Buildability and Constructability Handbook: A Review and Guide

This Buildability and Constructability Handbook addresses the critical need for improved efficiency and risk management in construction projects. It begins by reviewing existing principles and proposes a revised model to minimize risks and maximize profits, emphasizing effective communication, integration, design expertise, and risk management. The handbook is divided into sections that cover the history, variations, and need for change in buildability concepts, the project life cycle with the roles of construction professionals, and recommendations for implementation. It is designed for HSL consultants and other construction managers, providing detailed information on sustainable practices, cost management, and project planning. The handbook aims to integrate modern principles and techniques to enhance the efficiency and management of projects, with the goal of creating a competitive advantage for the BPRC by providing efficient guidelines for managers.

Building and Constructability Handbook1
BUILDABILITY AND CONSTRUCTABILITY HANDBOOK
Name of student
Institution
Date

Building and Constructability Handbook2
Abstract
There are several injuries which occur at construction sites and this puts
the life of the workers at risk. Research has shown that these injuries are as a
result of human error or at times they come from fatalities from the equipment’s
used in construction. The overall impact is that the productivity of the construction
project goes down. Majorly, this handbook aims to incorporate a revised
constructability and buildability model into the new existing method, in order to
minimize the risks and attain maximum profit in the construction field. Several
activities are involved with Buildability and constructability. Some of these include
project planning, execution of the plans, management and completion of work.
There are procedures followed when carrying out these building projects. Due to
the ever-improving technological advancements, new methods of carrying out
construction works are being improved. The information in this transcript,
therefore, seeks to address the concepts and principles of constructability, and the
roles played by cost managers and professionalism in construction to achieve
constructability performance.
The first phase of the handbook reviews the existing principles of
buildability and constructability, by looking at the various existing concepts by the
BPRC. A matrix model is then developed which focuses on improving seven major
areas within the construction field. These areas primarily include effective
communication, integration, design expertise, proper listening and comprehension,
innovation, risk management, as well as reviews and recommendations. Effective
implementation of these proposed strategies is essential towards ensuring that
competitive advantage is created within the construction industry through a
generation of handbook manual that offers efficient guild lines for managers at the
Building Performance Research Centre (BPRC).

Building and Constructability Handbook3
Why this handbook is important
Why another book for constructability and buildability? There are numerous
excellent texts on the subject, with a long-established knowledge base, therefore
why another book? It is clear that the basis for buildability and constructability is
well established, but there is superficial evidence n the implementation of the
various principles to each and every project phase of a product life cycle. This
handbook thus is important as it provides its details on the application of the
buildability principles in each project phase. It equips the mangers of an
organization with a detailed overview of the principles which are specific to the
organization alongside other primary guidelines, procedures and benefits. In a
nutshell, the handbook sets clear the expectations from the various construction
managers while undertaking construction projects. Additionally, the handbook is
insightful to the newly hired managers who will be able to comprehend the mission
and values of the organization. The reasons below clearly summarize the benefits
of this buildability and constructability handbook.
1. Introduce new managers to the organizational culture and values
This is the most important aspect of the handbook, as the hiring of new
managers is a continuous process. The handbook aid in fostering pride and
belonging amongst the managers so that they can achieve competitive quality
within the construction area.
2. Informs the managers on what is anticipated of them
A clearly written handbook offers the managers with a great deal of what is
expected of them by defining their roles within the spectra. This handbook has
detailed each and every role of the particular managers, and how they can
contribute to the implementation of the proposed buildability and constructability
principles.
3. Educates the managers on what they can expect from the best management
practice
The handbook offers a crucial insight o the management of various
activities, ranging from finance, schedules to the field operations. It outlines the
product life cycle in relation to the constructability and buildability principles. This
clearly communicants and eliminates the inconsistency which might exist within
the organizational framework.
4. Portrays the organizational character
An organization is best defined by what it does and what it values. This
constructability and buildability handbook has explicitly defined a feasible
roadmap for the execution of the construction projects. It sets a print on how the

