Report: Growing Profitable Wheat Crop at Cunderdin SCIE3314

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of wheat crop management at the Cunderdin site, focusing on the key elements necessary for growing a profitable wheat crop. It begins with an introduction to the site, including its climate and soil analysis, comparing data from 2007 and 2017 to highlight changes in nutrient levels. The report then delves into wheat crop management, covering land preparation techniques, optimal planting times, irrigation requirements and scheduling, and various pest control methods, including viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases. It also discusses crop rotation, variety selection, seeding, basal fertilizer application, and nitrogen application strategies for yield prediction. The report includes a gross margin analysis to assess profitability and concludes with key recommendations. The assignment is designed to provide insights into the practical aspects of wheat farming, emphasizing the importance of site-specific management practices.

CROP AND CROPPING
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
THE SITE.......................................................................................................................................................3
Climate....................................................................................................................................................3
Soil Type and Soil Analysis.......................................................................................................................4
WHEAT CROP MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................................................6
Land Preparation.....................................................................................................................................6
Time of Planting...................................................................................................................................8
Irrigation Requirements and Scheduling...........................................................................................10
PEST CONTROL......................................................................................................................................11
Viral diseases.....................................................................................................................................11
Bacterial Diseases..............................................................................................................................12
Fungal Diseases of Roots or Crown....................................................................................................12
Fungal Diseases of Stem or Sheath....................................................................................................13
Pest and Disease Management Practices..........................................................................................15
Crop Rotation........................................................................................................................................17
Variety Selection....................................................................................................................................17
Seeding and Basal Fertilizer...................................................................................................................17
Nitrogen Application and Yield Prediction.............................................................................................19
Strategy and time of use....................................................................................................................19
GROSS MARGIN.........................................................................................................................................19
SUMMARY OF KEY RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................22
References.................................................................................................................................................23

INTRODUCTION
This report aims at offering insights into how a profitable crop of wheat would be grown at the
Cunderdin site and thereafter come up with the gross margin for the grown wheat that would be
used in the assessment of profitability of undertaking. The site of the activity will be at the
Cunderdin Site that is located at the Cunderdin College of Agriculture. The report is divided into
various sections including the
 Site which explores the climate, type of soil and soil analysis as well as crop rotation and
the accompanying implications
 Wheat crop management that explores on the land preparation, pest control as well as
variety selection alongside seeding and basal fertilizer as well as nitrogen applications
and prediction of yields
 The gross margin for the wheat crop in a tabular form that would be inclusive of the
discussion of the costs of production as well as the income; and
 The summary of the main recommendations
THE SITE
Climate
The field is at the Cunderdin College of Agriculture (117°14′ 56.78′′ E, 31°38′ 28.46′′ S).
Relatively long term climate records are available from the Bureau of Meteorology website for
Cunderdin Airfield. The site had canola in 2017, Albus lupin in 2016 and then wheat in 2015.
The current amount of stubble is 2 t ha-1. The main weeds are annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum),
brome grass (Bromus diandrus), barley grass (Hordeum leporinum), wild oats (Avena fatua) as
well as wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). The main wheat leaf diseases present are yellow

leaf spot (tan spot) (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) as well as septoria nodorum blotch
(Stagonospora nodorum). The prevalent root diseases at the site are crown rot (Fusarium
pseudograminearum) as well as Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia solani). The main nematode is
root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus).
Soil Type and Soil Analysis
The Cunderdin soil is an alkaline red duplex that has a sandy clay loam texture with about 22%
clay. The soil pH (measured in 0.01M CaCl2) increases with depth as well as calcium carbonate
concretions are visible below about 40 cm. A detailed soil analysis from 2007 is given in Table 1
and a more recent one from 2017 in Table 2.
Figure 1: Soil chemical analysis from the Cunderdin site 2007
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Series2
Series4
Series6
Depth
Analysis
Legend
Series 1-Soil chemical analysis at depth of 10 cm

