System Design for Projects: Analysis, Complexity, and Solutions

This assignment delves into system design for projects, beginning with an exploration of the reductionist hypothesis and its relevance to project management. The analysis then transitions to project complexity, differentiating between descriptive and perceived complexity, and introduces the ALOE model as a framework for managing complex projects. The assignment further examines the challenges and considerations associated with acquiring large tracts of land for new facilities, weighing the advantages and disadvantages. It also addresses the critical issue of student plagiarism, offering strategies for detection and prevention, and highlighting the role of various software tools. Finally, it touches upon the roles of project management institutes and project governance in ensuring project success.

Running head: SYSTEM DESIGN FOR PROJECTS
System Design for Projects
Name of Student-
Name of University-
Author’s Note-

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Answer to question 1:
The reductionist hypothesis is considered as a controversy topic among the philosophers.
In reductionist hypothesis the minds and the bodies work in the same order along with all the
animate as well as the inanimate matters that requires detailed knowledge and are controlled by
same fundamental laws. The main problem arises because the world is not very simple. In a
complex system, the analytical approach that is used in reductionist does not helps to increase the
certainty. The analytical approach increases the uncertainty (Butler, Vijayasarathy and Roberts
2019). The reductionism is a particular approach that can be applied to the process the problem
solving method. The reductionism approach for managing the project states that all the complex
objects are easily simplified in the same way that are easier to understand. This approach can be
used for anything but mostly refers to biology, objects as well as theories. It generally includes
all the scientific problems and can also be used for solving any kind of problem that are
encountered.
The main source of the project complexity mainly influences the life cycle of the project
that includes the critical vies as well as length related to the project phase in the project life cycle
and in the governance structure included in the project. Complexity of projects also arises from
selecting the key resources, scheduling the project as well as carrying out the budgetary methods
included in the project (Moore et al. 2018). The reductionism helps to reduce the system
exploration for understanding the main parts in the project. Complexity of the projects are
studied because this helps to explore the whole system that includes emergence principles as well
as synergic principles in the project. The complexity of the project should be done on the whole
project instead of considering some constituent part of the project. Complexity of the project
uses qualitative methods that includes the humanistic approach in a project.

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Answer to question 2:
Complexity in the projects are rising continuously in an increasing way. The complexity
of the projects is conducted with the years and there are some results as well as notions (Maylor
and Turner 2017). There are two main different scientific approaches that are used in complexity.
One is known as descriptive complexity that considered complexity as the intrinsic property in
the system. This is a vision that incites the researchers for trying to quantify as well as measure
the complexity of the project.
On example of descriptive complexity is work included in Baccarini. Baccarnini
considered that the main components that is included in the project complexity comes through
the concept of technological complexity as well as organizational complexity (Dao et al. 2016).
As per Baccarnini, the technological complexity of a project is the main component that is
described as exhaustively in the project. There is another one complexity usually known as the
perceived complexity. This complexity comes when the system is not properly understood
through perception by some other observer. Both the approaches that are stated by Baccarnini
can be applied to the complex projects as well as managing the project complexity. The project
managers mainly deals with the complexity of the project and has the ability to deal with the
reality.
The project complexity is mainly characterized by some main factors that are basically
divided into four different families. 1) The size of the project, 2) Project Interdependence, 3)
Context Elements, and 4) Project variety. Solving project with complexity includes ALOE model
that helps to meet the all requirements that are needed to build a model with good complexity.
This framework describes all the characteristics that are included in the complexity of the

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project. In the complex method of project solving method, unnecessary details that are in the
project. This is because the user in the project mainly chooses to focus on the particular element
in the model.
In complex management of a project, the ALOE framework includes attributes, links,
objects as well as events that are associated with the project (Kermanshachi et al. 2016). The
attributes includes the quality, cost, the description of the project, the links in the project includes
the hierarchical link, the contribution link, exchange link as well as sequential link that are
included in the project. The objects that are included in the project are objective, deliverable, the
activity, and the resources that are included. The events in the ALOE framework includes the
events that occurred as well as the potential event that occurred in the system.
In the complexity of the projects, the model of ALOE can be still computed. There are
many procedures that are to be defined in the framework that helps to permit the practical use of
the model doe detecting, preventing as well as curing the complexity that includes the risks. The
complexity model of ALOE should include all such important aspects that are included in project
explicit (Eskerod and Larsen 2018). When the complexity framework of a project is needed, the
model has to be explicitly satisfy all the important elements that are included in the project. All
different aspects includes different variety includes different interactions along with the
important element context in the project.
Answer to question 3:
Acquiring a large tract of land for a new facility
There are many urban visitors who are investigating on the agricultural lands that are
owned by the slump in the urban realty (Puche et al. 2016). The urban visitors promise the

