Professional Values in Australian Community Services: An Analysis
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AI Summary
This essay delves into the crucial role of professional values within the Australian community services sector. It explores the application of these values across four key domains of human services, including claimed, unclaimed, contest, and emerging domains, highlighting how professionalism adapts to each. The essay emphasizes the importance of social justice, outlining how professional values underpin fair service distribution and address social barriers, particularly for vulnerable populations like the Aboriginal community. It examines the impact of professional values on stakeholders, including clients, workers, and policymakers, and discusses the ethical considerations within sectors like aged care and insurance. The essay underscores the need for consistent guidelines and a professional approach to ensure quality service delivery and address societal inequalities.
Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Four domains of the human services and role of the professional values..............................3
Emerging domains..................................................................................................................3
The changing role of professionalism in the main domains of human service......................4
Social justice and professional values....................................................................................5
The social barriers and professional values for the clients and the workers..........................7
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References..................................................................................................................................9
2
Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Four domains of the human services and role of the professional values..............................3
Emerging domains..................................................................................................................3
The changing role of professionalism in the main domains of human service......................4
Social justice and professional values....................................................................................5
The social barriers and professional values for the clients and the workers..........................7
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References..................................................................................................................................9
2
Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
Introduction
One of the leading business tycoons of USA in the 19th century, Andrew Carnegie wrote in
his essay "Gospel of Wealth" about the fact that the random acts of the charity lead a society
nowhere. In order to curb this randomness, a professional approach is needed. For the
implementation of the professional approach, a set of professional values should be added
into the working portfolios of the individuals that are delivering human services to various
communities and environment (Carnegie, 2012).
Structured acts of the kindness set the tone for the welfare of the society and help in the
sustenance of the acts. The above-mentioned statement holds true for the Australian Society
and the social works that they are undertaking under various banners. The culture of
adherence to core professional values is prevalent in Australia since 1960, it was also the time
when the experts of the social science indicated towards the need of the professional values
while delivering human services (Turk, 2017).
In the current essay, we will discuss the role of the professional values and their changed face
under various domains of human services. Professional values also play a crucial role in the
dispensing of social justice. They set the right framework for an individual and give away a
standard thought process to the acts of community services (Wiles, 2011). In this essay, we
will describe the core professional values under all the four domains of human services. We
will describe the needs of the particular values in that domain and how they are useful. A
successful administration of the core professional values also works in the direction of the
removal of social barriers. This essay will also cover that area as well.
Four domains of the human services and the role of the professional values
The four main domains of the human service can be classified as follows.
3
Introduction
One of the leading business tycoons of USA in the 19th century, Andrew Carnegie wrote in
his essay "Gospel of Wealth" about the fact that the random acts of the charity lead a society
nowhere. In order to curb this randomness, a professional approach is needed. For the
implementation of the professional approach, a set of professional values should be added
into the working portfolios of the individuals that are delivering human services to various
communities and environment (Carnegie, 2012).
Structured acts of the kindness set the tone for the welfare of the society and help in the
sustenance of the acts. The above-mentioned statement holds true for the Australian Society
and the social works that they are undertaking under various banners. The culture of
adherence to core professional values is prevalent in Australia since 1960, it was also the time
when the experts of the social science indicated towards the need of the professional values
while delivering human services (Turk, 2017).
In the current essay, we will discuss the role of the professional values and their changed face
under various domains of human services. Professional values also play a crucial role in the
dispensing of social justice. They set the right framework for an individual and give away a
standard thought process to the acts of community services (Wiles, 2011). In this essay, we
will describe the core professional values under all the four domains of human services. We
will describe the needs of the particular values in that domain and how they are useful. A
successful administration of the core professional values also works in the direction of the
removal of social barriers. This essay will also cover that area as well.
Four domains of the human services and the role of the professional values
The four main domains of the human service can be classified as follows.
3
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
Claimed Domains: Under these domains, the penetration of the human service has already
reached satisfactory levels and meeting with the targets set by the planners. Services are
flowing under a sustainable model and prospects of the growth and delivery are on an auto-
pilot mode. The implementation of the “Aged Care Policy 1997 of Australia” is a claimed
domain of the human service (Peterson, 2014).
