clashes with police and occasional violence.
One view of the birth of the anti globalization movement by looking at the handful of disparate
protests, social movement and politically-charged events in the mid to late 1990s. Perhaps the
earliest anti globalization movement can be traced to the Zapatista uprising in southern Mexico,
which began on January 1, 1994.2 Timing their revolt to coincide with the implementation of
NAFTA, these indigenous Mexican Indians seized control of at least four cities and half-a-dozen
villages in the impoverished southern Mexican state of Chiapas.26 Clashes between the newly
formed Zapatista National Liberation Army, named for Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano
Zapata, and the Mexican army lasted for weeks and resulted in the deaths of 150 people.28 The
Zapatistas, clad in light green and wearing ski masks, had many legitimate grievances. The
recent economic reforms by Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had only increased the
economic inequalities in Mexico. The "dwindling share of arable land, unequal distribution of
public resources and general feeling that Indians lack government representation" left the
indigenous village. People feeling marginalized. Furthermore NAFATA would require Mexico
to phase out subsidies on the main cash crops grown in Chipas--corn, sugar, and coffee.3 '
Considering that typical farm incomes, with subsidies, barely exceeded $1,500 a year,32 native
farmers were in a vulnerable position indeed. The Mexican army eventually quelled the uprising,
but sporadic clashes and other acts of rebellion would keep the Zapatistas in the news throughout
the 1990s and into the new century (Son and Zohlnhöfer, 2019). 2
2 Asha, K., 2016. GLOBALIZATION, URBANIZATION AND MARGINALIZATION
OF THE DISADVANTAGED: THE HEALTH OF UNORGANIZED WORKERS IN
BANGALORE. Urban Governance in Karnataka and Bengaluru: Global Changes and
Local Impacts. p.169.

A new voice in the dialogue on free trade had been born, and many people outside of Mexico
would adopt the cause of the Zapatistas as their own. In stark contrast to the uprisings in Mexico,
a three-week strike of rail and public transportation workers in France in December of 1995 was
proclaimed by the French newspaper Le Monde to be "the first revolt against globalization.The
strike was caused by the French government's announcement that railworkers' pensions would be
cut and that a "restructuring" of rail service to accommodate the closing of 6,000 kilometers of
railway line would threaten jobs. What set this demonstration apart from the perennial strikes of
the past was the level of popular support for the workers. The protest quickly became a
generalized revolt against the right-wing government's social and economic plans and against the
media and academic elites that supported those plans. As one writer described, "The private
sector didn't strike en masse, but supported the strikers in ways that they could. They found
alternative ways to get to work, for example. Paris was full of bicyclists, hitchhikers, roller
bladders, pedestrians, and carpoolers. One of the surprising features of this movement was how
good-natured the citizenry was about it. Private sector workers showed their support by attending
demonstrations across France. More than two-million people took to the streets on a single day.
the World Bank and the IMF.' In contrast to Seattle, Prague was relatively welcoming to the
protesters. The President of the Czech Republic invited pressure groups to join in an open debate
with the leaders of the World Bank and IMF, while a stadium was opened as a campground for
the visiting demonstrators." Still, the police presence made it clear to the protesters that Prague
would not tolerate the disruptive activism seen in Seattle. Eleven-thousand officers were
mobilized and armed with pistols, attack dogs, and water cannons. This overly cautious attitude
on the part of city officials, a legacy of Seattle, would become a recurring pattern in all
subsequent ant globalization protests. Indeed, as Quebec. Further the main reason that has given
rise to this movement has been explained as follows:
Opposition to international financial institutions and transnational corporation
People were opposing globalization in a believe that the international agreements and global
financial institution, such as International Money Fund and the World Trade Organization,
undermine and financial interests, can exist privileges that uses such institution to support their
own corporate and financial interests, this can exercise privileges that an individual and small
Chao, C.C. and et. al., 2016. Wage inequality and welfare in developing countries: Privatization
and reforms in the short and long run. International Review of Economics & Finance. 42.
pp.474-483