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organization is managed and how it discharges various duties, which provides a
suitable reflection of the organization in the greater picture.
How to use this handbook
The constructability and buildability handbook provides detailed information
on the proposed principles that need to be adopted by the organization in order to
remain competitively advantaged. The handbook covers the overall content,
structure the principles, the role of professional construction as well as the general
information. It has been divided into three major sections. The first section
provides looks at buildability and constructability principles within the context. It
provides the history, variations as well as the need to review and build on the
various buildability principles. The overall cycle of the existing information is
considered, and then the first section is concluded by looking at the need for
change in the existing buildability concepts.
The second section looks at the life cycle of a project, which entails four
phases. This information is tied with the role played by construction professional in
ensuring that the projects are executed in the right manner. This section is quite
significant to the HSL consultants as their roles are intricately defined, and setting
the background for practical application of the handbook. Finally, the last section
details a review and recommendation of the buildability principles. This forms an
integral part of the handbook, as it elaborates stepwise each and every
recommendation, as well as its relation to the project life cycle and role played by
the construction experts.
Finding information
To find information on the handbook, one will look for the aimed topic
through the table of contents and then press control+ follow; to locate the page in
which the information is located. Also, one can decide to search for the primary
word, by pressing control + F; it will bring a navigation page upon which one types
the word of choice and then looks it up.
Also, when one is interested in utilizing a certain section of the handbook,
he/she will have to make a citation so that the reproduced work does not create a
similarity from this work, as it has been patented.
Applying the handbook in practice
The constructability and Buildability handbook details the measures and
principles which should be followed while undertaking any construction project
within the organization. It should apply at all projects, after which reviews are
provided to countercheck the productivity a of the handbook, as per the last
section of the recommended principles. The handbook is intended to be used by
HSL consultants. To effectively apply this handbook in practice, the various

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managers ranging from the cost managers, construction managers, quantity
surveyors, construction consultants, as well as the project managers have to go
through it keenly so as to get the basic information. After this, one will have to
critically analyze the recommended principles of constructability and buildability
to have a good foundation on the same. The handbook concentrates majorly on
sustainable practices, and its implementation in practice begins at the planning
stage. As it expands; on various effective models and approaches within the
recommended principles; it touches on emerging issues and connects practice and
policy, which generates a clear strategy and vision for the global community and
coming decades.
The cost managers and project managers will play an influential role in
ensuring that all the procedures and schedules are implemented as per the
stipulated guidelines and measures. Additionally, the recommended principles
are based on a critical review and have not been implemented on any real project,
so any review while being tested in the preliminary projects is recommended for
further refining and coherency of the handbook. The handbook will have a long
term application for the HSL consultants and will offer the practitioners with new
grounding for planning, organization and empowerment

Building and Constructability Handbook6
Table of Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction............................................................................................................. 5
Aims....................................................................................................................... 5
Objectives.............................................................................................................. 5
Buildability and Constructability.........................................................................6
Definition of constructability.............................................................................6
Origins and Overview....................................................................................... 6
Tenets of constructability............................................................................... 7
Constructability and Social/Environmental Responsibility........................7
Benefits of Constructability Beyond Cost Savings......................................7
Integrating constructability in practice........................................................7
Definition of Buildability.................................................................................... 8
Overview and origins........................................................................................ 8
Historical background of buildability and constructability..........................9
Goals.................................................................................................................... 11
Current BPRC buildability and constructability principles.......................11
Variations in CII and CIRIA concepts.............................................................12
Evolution of concepts and the need for change............................................13
Significance of the concepts to the influence of cost and change................13
Principles of constructability applied to the different life cycle stages of a
building project.................................................................................................. 14
Concept planning phase................................................................................ 14
Design and procurement phases..................................................................15
Field operations.............................................................................................. 15
Role of project and cost managers in the buildability and constructability
of a building........................................................................................................ 16
Proposed principles towards buildability and constructability.....................17
Effective communication.................................................................................. 20
Summary.......................................................................................................... 20
Integration.......................................................................................................... 22
Summary.......................................................................................................... 23
Design expertise................................................................................................. 24