Unclaimed Domains: Unclaimed domains are the domains where experts and professionals
have studied the needs and developed a plan to meet the objectives and goals of the human
service. However, they are passing through the initial stages of the implementation of the
programs. The creation of the justifiable community goods in the health care insurance sector
is an unclaimed domain. Plans and services are ready, however; identification of the needy is
still under process (Knaus, 2018).
The domain of the contest or the competition: Any set of the human services comes under
this domain when the planners and the professional conduct a study in the problematic area
and try to develop an understanding about it. Under this phase, they examine the key factors
associated with the problem and try to figure out the key result areas where they are required
to work. The racial slur and the emergence of race-based discrimination is an issue where the
contest is on because a silent polarization of the society is on (Durey, 2012).
Emerging domains
The emerging domains are the domains where a social engineer or the think tank associated
with the social issues of a country or the region can sense about the emergence of a gap or a
disparity. For instance in the case of Australia, the decreasing satisfaction levels of the
aboriginal people related to the racial discrimination can be considered as an emerging
domain where human service in the form of counseling is needed (Donelly, 2015).
4
Claimed Domains: Under these domains, the penetration of the human service has already
reached satisfactory levels and meeting with the targets set by the planners. Services are
flowing under a sustainable model and prospects of the growth and delivery are on an auto-
pilot mode. The implementation of the “Aged Care Policy 1997 of Australia” is a claimed
domain of the human service (Peterson, 2014).
Unclaimed Domains: Unclaimed domains are the domains where experts and professionals
have studied the needs and developed a plan to meet the objectives and goals of the human
service. However, they are passing through the initial stages of the implementation of the
programs. The creation of the justifiable community goods in the health care insurance sector
is an unclaimed domain. Plans and services are ready, however; identification of the needy is
still under process (Knaus, 2018).
The domain of the contest or the competition: Any set of the human services comes under
this domain when the planners and the professional conduct a study in the problematic area
and try to develop an understanding about it. Under this phase, they examine the key factors
associated with the problem and try to figure out the key result areas where they are required
to work. The racial slur and the emergence of race-based discrimination is an issue where the
contest is on because a silent polarization of the society is on (Durey, 2012).
Emerging domains
The emerging domains are the domains where a social engineer or the think tank associated
with the social issues of a country or the region can sense about the emergence of a gap or a
disparity. For instance in the case of Australia, the decreasing satisfaction levels of the
aboriginal people related to the racial discrimination can be considered as an emerging
domain where human service in the form of counseling is needed (Donelly, 2015).
4
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
The changing role of professionalism in the main domains of human service
While working as a professional in the social service setup of human service any professional
has to deal with the two components. The first component is people and the second
component is the environment. The chart of the professional value tells us the equity among
the stakeholders at all levels. While working in a claimed domain a professional has to
interview people, council people and create an environment of equity among the people and
the community (Dunan, 2017). We can understand it with the help of the fairness principle of
the Commonwealth home support program (CHSP) of Australia. Under this program, human
service providers avail health care facilities for the old people at their home (Cardona, 2018).
This program presents an interesting clash of two professional values, the sustainability
clause of the professional value forces a professional to collect a nominal fee from the service
receivers (Hamilton, 2016). The authorities at CHSP reinvest this money for the sustenance of
their program. The collection of the nominal fee also sets the benchmark of the success for
the professionals working under this program. Still, the professional values prescribed under
the clause of the equity among the stakeholders allow a professional to sometimes waive off
the nominal fee if the receiver of the service is very poor (Skatssoon, 2018).