Series 2- Soil chemical analysis at depth of 20 cm
Series 3- Soil chemical analysis at depth of 30 cm
Figure 2: Soil chemical analysis from the Cunderdin site 2017
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Series2
Series4
Series6
Depth
Analysis
Legend
Series 1-Soil chemical analysis at depth of 10 cm
Series 2- Soil chemical analysis at depth of 20 cm
Series 3- Soil chemical analysis at depth of 30 cm
From the data represented on the two figures, within the decade, there have been significant
changes in the amount of various nutrients in the soil. The amount of nitrate increased,
ammonium decreased, phosphorus increased, potassium increased, sulphur decreased,

conductivity reduced by half over the decade. These changes in the amount of nutrients among
others have resulted in making the soil more viable and ideal for the growth of the crop (Wallace
et al., 2016).
WHEAT CROP MANAGEMENT
Land Preparation
The accuracy land levelling is one of essential agronomic practices to expel high points and low
points of soil as well as to accomplish better seed bed conditions for the uniform conveyance of
water system water as well as better supply of different contributions to the developing wheat
edit. Wheat requires rich topsoil to earth soil soils with great waste for better yields. The yield
developing territories ought to be isolated into little plots of a large portion of a section of land
alongside directs in the center to isolate each plot and to make appropriate utilization of water
system water as indicated by product needs (Piggin et al., 2015).
The most idea soil for wheat is unified with:
 A decent compelling profundity with a fine tilth to guarantee seed-soil contact. Great
seed-soil contact guarantees great product development and stand which are the reason
for good yields
 Ideal physical properties: great interior waste, an ideal dampness administration,
 Chemical features: adequate and adjusted amounts of supplements (NPK as well as other
smaller scale supplements/follow supplements)
 Biological features: great level of natural issue, and with gainful miniaturized scale life
forms (Jat et al., 2014)

The goal of soil tillage is to keep up the current structure of soil or to enhance the structure of
inadequately organized soils and tending to the three properties as made reference to above
(physical, synthetic and natural).
Conditioning of soil: Lime can be connected whenever required to 'improve' acidic soils to the
pH ideal range. Lime application ought to be founded on soil examination remedies (Zheng et
al., 2017).
Gypsum enhances soil physical structure i.e. expels hard setting clodiness, evacuates surface
crusting and poor functionality and providing the soil with complimentary Calcium as well as
Sulfur for good yield standing and development.
Tillage processes: There are a few choices of culturing that fall under two general classifications:
conservational and ordinary culturing that can be received in wheat generation. The ordinary
culturing strategy pursues the accompanying advances (Nawaz et al., 2016):
Deep ploughing, liming and basal compost application, discing and after that pursued by rolling.
A roller can be hauled simultaneously behind a circle harrow. Conservational culturing otherwise
called zero/least culturing is another less expensive as well as more supportable alternative that
ranchers can receive.
When a reasonable zone for building up the estate is chosen and the arranging task is finalised,
the genuine readiness can be actuated. These exercises are isolated to structure and pace the
execution procedure with the end goal to be prepared for planting at the most reasonable time, as
indicated by the specific territorial climatic conditions. Physical land preparation would be
conducted that would the following activities:

Mechanical field readiness: The mechanical or beginning soil arrangement concerns for the most
part the planning of a field for further definite readiness, for example, water system framework
establishment, gap readiness, and so on (Das et al., 2018). Activities, if relevant to the zone,
include:
i. debushing/hedge clearing;
ii. Evacuation of stones as well as shakes;
iii. Tearing; as well as
iv. Soil levelling
Irrigation framework establishment: The sort of water system framework to be utilized will be
dictated by the accessibility of water, geographical and soil conditions. At the point when the
underlying soil arrangement is finished, the establishment of the required water system
framework will be actualized by the endorsed plan.
Soil enhancement: The booking of soil enhancement program will rely upon the date cultivator,
as specific applications could be joined with the underlying activities of soil readiness. Because
of long holding up period, planting to first generation, it is a pattern to set up date ranches on
new soils, except for regions where date palm is utilized for intercropping (Sepat et al., 2017).
Time of Planting
The ideal time for planting Chief CL wheat is between mid-April and the most recent seven day
stretch of May and significantly prior in the Lowvelds. At times planting time can be stretched
out to mid-June yet not typically suggested. Postponed planting results in loss of approximately
50kg/ha/day after May (Angus et al., 2015). The initial two weeks of May tend to give the best