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Summary.......................................................................................................... 24
Proper listening and comprehension.............................................................26
Summary.......................................................................................................... 26
Innovation........................................................................................................... 28
Summary.......................................................................................................... 28
Risk management.............................................................................................. 30
Summary.......................................................................................................... 30
Reviews and recommendations.......................................................................32
Summary.......................................................................................................... 33
Policies for implementing building and constructability plans.................33
Integration of proposed buildability and constructability principles.......34
Project Team Roles and Responsibilities..........................................................34
Conclusion and recommendations.....................................................................35
Recommendations............................................................................................. 36
References............................................................................................................. 38

Building and Constructability Handbook8
Introduction
Over the past times, HSL consultants have adopted the use of building and
constructability concepts in the implementation of most of its projects. However,
there have been technological advancements over time, and this calls for a need to
review the concepts. With regards, it is the intention of the board of directors to
review the existing concepts to enable the company to fit within the competitive
edge.
Aims
 To explore the buildability and constructability concepts to the BPRC
members and provide them with an opportunity to incorporate the
techniques into their roles.
 To implement the principles of buildability and constructability onto the
various stages of construction, among the various construction projects
 To design a buildability and constructability handbook which strategically
offers efficiency in all the construction stages.
 To review the existing buildability and constructability concepts and
improve on the areas where necessary.
 To incorporate efficiency during the implementation of the projects by
integrating modern principles as well as techniques
Objectives
The primary objective of this handbook would thus be to enhance the efficiency as
well as the management principles across the projects so as not only to maximize
the output but as well as incorporate efficiency. To achieve the objective, the board
will;
 Critically review the existing buildability and constructability concepts to
ensure that the success of projects in relation to the management strategies
is enhanced at the BPRC
 Create a competitive advantage within the construction industry through a
generation of handbook manual that offers efficientguild lines for managers
at the BPRC
 Enhance the efficiency of the BPRC projects through minimization of the
time schedules, procurementsprocess as well as the project life cycle stages.
 To educate the BPRC memberscontinually on the significance of effective
communication within the construction phases, projects and plans.

Building and Constructability Handbook9
Buildability and Constructability
Definition of constructability
As per the CII Australia, constructability refers to asystem, which aims in attaining
optimum integration of the construction knowledge in the process of building while
creating a balance on the associated environmental constraints as well as other
constraints in general to achieve maximum performance of the project goals
(Akpan et al., 2014). It is a project management technique which reviews the
process of construction from the veryfirst stage to the last one during the pre-
construction phase. It actually aids in identifying the underlying obstacles before
commencing the construction process and thus minimizing the potential
implications such as project delays, errors, as well as cost overruns. In a simpler
approach, it defines the efficiency and ease with which the structures can be built
(Allen and Iano, 2019). Often, the more constructible a structure is, the more it
becomes economical. In part, it offers a reflection of the quality of the design
documentation which when proves difficult to interprets, then the project becomes
sophisticated to execute. It is significant in the project life cycle, I,e conceptual
planning, design phase, field operations, and the constructions phase till all the
deliverable of the project are achieved in the most timely, cost-effective and
accurate manner. The below section will offer more insight into the origins as well
as other aspects of the constructability concept.
Origins and Overview
One of the greatest human endeavors since the beginning of time is construction.
This is viewed in the sense that every man-made particle in the earth’s surface was
first designed, and thereafter built, what is regarded to be construction. Primarily,
the 1950s saw the introduction of the modern concept of project management
being introduced in construction as a means of achieving the engineering feats
through the utilization of systematic approaches, in order to attain efficient
completion and timely execution of projects (Boton, 2018). This was later reviewed
twenty years later when there was a need to efficiently achieve the construction
goals, and tackle the engineering problems. This led to the introduction of
constructability. Within the project management, constructability aims at gauging
and determining the experience and knowledge between the project contractors,
consultants, designers, clients as well as architects with the sole purpose of