When we talk about the unclaimed domains, the insurance sector of Australia is depicting a
clash of the professional values. Here the core professional values of collecting a feedback
from the clients are playing a crucial role (Cormann, 2018). People of Australia certainly
deserve a community good or the blanket of the safety for the poor people in the society. The
human service providers are accountable for the dignity of the receiver of the service. Instead
of promoting insurance as a government-funded charity, they promote it as a security
umbrella created by the society for its own good. Recently two major things happened in this
sector, human service providers at the ground level received applauds of appreciation because
of the hard work that they did in the field and brought in a big percentage of the Australian
5
The changing role of professionalism in the main domains of human service
While working as a professional in the social service setup of human service any professional
has to deal with the two components. The first component is people and the second
component is the environment. The chart of the professional value tells us the equity among
the stakeholders at all levels. While working in a claimed domain a professional has to
interview people, council people and create an environment of equity among the people and
the community (Dunan, 2017). We can understand it with the help of the fairness principle of
the Commonwealth home support program (CHSP) of Australia. Under this program, human
service providers avail health care facilities for the old people at their home (Cardona, 2018).
This program presents an interesting clash of two professional values, the sustainability
clause of the professional value forces a professional to collect a nominal fee from the service
receivers (Hamilton, 2016). The authorities at CHSP reinvest this money for the sustenance of
their program. The collection of the nominal fee also sets the benchmark of the success for
the professionals working under this program. Still, the professional values prescribed under
the clause of the equity among the stakeholders allow a professional to sometimes waive off
the nominal fee if the receiver of the service is very poor (Skatssoon, 2018).
When we talk about the unclaimed domains, the insurance sector of Australia is depicting a
clash of the professional values. Here the core professional values of collecting a feedback
from the clients are playing a crucial role (Cormann, 2018). People of Australia certainly
deserve a community good or the blanket of the safety for the poor people in the society. The
human service providers are accountable for the dignity of the receiver of the service. Instead
of promoting insurance as a government-funded charity, they promote it as a security
umbrella created by the society for its own good. Recently two major things happened in this
sector, human service providers at the ground level received applauds of appreciation because
of the hard work that they did in the field and brought in a big percentage of the Australian
5
Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
people under the insurance cover (Chavez, 2018). However, the authorities failed in
maintaining an environment because they raised the price of the premium and this premium
became out of the reach of the poor people.
The professional value chart prescribed for the higher ranks clearly defines the professional
value of accessing the justifiable need and demands of the community. A 3.96 percent rise in
the premiums on an annual basis is unjustified in a country where the income margins of the
lower strata people are not increasing (Peake, 2017). Professional values often tell us that
profit is very important; it is one of the most important goals of any endeavor. However, in
the cases of the deliverance of the human service, the reach and delivery of the service is the
main profit, this changes the set of the professional values drastically and on most of the
occasions the clashes of the professional values often end up in the favor of the clients
(Mulgan, 2018).
Social justice, professional values and theoretical approaches for underpinning the
human service
When we have a look at the role of the professional values in the case of emerging domains
then the case of social justice takes the front seat. While dealing with an emerging domain, a
professional has to classify the target groups more neatly on the merit of the deprivation and
other values. The concept of the social justice prescribes the concept of "each according to
capacity and each according to the necessity". We should never forget the fact that on most of
the occasion's human service givers works with the delivery of the community or social
goods (Crosbie, 2018). They are accountable for the right distribution of these goods without
any bias. The principle of the distributive justice sets another professional value for the
professionals in the case of all the domains and particularly in the case of the emerging
domains where planners are unclear about the needs of the end users (Chavez, 2018).
6
people under the insurance cover (Chavez, 2018). However, the authorities failed in
maintaining an environment because they raised the price of the premium and this premium
became out of the reach of the poor people.
The professional value chart prescribed for the higher ranks clearly defines the professional
value of accessing the justifiable need and demands of the community. A 3.96 percent rise in
the premiums on an annual basis is unjustified in a country where the income margins of the
lower strata people are not increasing (Peake, 2017). Professional values often tell us that
profit is very important; it is one of the most important goals of any endeavor. However, in
the cases of the deliverance of the human service, the reach and delivery of the service is the
main profit, this changes the set of the professional values drastically and on most of the
occasions the clashes of the professional values often end up in the favor of the clients
(Mulgan, 2018).