yields in the Highveld zones. Holding fast to the ideal planting time has some agronomic
clarifications as well as reasons:
 Late-spring precipitation escape-Downpours that come after the wheat has achieved
physiological development causes growing (grain germination in the ear) and result in
downsizing of wheat because of a decrease in preparing characteristics
 Sickness escape - ailment weight particularly for rust maladies, ordinarily rises when
temperatures begin to warm up around August and an early planted harvest would have
gotten a decent head begin without infection weight (Maaz et al., 2017).
 Bug escape - moreover bother weight, for example, aphids begin to rise when
temperatures begin to rise. An early planted harvest will have a decent head begin in front
of vermin weight.
 Early planting will result in early collecting around September. One of key
contemplations for the reception of twofold editing is early planting and early reaping for
both summer and winter crops. The agriculturist will come in with his mid-year trim on
time when wheat is planted and gathered early. By and large, wheat takes around 125-140
days to physiological development relying upon assortment, height and climate
conditions. The higher the height, the more drawn out the time from planting to
development (Matthews, McCaffery and Jenkins, 2015).
 Wheat basic stages, for example, trim foundation, tillering, blooming and grain filling
will coincide with the ideal development conditions when the yield is early planted. For
example, for vigorous tillering i.e. for the plant to deliver auxiliary stems (4 – 5 weeks
after product rise) requires extremely cool conditions that typically happens in May and

June while Flowering (60 - 90 days) and Grain filling (> 90 days) must not concur with
cold conditions to keep away from harvest sterility.
Irrigation Requirements and Scheduling
Since there is next to no or no precipitation amid winter in the region, water system is required to
accomplish high yielding wheat edit. The aggregate gross measure of water required is
somewhere in the range of 450 and 600 mm for each ha (i.e. 4.5 - 6 super litters for each ha)
contingent upon technique for water system (Overhead water system with sprinkler or utilization
of Center Pivots) and should be connected as the yield requires it. The key focuses are:
 the soil must be conveyed to handle ability to the maximum capacity establishing
profundity (around 1,2 m) at planting to develop the product;
 a light water system must be connected at the fourth or fifth day in the wake of sowing, to
break the outside layer to guarantee great yield rise a light water system must be
connected at 14 to 17 days after rise to invigorate crown root improvement and tillering,
and;
 Water system from that point must be connected to coordinate yield water utilize. On
sandy soils with low water holding limits, flood as often as possible (7 to multi day
cycles with 30-35mm net) (Barton, Thamo, Engelbrecht and Biswas, 2014). On muds and
sandy muds, with great water holding limits, water system might be less successive with
bigger sums (10 to multi day cycles with 40-45 mm net). This is a general water system
booking guide. For an educated water system booking, the utilization of a soil twist drill
to assess the soil water content ahead and behind the water system line is a decent guide
to water system administration. Water system is ended when the neck of ears/spikes/head
(peduncle) turn yellow i.e. physiological development.

 Crop hardening: After the yield has raised, the solidifying stage starts. This prompts
crown root improvement and in addition tillering. The suggested solidifying time frame
(water system is incidentally ended amid this stage) is 10 and 14 days in light and
substantial soils separately.
 Top dressing manure as well as herbicide application is done after a light water system
that pursues the solidifying time frame, typically around 21 days after development
PEST CONTROL
The most common pests and diseases in wheat are as shown:
Viral diseases
Viruses are the littlest pathogens introduced in these data sheets about bugs and ailments. The
irresistible viral molecule is known as a virion that is a stable, non-increasing stage by which the
infection is exchanged starting with one plant then onto the next. Infections increase in the host
plant, and transmission may happen by means of a few means: by creepy crawlies and parasites
(particularly sucking bugs, for example, aphids), by nematodes, by seed, by dust, by organisms,
by soil and mechanically.
Viral maladies are regularly hard to distinguish in light of fact that contaminated hosts may not
show obvious indications, or side effects may nearly take after those of different physiological
clutters or hereditary irregularities (Gathala et al., 2015). Distinguishing proof can be encouraged
by figuring out which vectors are available and the host run; as a rule, positive recognizable
proof requires the utilization of an electron magnifying lens and serological strategies. Among
the viruses would include:
 Soilborne Wheat Mosaic Virus
 Barley Yellow Dwarf virus

 Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus
 Brome Mosaic Virus
Bacterial Diseases
Bacterial plant pathogens are little unicellular bars from 1 to 3 p m long. They don't have a very
much characterized core, or an atomic layer. Microbes are spread by creepy crawlies, air flows,
sprinkling precipitation, and by mechanical means. Free dampness as a rule is important for
disease, and entrance of host tissue happens through injuries or stomata openings (Naresh et al.,
2014). These pathogens attack the vascular framework or intercellular spaces in host tissue, and
putrefaction results from poisons created or enzymatic action of microscopic organisms. They
include:
 Bacterial spike blight
 Bacterial stripe
 Basal glume rot
Fungal Diseases of Roots or Crown
Take-All: Symptoms: A field tainted by the organism may have ineffectively characterized
patches where plants are hindered, have few tillers, and show dry spell indications. White heads
are created in the wake of blooming where plants deliver no seed. Entire plants are influenced,
not normal for crown decay where whiteheads influence single tillers, on plants (picture at left).
The growth causes spoiling of roots and lower stems. Basal stem and leaf sheath tissues, and
additionally roots, may turn a glossy dark shading (picture at right). At the point when inspected
with a hand focal point (10x1), dull contagious hyphae may regularly be found on the sub-crown
internode between the old leaf sheaths (Nielsen, Lyon and Miceli-Garcia, 2017). Coarse, dark

sprinter hyphae are prominent on the roots, and roots normally have dark focuses when broken
and saw end on.
Common Root Rot: Such fungi deliver an obscuring or sautéing of sub crown internode,
coleoptile and leaf sheaths (picture at left). Dark colored streaks may likewise show up on the
basal internode of tillers. The organisms regularly will cause lessened tillering, and slight root
decaying has been known to happen. Singular plants or gatherings of plants may stop. Dissimilar
to crown spoil, be that as it may, basic root decay won't cause "whiteheads," or rashly white
spikes to happen. Contamination from the get-go in the product improvement can cause pre-or
post-development "damping off" of seedlings (picture at right). Since every organism can assault
an alternate plant part at an alternate development organize, positive field distinguishing proof of
causal specialist is troublesome (Christiansen et al., 2015).
Scleretium Wilt: Should disease happen from the get-go in the harvest cycle, pre-or post-
development "damping off" of seedlings can result. Unhealthy tissues will much of time have
white, feathery contagious mycelia at first glance (picture at right) that frequently penetrate the
soil encompassing the plant. Consequent infection improvement results in spoiled culms, crowns,
and roots, and the possible demise of plant; this prompts the presence of "white heads" or spikes
in the green product (picture at left). Sclerotia are regularly found on the crown tissues, culms, or
close to the soil surface (picture at base left). Youthful sclerotia are whitish and swing darker to
dull darker with age.
Fungal Diseases of Stem or Sheath
Stem Rust: Pustules (composed of urediospores masses) are dim ruddy darker, and may happen
on the two sides of leaves, on the stems, and on the spikes (see picture). With light
contaminations the pustules are typically isolated and scattered, yet with overwhelming diseases