Building and Constructability Handbook10
maximizing the efficiency, timely completion of projects as well as minimization f
waste materials. Taking project management as a road map, constructability is all
about planning for the road, while elaborating each aspect in detail.
Tenets of constructability
There are three tenets of constructability; integration, design, as well as
assessment. These tenets are the ones determining the implementation of the
various practices. The greatest level of ease with which a building’s design will
allow for construction while still meeting construction codes, Team integration of
construction knowledge during the design phase to determine the most efficient
means to construct while still achieving design goals (Chang et al., 2017). Team
integration of construction knowledge during building to ensure that the lowest
level of environmental impact occurs during construction.
Constructability and Social/Environmental Responsibility
One of the leading contributors to environmental waste as well as the depletion of
energy is the construction industry. Thisis because most of the equipment which is
utilized is run by diesel power, which emits carbon and foul emissions into the
atmosphere. Currently, the statistics within the construction sector in regards to
the influence on resources are that: 40% of the global energy consumption, 50%
comes from nature's resources while 50% from the global waste.
Benefits of Constructability Beyond Cost Savings
Proper implementation of constructability results into benefits, which are both
conceptual as well as physical. These executed projects ensure that every person is
rewarded in terms of the pay, and builds the reputation of the individual; parties
within the project. One immediate reputation is the ability to complete the projects
in time, as well as saving the costs which are incurred in projects. Through the use
of the most Spartan materials and equipment, the teams demonstrate to the
prospective clients that they can be in a position to attain the design and
construction goals which are cost-effective, through the use of constructability in
the planning, design, as well as construction of structures.
Integrating constructability in practice
Constructability is viewed as a significant tool in the design of projects, more so in
the planning, building and completion of projects. Whenever one is implementing a
constructability approach in the construction projects, it is essential to strictly
adhere to the constructability checklist. The checklist is a way of ensuring that the
instructions are strictly followed, thus aiding in cost-saving, waste management as
well as energy efficiency while meeting the design goals (Ding et al., 2019).
Definition of Buildability
Buildability – on the other hand, buildability is the approach to architectural design
that defines the designer’s knowledge to the construction method adopted in a
particular building (Aziz and Hafez, 2013). “It assesses designs from the

Building and Constructability Handbook11
perspective of those that will manufacture, install components and carry out the
construction works. It should not be confused with value engineering (which is
used to solve problems and identify and eliminate unwanted costs) though some
processes are common to both activities”. Broadly speaking, buildability
concentrates on attaining the desired design quality, de-risking of the perceived
problems, attaining the program requirements as well as achieving the optimum
value of money. The various advances in the computer-aided manufacturing CAM
and computer-aided design CAD, as well as the introduction of building
information modelling, has significantly promoted the visualization of aspects of
buildability as will be seen in the later sections (Fadoul et al., 2017).
Overview and origins
The term was first introduced in the literary archives in 1983, after a series of
complains from contractors on the designs which were being generated by the
architectural designers. The construction industry research and information
association attribute the word to the lack of buildability framework which resulted
in the numerous complaints. Majorly, the complaint was that the building
designers were responsible for the high costs of the new buildings, thus denying
the clients the opportunity to obtain a value for their budget in the scale of
efficiency (Fadoul et al., 2018). The refusal to accept that the cost of the building
might be very high was led to the subsequent blaming of the designs. On the other
hand, the architectural designers assert to the clients that there is aneffect in the
industry as it does not have the capacity to meet the client needs at an affordable
cost. The conflict thus led to the modelling of approaches for enhancing the term.
The study group thus established the group Construction Industry Research and
Information Association (CIRIA 1983) which provided the defined constructability
as (Fulk and Connie, 2017)
“Buildability is the extent to which the design of a building facilitates ease of
construction, subject to the overall requirements for the completed
building”
In this study, a survey was conducted which involved the quantity surveyors,
contractors as well as site engineers with the aim of establishing the general
principles. Rom the interview, the general feeling was that good constructability is
that which involves both the constructors as well as the designers who work in
total collaboration. However, there was no point in which the study made
reflection to the views of the architectural designers as well as other designers
who are involved in the construction field. In another study led by Adam and his
colleagues, they asserted that a good constructabilityresults into significant
benefits to the builders, designers, and also the clients as it reduces the associated
costs, and risk which is encountered in the administration of the work (Gao et al.,
2017).