Social justice, professional values and theoretical approaches for underpinning the
human service
When we have a look at the role of the professional values in the case of emerging domains
then the case of social justice takes the front seat. While dealing with an emerging domain, a
professional has to classify the target groups more neatly on the merit of the deprivation and
other values. The concept of the social justice prescribes the concept of "each according to
capacity and each according to the necessity". We should never forget the fact that on most of
the occasion's human service givers works with the delivery of the community or social
goods (Crosbie, 2018). They are accountable for the right distribution of these goods without
any bias. The principle of the distributive justice sets another professional value for the
professionals in the case of all the domains and particularly in the case of the emerging
domains where planners are unclear about the needs of the end users (Chavez, 2018).
6
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
Equal distribution of the services and justified reach of the services are the primary needs that
need to be served while dealing with social justice and professional values in the same
equation. The principles of social justice tell us that the work of human service should be
dedicated to humanity. Any type of racial discrimination or preferential treatments should be
avoided at all level. However, in the practical world, it is not possible. However, this
arrangement can be seen from a different viewpoint as well. For instance, most of the
religious organizations and spiritual organizations prefer to serve certain communities. They
set a boundary of certain criteria and select a special group (Durey, 2012). The equation of the
professional values changes here as a professional one has to serve the group and try to stay
honest to the commitments that are connected with the group.
Human service may have its own set of commercial interests as well. Any professional
working in any such setup should abide with the help of a different set of priorities.
Commercial and promotional interests of the organizations should become the first priority of
the human service provider in this case. The same thing is applicable to the human service
providers working to cater to the corporate social responsibilities of various organizations
(Crosbie, 2018). In this case, the constitution of the organization and the draft of the social
commitment promised by the organization will rule the duty chart of the professional and a
new set of the professional values will work for him. In the first step, he is required to
identify the group a little differently, after the selection of the group, the rest of the
professional ethics and virtues will remain the same (Crosbie, 2018).
The social barriers and professional values for the clients and the workers
Social barriers often create a role conflict in the mind of a professional. Social barriers are a
limiting factor, for instance, the personal hatreds and the hate agenda between the countries
or the regions can play a big role in the distribution of the services. The aboriginal people
living in Australia are an underprivileged part of society. After the independence of Australia
7
Equal distribution of the services and justified reach of the services are the primary needs that
need to be served while dealing with social justice and professional values in the same
equation. The principles of social justice tell us that the work of human service should be
dedicated to humanity. Any type of racial discrimination or preferential treatments should be
avoided at all level. However, in the practical world, it is not possible. However, this
arrangement can be seen from a different viewpoint as well. For instance, most of the
religious organizations and spiritual organizations prefer to serve certain communities. They
set a boundary of certain criteria and select a special group (Durey, 2012). The equation of the
professional values changes here as a professional one has to serve the group and try to stay
honest to the commitments that are connected with the group.
Human service may have its own set of commercial interests as well. Any professional
working in any such setup should abide with the help of a different set of priorities.
Commercial and promotional interests of the organizations should become the first priority of
the human service provider in this case. The same thing is applicable to the human service
providers working to cater to the corporate social responsibilities of various organizations
(Crosbie, 2018). In this case, the constitution of the organization and the draft of the social
commitment promised by the organization will rule the duty chart of the professional and a
new set of the professional values will work for him. In the first step, he is required to
identify the group a little differently, after the selection of the group, the rest of the
professional ethics and virtues will remain the same (Crosbie, 2018).
The social barriers and professional values for the clients and the workers
Social barriers often create a role conflict in the mind of a professional. Social barriers are a
limiting factor, for instance, the personal hatreds and the hate agenda between the countries
or the regions can play a big role in the distribution of the services. The aboriginal people
living in Australia are an underprivileged part of society. After the independence of Australia
7
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
many NGO’s came in existence to support these people, however, most of them failed
miserably. They failed because they were lacking a professional approach in the creation and
delivery of community goods (Dunan, 2017).