they may blend. Preceding pustule development, "bits" may show up. Before the spore masses
get through the epidermis, the contamination locales feel harsh to the touch; as the spore masses
get through, the surface tissues go up against a worn out and torn appearance.
Eyespot: The clearest indications of this sickness are the eye-formed, curved injuries created on
the internodes of lower stem (picture at left). The injuries are circumscribed by dim darker to
greenish dark colored rings, have straw-shaded focuses, and as often as possible create on the
leaf sheath at soil level (Barlow et al., 2015). These sores may mix and lose their unmistakable
"eye-spot" appearance. At the point when sickness advancement is extreme, the stem or culm
may break close to the ground or through the injury where the stem is debilitated (picture at
right). Manifestations don't show up on the roots.
Sharp Eyespot: The key manifestations of sharp eyespot are the oval-molded sores that create on
basal leaf sheaths; these sores are like those caused by eyespot (Tapesia yallundae and T.
acuformis), anyway sharp eyespot injuries are more shallow and more forcefully plot than those
ordinary of eyespot. The edges are dull dark colored with pale, straw-shaded focuses (pictureat
left). The mycelia frequently present in the focuses of sores are effectively evacuated by rubbing.
Roots can likewise be influenced, normally getting to be darker in shading and lessened in
number. The illness can cause hindering and a decrease in the quantity of tillers. Sharp eyespot
likewise will create whiteheads and wilted pieces, and in addition lodging.
Common Root Rot: These organisms create an obscuring or caramelizing of subcrown internode,
coleoptile and leaf sheaths (picture at left). Darker streaks may likewise show up on the basal
internode of tillers. The growths usually will cause lessened tillering, and slight root decaying
has been known to happen. Singular plants or gatherings of plants may stop. Not at all like crown

decay, be that as it may, basic root spoil won't cause "whiteheads," or rashly white spikes to
happen. Disease from the get-go in the product improvement can cause pre-or post-development
"damping off" of seedlings (picture at right). Since every parasite can assault an alternate plant
part at an alternate development organize, positive field ID of causal specialist is troublesome.
Scleretium Wilt (sheath or stem): On the off chance that contamination happens right off the bat
in the yield cycle, pre-or post-development "damping off" of seedlings can result. Unhealthy
tissues will every now and again have white, fleecy parasitic mycelia at first glance (picture at
right that regularly pervade the soil encompassing the plant (Bell, Harrison and Kirkegaard,
2015). Ensuing sickness advancement results in decayed culms, crowns, and roots, and the
inevitable passing of plant; this prompts the presence of "white heads" or spikes in the green
harvest (picture at left). Sclerotia are normally found on the crown tissues, culms, or close to the
soil surface (picture underneath). Youthful sclerotia are whitish and swing darker to dim darker
with age.
Pest and Disease Management Practices
Green Bridge Management: Self-sown volunteer plants of wheat that develop amid the mid-year
and harvest time can extend inoculum of some imperative ailments, especially rusts. It is, along
these lines, vital to evacuate these host plants before sowing. Volunteer wheat can be evacuated
by development, overwhelming brushing or with herbicides. In seasons when wheat volunteers
are far reaching amid the mid-year and fall, expanded accentuation ought to be put on the
administration of rusts utilizing safe assortments, seed or compost medicines, and in addition on
observing products for sickness to guarantee the opportune utilization of foliar fungicides.
Resistance Varieties: A large number of vital infections of oats can be adequately controlled by
developing safe assortments, while for some different ailments dodging powerless and

exceptionally vulnerable assortments might be adequate (Bhatt et al., 2016). Table 1 gives
recommended least obstruction levels to wheat assortments to be developed. On the off chance
that a picked assortment does not meet the base suggested level, at that point expanded
accentuation must be put on extra administration methodologies.
Treatment of Seeds and Fertilizers: Fungicide seed medicines (pickles) ought to be connected to
wheat seed each year to shield the yield from hit and muck flare-ups. Hit and muck illnesses are
financially extreme as a result of their nil resistance at receive destinations. Great inclusion of
seed is fundamental for the best impact of these synthetic substances (Hunt et al., 2016).
Compost and some seed medications can smother critical foliar and root infections of wheat. The
most reasonable treatment for every circumstance ought to be chosen. It ought to be noticed that
when utilizing manure medicines that don't give control of hits and mucks, a fungicide should
likewise be connected to seed.