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slumps to provide them high return on a long term basis. There are many advantages as well as
disadvantages in acquiring a large area of land for developing new facility. The demand of land
parcels are increasing its demand and because of the scarcity as well as high price in the cities,
the urban investor buys those lands so that they can earn profits on reselling them and are used
for cultivation. The returns that comes from the emerging as well as the developing areas are
much high and there always remains a possibility for the upcoming infrastructures that includes
economic zone or infrastructure projects (Ponte et al. 2016). The advantages that are related
with the investment in the agricultural lands includes that the agricultural lands includes returns
that are long term. Land acquiring also results in high compensation for the rural lands compared
with the urban lands. There are many governments that plans to have land pooling policy for
some areas where the cities are expanding. There are regular return policy from pool in case of
acquiring of land.
There are disadvantages of acquiring agricultural land. According to the law, there are
many rules and regulations that have to be followed for buying agricultural lands. There are also
protocols for not acquiring agricultural lands. Only the dry lands are to be acquired for
developing new facility.
Dealing with student plagiarism
Plagiarism is one the egregious offenses in academic and the response to plagiarism
should be serious (Marcelino, González and Pérez 2015). Teacher’s leniency might lead the
student to cheat. Dealing with plagiarism in academic was difficult previously, but with the
recent technique of online learning, detecting plagiarism has become much easier.
Plagiarism generally leads to dishonesty and there always a need to deal with plagiarism
to avoid dishonesty and issues related to academic integrity. It is very much important to know

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all the software and the resources that generally helps to identify plagiarism as well as avoid
plagiarism.
Teachers should teach the students the proper way of submitting solutions without
plagiarism. The information on the paper should not be plagiarized. There are many different
ways to avoid plagiarism (Franco, Rosso and Montes 2016). First is paraphrasing the information
perfectly. Secondly, citation should be done properly by the student to avoid plagiarism. Quoting
should be done properly in the information. All the materials should be paraphrased properly
with proper citations. A particular quote can be cited and the way of paraphrasing cited materials
is different. The citing quotes involves adding a page number or adding paragraph number in
web content.
There are many online tools for managing the plagiarism for the online materials.
Grammarly, Copyscape, Whitesmoke, Turnitin, Dustball, Quetext, and whitecheck are some of
the tools that are used for checking plagiarism (Miranda-Jiménez and Stamatatos 2017). All
these software are online tools that can be used for detecting plagiarism in the information that is
submitted for the course. Many of the tools are free to use. The plagiarism tool like QueText
used for checking plagiarism also supports many languages and plagiarism can be checked for
190 languages. This application works online as well as on the mobile device.
There are many professions that contribute in the theory of project management and
project management practice. There are many aspects provided by the engineers and the
architects that can be used for managing the projects. For managing the project, PMI (Project
Management Institute) and IPMA (International Project Management Association) can be used.
Project management and project governance are two different aspects (Masic, Begic and
Dobraca 2017). The project governance mainly occurs outside traditional boundaries. The

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project governance is accessed by project manager because it helps to increase the success rate of
the project. Project governance helps to exercise oversight as well as ensure all the strategies that
are to be implemented and all their benefits are to be realized.

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References
Butler, C.W., Vijayasarathy, L.R. and Roberts, N., 2019. Managing Software Development
Projects for Success: Aligning Plan-and Agility-Based Approaches to Project Complexity and
Project Dynamism. Project Management Journal, p.8756972819848251.
Dao, B., Kermanshachi, S., Shane, J. and Anderson, S., 2016. Project complexity assessment and
management tool. Procedia Engineering, 145, pp.491-496.
Eskerod, P. and Larsen, T., 2018. Advancing project stakeholder analysis by the concept
‘shadows of the context’. International Journal of Project Management, 36(1), pp.161-169.
Franco-Salvador, M., Rosso, P. and Montes-y-Gómez, M., 2016. A systematic study of
knowledge graph analysis for cross-language plagiarism detection. Information Processing &
Management, 52(4), pp.550-570.
Kermanshachi, S., Dao, B., Shane, J. and Anderson, S., 2016. Project complexity indicators and
management strategies–a Delphi study. Procedia Engineering, 145, pp.587-594.
Marcelino-Sádaba, S., González-Jaen, L.F. and Pérez-Ezcurdia, A., 2015. Using project
management as a way to sustainability. From a comprehensive review to a framework
definition. Journal of cleaner production, 99, pp.1-16.
Masic, I., Begic, E. and Dobraca, A., 2017, August. Plagiarism Detection by Online Solutions.
In ICIMTH (pp. 227-230).
Maylor, H. and Turner, N., 2017. Understand, reduce, respond: project complexity management
theory and practice. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 37(8),
pp.1076-1093.

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Miranda-Jiménez, S. and Stamatatos, E., 2017. Automatic Generation of Summary Obfuscation
Corpus for Plagiarism Detection. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 14(3).
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Ponte, B., Costas, J., Puche, J., De la Fuente, D. and Pino, R., 2016. Holism versus reductionism
in supply chain management: An economic analysis. Decision Support Systems, 86, pp.83-94.
Puche, J., Ponte, B., Costas, J., Pino, R. and De la Fuente, D., 2016. Systemic approach to supply
chain management through the viable system model and the theory of constraints. Production
planning & control, 27(5), pp.421-430.