During the decade of the 70’s Australian government included aboriginal population in the
census of the country. This inclusion changed the complexion of the human services that
were designed for the aboriginal population. Most of the experts and thinkers were thinking
that aboriginal people were suffering because human service providers were having
prejudices about them. However, it was the lack of guidance that wasted the efforts of human
service providers completely. Later on when the census included aboriginal people then the
planning commissions and other bodies took a note of it. As a professional working in the
field of human service, a worker needs specific guidelines the inclusion of the guideline in a
community service program (Mulgan, 2018).
From the point of view of a worker, the presence of the guidelines helps him in selecting in
the right set of the professional values. The presence of a guideline about the professional
values brings its impact over the services delivered by the worker. The same guidelines can
ensure a consistent quality of the services for the clients in the long run.
Conclusion
In general, anyone can identify three stakeholders in a program, the client, the worker, and
the policymakers. In the case of Insurance agencies, an unprofessional approach while
deciding the pricing backfired for the mission. In the same way, the policies connected to
aboriginal people met with success only after the correct implementation of the planning. The
CHSP program of Australian government showed a great commitment towards the
professional approach, they allowed their workers to walk that extra mile to support the
needy, and apart from it, they increased the professional capacities of their workers so that
8
many NGO’s came in existence to support these people, however, most of them failed
miserably. They failed because they were lacking a professional approach in the creation and
delivery of community goods (Dunan, 2017).
During the decade of the 70’s Australian government included aboriginal population in the
census of the country. This inclusion changed the complexion of the human services that
were designed for the aboriginal population. Most of the experts and thinkers were thinking
that aboriginal people were suffering because human service providers were having
prejudices about them. However, it was the lack of guidance that wasted the efforts of human
service providers completely. Later on when the census included aboriginal people then the
planning commissions and other bodies took a note of it. As a professional working in the
field of human service, a worker needs specific guidelines the inclusion of the guideline in a
community service program (Mulgan, 2018).
From the point of view of a worker, the presence of the guidelines helps him in selecting in
the right set of the professional values. The presence of a guideline about the professional
values brings its impact over the services delivered by the worker. The same guidelines can
ensure a consistent quality of the services for the clients in the long run.
Conclusion
In general, anyone can identify three stakeholders in a program, the client, the worker, and
the policymakers. In the case of Insurance agencies, an unprofessional approach while
deciding the pricing backfired for the mission. In the same way, the policies connected to
aboriginal people met with success only after the correct implementation of the planning. The
CHSP program of Australian government showed a great commitment towards the
professional approach, they allowed their workers to walk that extra mile to support the
needy, and apart from it, they increased the professional capacities of their workers so that
8
Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
they can practice more professional ethics. The success of this model clearly gives us an idea
that an increase in the professional capacities of a worker can increase the chances of the
practicing of certain professional values by an individual and support a community service
program in a positive direction
9
they can practice more professional ethics. The success of this model clearly gives us an idea
that an increase in the professional capacities of a worker can increase the chances of the
practicing of certain professional values by an individual and support a community service
program in a positive direction
9
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
References
Cardona, B. (2018). Measuring outcomes of community aged care programs: challenges,
opportunities and the Australian Community Outcomes Measurement ACCOM tool.
Health and Quality of Life Outcome, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12955-
018-0918-7.
Carnegie, A. (2012). Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Vermont: Tradition.
Chavez, M. (2018). Human-Centered Purpose: The Key To Delivering Value. Forbes,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelchavez/2018/05/30/human-centered-purpose-
the-key-to-delivering-value/#238f5e0c2b77.
Cormann, M. (2018). Mathias Cormann: the ‘state of the service’ is strong. The Mandarin,
https://www.themandarin.com.au/99877-mathias-cormann-the-state-of-the-service-is-
strong/.
Crosbie, D. (2018). Hyper-Partisan Politics, the Public Service and Charities. Pro-Bono
Australia , https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2018/11/hyper-partisan-politics-
public-service-charities/.
Donelly, B. (2015). Aboriginal people face 'systemic' racial discrimination: report. The Age,
https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/aborigines-face-systemic-racial-
discrimination-report-20151104-gkqlii.html.
Dunan, G. (2017). BAP: Brotherhood, Community Service, and Professionalism. Baruch
College, https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/fro17cra/?p=79.