Crop Rotation: Numerous critical foliar and root sicknesses can extend starting with one
season then onto the next, on either edit build-ups or in the soil. Product pivot is imperative to
guarantee wheat isn't sown into enclosures with elevated amounts of either soil or stubble-borne
inoculum. It is additionally imperative to control grass weeds amid break products to lessen
ailment persist on host plants (Kirkegaard et al., 2015).
Monitoring of Crop: Dynamic observing of wheat crops amid the developing season is fitting to
identify any critical foliar ailments that might be controlled utilizing a foliar fungicide
For most foliar ailments proper planning of fungicide application is basic. The best outcomes are
for the most part gotten from fungicide applications made right off the bat in the malady
improvement. Cultivators, in any case, need to think about the expenses of use, yield capability
of harvest, and furthermore recall that frequently low levels of ailment late in the season (i.e.
grain fill) affects affect yield (Kirkegaard et al., 2015).
Variety Selection
Chief CL wheat variety was chosen for this site since the variety is able to survive under the site
conditions including the prevailing temperatures and moisture content. The variety was as well
established to be have a shorter maturity period that would see the crop evade most of the
diseases that come up in the pre-harvest stages of plant.
Seeding and Basal Fertilizer
Seeding Rate: The ideal plant populace for wheat is 220-250 plants for every m2. Seed rate relies
upon the seed measure, germination rate, planting conditions and planting strategy. To
accomplish ideal populace thickness, a seeding rate of around 110-125 kg/ha when penetrating
and 125-135 kg/ha when broadcasting with a vicon spreader is prescribed. To guarantee great
harvest stand ability and yield, agriculturists should hold fast to these ideal populace densities.

Infections, for example, Powdery build-up are likewise limited with great agronomic practices
(Kirkegaard et al., 2015).
The application of fertilizer in wheat, similar to some other product must be custom fitted to the
soil ripeness status, the yield potential and the grain quality prerequisites. As a general guide,
wheat requires a basal use of 300 to 500 kg/ha of a compound manure, (for example, 7-14-7) and
a best dressing of 350 to 500 kg of Urea or Ammonium Nitrate per ha. Both compost dressings
are communicated by a vicon.
In general terms, 160 - 190kg/ha of Nitrogen Units (N), 50 - 70 units of Phosphorous (P) and 30
– 50 units of Potassium (K) are sufficient for ideal plant development. Basal fertilizer needs
joining into the soil by disking and ought to be connected after essential culturing. The best
dressing is normally connected in one application between 14 – 21 days after development on
overwhelming soils, and in two uses of equivalent sums at 14 and 35 days after rise on sandy
soils (Kirkegaard et al., 2015). Top dressing ought to be connected after the solidifying stage.
Top dressing is basic for good leaf and general plant development and at last the yield yet in
addition critically to accomplish great protein levels (Bhatt et al., 2016). The base protein level
prerequisite for "Premium" (Good quality) wheat is 11%. It is one of contemplations for
evaluating and estimating of wheat. Accomplishment of good protein levels is additionally
dictated by varietal decision and general administration. Utilization of Nitrogen in the wake of
blossoming can likewise support the Grain Protein Content of wheat.

Nitrogen Application and Yield Prediction
Strategy and time of use
Three primary variables are to be viewed as while applying composts to wheat. These are (I) use
of right dosages of various supplements subsequent to considering the necessities of harvest and
soils hold supply,
(ii) Utilization of these supplements at the opportune time; and
(iii) Receiving legitimate strategy for application.
Application of nitrogen in split portions has turned into an entrenched practice as urea is
profoundly draining manure. Two third or half of amount ought to be I connected at the season
of sowing and staying 33% or half amount should be top dressed at first water system in medium
or overwhelming soils. On sandy soils, top dressing ought to be made in a few portions if
substantial portion of nitrogen is to be connected. Under rained conditions full portion of N
ought to be put into the soil before sowing (Bhatt et al., 2016).
Every single nitrogenous fertilizer by and by accessible in the market is similarly viable for
wheat under typical soil conditions. In calcareous soils (containing free lime) and in emphatically
basic soils, 10-30 % of connected nitrogen might be lost through alkali volatilization, if urea or
other ammoniacal composts are utilized for best dressing (Bhatt et al., 2016). In such cases CAN
(Calcium ammonium nitrate or Kisan Khad) ought to be wanted to urea.
GROSS MARGIN
Gross income (yield x price)
Item Amount
Total grain yield (based on the average of 2.7t/ha) 4050t
Predicted price on-farm $250/t