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However, a group of architectural designers refuted their inferences as they noted
that they have always played an essential role in the concept and design sketches.
The argument of the architects, further, was that before the work is undertaken,
they had to undertake quite a lot of time perambulating on the concept as well as
other design aspects of the building. The major issue thus, is that neither the
CIRIA did specify the various measurement aspects of buildability hence mots o
the forms of improvement are on the basis of mere logical reasoning and
goodpractice through the application of Delphic research methods.
Historical background of buildability and constructability
The background of buildability and constructability can be traced in
reference to a variety of technical reports written by bodies including CII, CIRIA,
CIIA, and BPRG. CII and Construction Industry Research Institute (CARI) initially
developed the concepts and principles of buildability in the United Kingdom and
the USA in the 1980s. The Construction Industry Institute CII, in particular,
proposed the concepts of Building and Constructability. The concepts of Building
and Constructability were initially promoted by the Construction Industry Institute
(CII).CII defines ‘constructability’ as maximum use of acquired knowledge and
skills in engineering, fieldwork, planning and procurement to attain several
objectives of a project. Constructability, therefore, uses project management in a
construction plan and its advantages can be seen especially when they are applied
at the start of the building project (Akpan et al, 2014). The main difference
between building and constructability is that building mainly aims at designing
while constructability focuses on both the design and management of issues.
Various studies have been done in Singapore, Australia and Hong Kong to
increase the standards and cost efficiency in civil engineering through the
concepts of building and constructability (Haziz & Hafez, 2013). The Construction
Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) have indicated that both
design and construction leads to a successful building project. It is important to
identify issues that can affect cost in the process of carrying out a project as
priorities may change as shown in the diagram below. The quantitative
measurements taken when comparing design is usually time derived from the
design and costs. These measurements on cost and duration are usually important
when making project plans on construction work. This, therefore, helps in
determining whether a plan is expensive, realistic or economic to use ( Badri et al,
2012).
When the quality of constructability is improved by project stakeholders,
cost and time wastage is minimized. According to CII in Australia, there are up to
12 principles that govern constructability projects. Examples of these principles
include knowledge, integration, teamwork skills and many others which will be
discussed in this transcript. Furthermore, a research carried out in Singapore
recommends that one wisely applies his knowledge in civil engineering in

Building and Constructability Handbook13
designing to avoid exceeding budgets and time scheduled for doing projects
(Capone et al, 2014).
Various outlets have tried to essentially describe the concepts of building
and constructability. According to an outlet written by a personality named
O’Connor and his colleagues in 1988, proposed that there are up to about seven
concepts that define building and constructability. These include adverse weather,
standardization, module engineering, specification, construction driven schedule,
accessibility and simplified designs. O'Connor goes on to further subdivide them
into other stages like field operation stage, concept planning stage and design and
procurement stage (Doloi, 2013). Nima et al 2001 further simplified building and
constructability concepts and their applications. These include;
 Construction project plan. This is normally discussed and prepared in
the presence of all project stakeholders.
 The initial project planning process is done by personnel skilled with
knowledge on trending construction designs. This minimizes
confusion in the interpretation of designs and construction at those
initial stages.
 Identification of construction methods and the number of contracts
needed to fully complete a particular building project.
 Deep analysis and discussion of major construction methods and
carrying out design according to these major methods.
 Proper inspection of the construction site. This helps minimize
confusion during work and ensures a perfect site to work in.
 Standardization of project elements to avoid incurring losses.
 Consideration of the site accessibility point through the project plan.
This ensures materials and equipment are delivered in time when
needed.
 Application of modern technology. This will improve specialization
and further enhance the construction.
 Construction series should dictate design and supply chain. This
ensures that design and supply chain planning is done before starting
the project.
 Design plan ensures that prevailing weather condition does not affect
construction in any way thus plans are made before the beginning of
work on the fabrication that can be made to improve working
conditions.
 Simplification of designs should be made by the designers. This will
help minimize wastage.
 The innovation of impermanent housing for keeping tools and
materials during work progress, enhancing construction.