Durey, A. (2012). Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: time to change
focus. PMC , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431273/.
Hamilton, M. (2016). Transitioning Australian Respite. UNSW Australia,
https://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/SPRCFile/Transitioning_Australian_Respite.pdf
.
knaus, C. (2018). Three-quarters of Australians struggle to afford private health insurance –
Choice. The Guardian,
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/mar/29/three-quarters-of-
australians-struggle-to-afford-private-health-insurance-choice.
Mulgan, R. (2018). We can no longer take public service values for granted. The Sunday
Morning Herald, https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/we-can-no-longer-take-
public-service-values-for-granted-20180530-p4zife.html.
Peake, K. (2017). Ethics in policy: facing trade-offs to help citizens live a life they value. The
Mandarin, https://www.themandarin.com.au/87021-facing-the-ethical-challenges-of-
family-violence/.
10
References
Cardona, B. (2018). Measuring outcomes of community aged care programs: challenges,
opportunities and the Australian Community Outcomes Measurement ACCOM tool.
Health and Quality of Life Outcome, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12955-
018-0918-7.
Carnegie, A. (2012). Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Vermont: Tradition.
Chavez, M. (2018). Human-Centered Purpose: The Key To Delivering Value. Forbes,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelchavez/2018/05/30/human-centered-purpose-
the-key-to-delivering-value/#238f5e0c2b77.
Cormann, M. (2018). Mathias Cormann: the ‘state of the service’ is strong. The Mandarin,
https://www.themandarin.com.au/99877-mathias-cormann-the-state-of-the-service-is-
strong/.
Crosbie, D. (2018). Hyper-Partisan Politics, the Public Service and Charities. Pro-Bono
Australia , https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2018/11/hyper-partisan-politics-
public-service-charities/.
Donelly, B. (2015). Aboriginal people face 'systemic' racial discrimination: report. The Age,
https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/aborigines-face-systemic-racial-
discrimination-report-20151104-gkqlii.html.
Dunan, G. (2017). BAP: Brotherhood, Community Service, and Professionalism. Baruch
College, https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/fro17cra/?p=79.
Durey, A. (2012). Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: time to change
focus. PMC , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3431273/.
Hamilton, M. (2016). Transitioning Australian Respite. UNSW Australia,
https://www.sprc.unsw.edu.au/media/SPRCFile/Transitioning_Australian_Respite.pdf
.
knaus, C. (2018). Three-quarters of Australians struggle to afford private health insurance –
Choice. The Guardian,
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/mar/29/three-quarters-of-
australians-struggle-to-afford-private-health-insurance-choice.
Mulgan, R. (2018). We can no longer take public service values for granted. The Sunday
Morning Herald, https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/we-can-no-longer-take-
public-service-values-for-granted-20180530-p4zife.html.
Peake, K. (2017). Ethics in policy: facing trade-offs to help citizens live a life they value. The
Mandarin, https://www.themandarin.com.au/87021-facing-the-ethical-challenges-of-
family-violence/.
10
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Running Head: PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN COMMUNITY SERVICES
Peterson, M. (2014). The Space of Family Care-Giving in Australian Aged Care Facilities:
Implications for Social Work. The British Journal of Social Work,
https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/article/46/1/81/2494869.
Skatssoon, J. (2018). $100 million CHSP boost as HCP queue grows. Community Care
Review, https://www.australianageingagenda.com.au/2018/10/02/100-million-chsp-
boost-as-hcp-queue-grows/.
Turk, B. (2017). A career in social work? GradAustralia ,
https://gradaustralia.com.au/charity-volunteering/a-career-in-social-work.
Wiles, D. (2011). Human services: a discussion paper. ECU publication,
https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/
&httpsredir=1&article=7822&context=ecuworks.
11
Peterson, M. (2014). The Space of Family Care-Giving in Australian Aged Care Facilities:
Implications for Social Work. The British Journal of Social Work,
https://academic.oup.com/bjsw/article/46/1/81/2494869.
Skatssoon, J. (2018). $100 million CHSP boost as HCP queue grows. Community Care
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