Gross income $1 197 155
Gross income/ha $956/ha
Variable Costs
Item Detail Cost Total ($)
Seed Seed 100kg/ha at $250/t 25000
Seed Seed cleaning &
treatment
100kg/ha at $190/t 19000
Fertilizer NPS+Cu, Zn & Mn 110kg/ha at $1000/t 10000
Fertilizer Urea 200kg/ha at $550/t 55000
Fertilizer Fertilizer cartage 330kg/ha at $15/t 15000
Sprays Summer 0.8L/ha at $30/L 3000
Sprays Summer 0.7L/ha at $15/L 15000
Sprays Knockdown 1L/ha at $5/L 5000
Sprays Knockdown 1L/ha at $15/L 15000
Sprays Broadleaf 0.8L/ha at $25/500g 25000
Sprays Fungicide 0.15L/ha at $75/L 75000
Sprays Post emergence 0.35kg/ha at $80/kg 80000
Machinery operation Fuels & Oils
Machinery operation Repairs and
Maintenance
Contractors Spraying
Contractors Harvesting
Labour Casual labor 8 weeks at
$1500/week
150000
Insurance Fire and hail 2t/ha at $250/t×1% 250000
Variable costs 742000
Variable costs/ha 742
Gross margin (gross income-variable costs)

Item Amount
Gross margin $455 155
Gross margin/ha $455.155
Average Cost of Production of Wheat in Chakwal
Average Yield, Producer & Gross Income of Wheat in Chakwal

Average Gross Margins & Net Returns of Wheat in Chakwal
The comparative analysis of the two projects indicates that the project is more profitable as
compared to the growth of wheat in Chakwal. The mean cost of production of one hectare of
wheat in Chakwal is about 1.2 times for the one in this project. The main share in the total cost is
land rent for the case of wheat growing in Chakwal and labor for the case of Cunderdin. The
mean gross income of wheat in Chakwal is 44735 per acre which is about half of Cunderdin. The
gross margin of wheat in Chakwal is Rs. 182210 per ha twice that of the Cunderdin site. The net
return of wheat in the Cunderdin site is significantly higher than that at Chakwal. Keeping in
mind the major findings of the study as well as the comparison survey, it can be established that
the high prices in Chakwal may be attributed to the high variable costs.
SUMMARY OF KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy should thus be devised for stable supply of most of the inputs that are needed in order to
enhance higher product to ensure they are timely delivered. Research as well as extension should
as well be reinvigorated to create awareness or train farmers on the available production
technology that can be used for the maximum yield of wheat at the lowest prices attainable. The
project is thus profitable and hence can be undertaken at the prevailing market costs of the inputs
and other services which at the end of the project would ensure a profit is realized.

References
Angus, J.F., Kirkegaard, J.A., Hunt, J.R., Ryan, M.H., Ohlander, L. and Peoples, M.B., 2015.
Break crops and rotations for wheat. Crop and Pasture Science, 66(6), pp.523-552
Barlow, K.M., Christy, B.P., O’leary, G.J., Riffkin, P.A. and Nuttall, J.G., 2015. Simulating the
impact of extreme heat and frost events on wheat crop production: a review. Field Crops
Research, 171, pp.109-119
Barton, L., Thamo, T., Engelbrecht, D. and Biswas, W.K., 2014. Does growing grain legumes or
applying lime cost effectively lower greenhouse gas emissions from wheat production in a semi-
arid climate?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 83, pp.194-203
Bell, L.W., Harrison, M.T. and Kirkegaard, J.A., 2015. Dual-purpose cropping–capitalising on
potential grain crop grazing to enhance mixed-farming profitability. Crop and Pasture
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