business cannot include that ability of move freely across borders, extract desire of natural
resources and a wide variety of human resources. This movement has aimed for an legal status of
corporate personhood and dissolution of free market fundamentalism and radical economic
privatization measure of the World Bank, the IMF and the World Trade Organization(
Sparke,2016).
.
Global opposition to neoliberalism
Through the internet a movement began to develop in opposition to the doctrines of
neoliberalism which were widely manifested in the 1990s when liberalization was proposed by
Economic Co-operation and Development. Proposed liberalization of cross border investment
and trade restriction through Multilateral Agreement liberalization of cross border investment
was prematurely exposed by the public scrutiny and subsequently abandoned in November 1998
in the face of strenuous protest and criticism by national and international civil society
representatives. Neoliberal doctrine argued that untrammeled free trade and reduction of public
sector regulation would bring benefits to poor countries and to disadvantaged people in rich
countries. Anti – globalization advocates urge the preservation of natural environment human
rights and democratic institutions are likely to be placed at undue risk by the globalization unless
mandatory standards are attached to liberalization. 3
Anti-war movement
By 2002 many parts of movement showed wide opposition to the impending invasion of Iraq.
Many participation were among those 11 million or more protesters which against the imminent
Iraq war. Other anti-war demonstration were organized by ant globalization movement fro
3 GEORGE, Y.D., 2018. The globalization of culture and the new civil society. Cultures
Of Politics/politics Of Cultures: Revisioning Latin American Social Movements. p.353.
Grace, A., 2016. Lifelong learning as critical action for sexual and gender minorities as a
constituency of the learner fringe. R, Mizzi, T. Rocco, & S. Shore (Eds), Disrupting Adult
and Community Education: Teaching, Learning, and Working in the Periphery, pp.17-34.
Juris, J. and Sitrin, M., 2016. Globalization, resistance, and social transformation. The Sage
handbook of resistance. London: Sage Publications. pp.31-51.

example a large demonstration, organized against the impending war in Iraq, which closed the
first European Social Forum in November 2002 in Florence, Italy. Anti globalization militants
worried for proper functioning of democratic institution as he leaders of many democratic
countries were acting against the wishes of the majorities of their population in supporting war.
Chomsky asserted that these leaders showed their contempt for democracy. Critics of this type of
argument have tended to point out this is just standard criticism of representative democracy . A
democratically elected government will not always act in the direction of greatest current public
support — and that, therefore, there is no inconsistency in the leaders' positions given that these
countries are parliamentary democracies. Comparing the anti globalization movement to pas
movements. The 1868 protest in Chicago was the crest and and a wave that had been rising for
eight years, through thousands of protests from the civil rights movement to anti-war movement.
The Seattle protest, rather than riding a wave allowed a whole new generation of activities to
surface, bringing attention to one of the world’s most powerful organization. The protest in the
Seattle has captured the world’s attention due to its various reasons. Many conservative
Americans focused on the anarchists viewing the protester as a dangerous new element that is
intended on undermining of capitalism. Others viewed that the environmental protestors. Still
many wondered that thousands of Blue collar workers would demonstrate against the same
causes as the radicals and the environmentalists. These examples illustrate the mishmash of
issues and individuals involved in the globalization debate. Indeed, the anti globalists area
protest movement like none other in American history Wonders, 2016). It hardly needs stating
that globalization as an economic, political, and cultural force, will be a hotly debated topic for
decades, perhaps centuries, to come. For better or for worse, globalization is here to stay. The
collective will of thousands of world politicians, economists, and multinational corporations
cannot be subverted by even the most effective actions of Middle East terrorists or middle-class
American anarchists. In addition, "the WTO is emerging as one of the world's sovereign powers,
writing the rules that can supersede the laws of nations. ' ' But as a counterbalancing measure, the
a4ntiglobalization protest movement may also become a permanent fixture on the world scene.
4 Khan, H.A., 2017. Globalization and the Quality of Government: an Analysis of the
Relationship. Public Organization Review. 17(4). pp.509-524.
Knott, C. and Neis, B., 2017. Privatization, financialization and ocean grabbing in New
Brunswick herring fisheries and salmon aquaculture. Marine Policy. 80. pp.10-18.