Building and Constructability Handbook14
 Keeping a record of competent contractors. This ensures that in
future when work becomes available, they can be easily be called
upon ( Khan, 2015).
Efficient building and constructability planning immensely improves safety
and minimizes losses during project work. Theoretical representation of
buildability aspects alone is not enough in designing a typical construction project.
Automated buildability data have thus been derived by other scientists by feeding
in data from theoretical aspects into a computer and then solving them for future
use. Information indicating duration which construction took place, protocols
followed to carry out activities, cost of operation and procurement can, therefore,
be derived (Kifokeris & Zenidis, 2017).
Goals
The bodies with different focus have defined the terms buildability and
constructability differently. Majorly, the bodies aimed at lessening the existing
gaps between the construction and design phases within the construction projects.
The concepts of buildabilityand constructability look simple in implementation, but
one action has a significant impact on the other areas of the project cycle. The
implication is due to numerous endogenous and exogenous factors between two
construction and design phases. However, (Badri et al, 2012) posits that effective
management of these factors will no doubt yield a positive project outcome. Hence,
it is important to stringently consider the factors prior to making any action
progress.
Current BPRC buildability and constructability principles
Currently, the principles that guide buildability and constructability in the BPRC
include;
1. Teamwork skills; individuals involved in project operations should
have relevant skills towards the project to be worked on.
2. Integration; constructability should always remain the core plan of
a project
3. Accessibility; this should always be considered in the project plan
to facilitate the construction (Doloi, 2013).
4. External factors; these should be considered in the project plan to
avoid environmental effects from affecting the process of
construction.
5. Innovation; this helps in facilitating construction and making work
easier.
6. Specification; through specific development, constructability plan
easily achieved.
7. Resources availability; project design should always match the
resources and skills available (Khan, 2015).

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8. The methodology of construction; should always be taken into
consideration in the project design plan. It involves a series of
actions including the formulation of the project plan, analysis,
solution, specification and modification.
9. Program; the flow of events must always be attainable, draw
commitment from workers and realistic.
10.Feedback; analysis of events during construction are always
important when similar work is to be done in future
11.Application of advanced technology; this helps make the
construction process easier.
12.Standardization of project elements to avoid incurring losses
Variations in CII and CIRIA concepts
 As per the CII, constructability is “The optimum integration of construction
knowledge and experience in planning, engineering, procurement and field
operations in the building process and balancing the various project
objectives and environmental constraints to achieve overall project
objectives.”
 CIRIA, on the other hand, views buildability as “the extent to which the
design of a building facilitates ease of construction, subject to the overall
requirements for the completed building.”

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The two bodies however sharply differ in terms of how the management of issues
within the construction industry is executed. CIRIA designed a set of principles,
which lobbied for a change in the industrial attitude towards the entire project,
while CII designed a set of principles that gave priority to the main areas of a
construction project, which offered a central point of consideration during the
entire construction process (Halpin et al., 2017).
Further, it can be clearly seen that despite the essence of the two terms, the
manner in which the initial bodies implemented them was different, and thus
expected outcomes were also not similar. CII had the belief that the focus should
be on the gaps between the phases, while CIRIA considered the entire project
starting from the design stage.
Since the development of the concepts by the two bodies, a number of nations
have developed, expounded and improved the strategies of implementation
globally as well as on local levels, with expectations of innovative ideas to achieve
positive outcomes.
Evolution of concepts and the need for change
With the vast development in the construction sector, numerous technologies have
come in which calls for fresh approaches towards the implementation of the
projects. An instance BPRG, Australia, who attempted to factor the aspect of IT
into the construction field in order to take care of the construction, loses as a
result of uncoordinated information. Additionally, other business information
models such as contract risk-sharing methods, design, and build contracts have
made it inevitable to re-design the implementation approaches (Kifokeris and
Xenidis, 2017).
Due to the current innovation and modern technology, there is a need to evaluate,
update and integrate new principles in buildability and constructability. These new
methods, therefore, would be of great importance in service delivery to clients and
dealing with the competitive market.
Significance of the concepts to the influence of cost and change
The process of executing the constructability procedures and evaluation to that
effect in order to achieve project constructability can generate into an incidental
occurrence of the convention as well as risk minimization at the earlier stages of a
project. Changing the ability influence of a project is more sophisticated and
comes at a higher cost. For instance; when the evaluation of buildability concerns
and associated project risk is conducted in a superficial manner, the likeliness is
that the issues will go up at a later stage or they will be resolved at an increased
cost. However, when the various procedural proposals documented in this
handbook are keenly adhered to, these issues will be dealt with at the onset, and
hence no chances of them surfacing later on. The illustration is detailed in the
diagram below.