As long as significant inequities exist among rich nations and poor nations; as long as foreign
laborers are exploited for minuscule pay in sweatshop conditions; and as long as the environment
is degraded by corporate myopia and greed, the antiglobalists will be prepared to protest, their
voices loud and their turtle costumes ready. excellent starting point. As Peter Fitzgerald writes,
counter the image of 'sheltered elites' operating behind closed doors, those promoting global
trade will need to better explain their programs and more directly engage those who have
particular concerns to be addressed. Another crucial step in appeasing the antiglobalists (but also
very far from the present reality) would be the inclusion in trade agreements of non-trade factors,
such as environmental and labor standards. While the FTAA draft agreement contained sections
on topics as diverse as dumping and intellectual property, references to the environment and
labor were completely absent. Expressly addressing these concerns through inclusion in trade
agreements is vital to the future of the global economic, political, and cultural landscape. Perhaps
the most disturbing trend in the anti- globalization protests is the new, paramilitary style police
tactics protestors (Zehra, M., 2016).
CONCLUSION5
5
Fink, S., 2019. Varieties of capitalism and privatization in a globalized world: How trade
integration shapes the relation between type of capitalism and privatization. Comparative
European Politics. 17(3). pp.338-360.

The above essay is based upon impact of globalization and privatization upon Australia. Also
things have been discussed about the anti-globalization movements. Then history has been
discussed about the movement. Then various reasons relating to rise of movement has been
explained. Then a general discussion has been done over the movement. Also in this file various
elements has been discussed regarding their impact upon globalization.
REFRENCES
Books and journal
Asha, K., 2016. GLOBALIZATION, URBANIZATION AND MARGINALIZATION OF THE
DISADVANTAGED: THE HEALTH OF UNORGANIZED WORKERS IN
BANGALORE. Urban Governance in Karnataka and Bengaluru: Global Changes and
Local Impacts. p.169.

Chao, C.C. and et. al., 2016. Wage inequality and welfare in developing countries: Privatization
and reforms in the short and long run. International Review of Economics & Finance. 42.
pp.474-483.
Chen, Z. and Lu, M., 2016. Globalization and regional income inequality in China. In Toward
Balanced Growth with Economic Agglomeration (pp. 63-87). Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg.
Fink, S., 2019. Varieties of capitalism and privatization in a globalized world: How trade
integration shapes the relation between type of capitalism and privatization. Comparative
European Politics. 17(3). pp.338-360.
GEORGE, Y.D., 2018. The globalization of culture and the new civil society. Cultures Of
Politics/politics Of Cultures: Revisioning Latin American Social Movements. p.353.
Chen, Z. and Lu, M., 2016. Globalization and regional income inequality in China. In Toward
Balanced Growth with Economic Agglomeration (pp. 63-87). Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg.
Grace, A., 2016. Lifelong learning as critical action for sexual and gender minorities as a
constituency of the learner fringe. R, Mizzi, T. Rocco, & S. Shore (Eds), Disrupting Adult
and Community Education: Teaching, Learning, and Working in the Periphery, pp.17-34.
Juris, J. and Sitrin, M., 2016. Globalization, resistance, and social transformation. The Sage
handbook of resistance. London: Sage Publications. pp.31-51.
Khan, H.A., 2017. Globalization and the Quality of Government: an Analysis of the
Relationship. Public Organization Review. 17(4). pp.509-524.
Knott, C. and Neis, B., 2017. Privatization, financialization and ocean grabbing in New
Brunswick herring fisheries and salmon aquaculture. Marine Policy. 80. pp.10-18.
Popoola, O.O., 2016. Privatization of public enterprises in Nigeria: Critical success factors. JL
Pol'y & Globalization. 49. p.85.

Son, K. and Zohlnhöfer, R., 2019. Measuring Privatization: Comparing Five Indicators of the
Disposition of State-Owned Enterprises in Advanced Democracies. Journal of
Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice. 21(4). pp.402-422.
Sparke, M., 2016. Globalization. International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth,
Environment and Technology: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology. pp.1-6.
Wonders, N.A., 2016. Just-in-time justice: Globalization and the changing character of law,
order, and power. Critical Criminology. 24(2). pp.201-216.
Zehra, M., 2016. Globalization and Weavers’ Health in India-Case Study of Varanasi Silk
Weavers. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 7(1). pp.69-73