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Figure 2: Project life cycle (Badri et al, 2012).
Principles of constructability applied to the different life cycle stages of a
building project
From the project life cycle, O’Connor et al, simplified the various stages into three:
conceptual planning, design and procumbent, and the field operations so as to
make it inclusively when analyzing the various constructability principlesthat are
applied. The section below will comprehensively provide clear and intricate
constructability principles which are essential for every stage of the construction
process.
Concept planning phase
This phase requires the participation of all the tem members, who purposely
should discuss and document the constructability and execution plan in an
effective manner.
The project team needs to be formulated at this stages, which involves the
engineer, owner as well as the contractor, who are then informed of the
constructability issues from the onset.
While doing a choice to the various types of contracts, the construction methods
should be incorporated into the consideration
The scheduling of the project should be done in a clear way so that the time
constrains of the project are not affected. This should entail the construction
master project and the completion date

Building and Constructability Handbook18
Analysis and evaluation of the major construction methods should be done at this
stage so that the design of the various activities is done accordingly. Basically, iyt
should focus on sustainable practices as well as the process of recovery.
Evaluation and analysis of the site layout. This is quite informative as it provides
the basic understanding of the associated risks, an how they can be managed
effectively
Design and procurement phases
The construction sequence should guide the design and the procurement
schedules. It implies that thoroughdecisions of the work done before the
procurement schedule as well as the design development.
The application of the technologies should be reviewed and effectively applied.
Technologies are insightful towards the overcoming fragmentation problems
associated with the construction field , which in turn enhances the
constructability.
To ensure that the design is done efficiently and there is minimization of waste,
professional design expertise should review all the design recommendations. This
will lead to design simplification with positive impacts to the organization.
Standardization of elements is also paramount. This assists the project as it does
not get affected negatively in terms of the costs incurred.
Modularization and assembly is also significant as it facilitates the transportation,
fabrication as well as installation programs. It should be considered thoroughly
and effectively analyzed.
Finally, the project design should be reviewed in a cycle manner, such that it also
captures adverse weather patterns such as flooding and drought. This ensures that
the project is not affected in terms of the accessibility, materials and the general
schedule
Field operations
As the most significant phase in the project life cycle, the field sequencing should
be executed to minimize the associated damages and reworks of the project
elements, as well as scaffoldings. This, essentially reduces the formwork used and
reducing the congestion of personnel’s in the site.
Innovation implementation is also significant. The various design innovations
should be applied succinctly so that they do not affect other operations and
enhance constructability
The various optimization tools and the off-the-shelf-tools s which are labor
intensive should be applied in order to enhance the safety, mobility and
accessibility at the construction phase.

Building and Constructability Handbook19
Also, innovative ways should be applied whereby the available equipment are the
once used in executing different operations, this also enhances sustainability
operation’s.
Optional preassembly should be applied objectively to achieve constructability.
This involves measures of reducing the scaffolding works and promoting
constructability of the operations under the adverse weather conditions.
Documentation of good contracts should be done, so that they will be used as
references in the future construction projects. Finally, an evaluation, feedback and
review of feedback should be implemented so that the lessons learnt are
documented, and improved on areas of concern in the future projects.
Role of project and cost managers in the buildability and constructability
of a building
There are a number of roles and responsibilities within the buildability and
constructability, which are executed by the project managers. These roles include;
I. General management and supervision of plans and conditions of projects
II. Ensuring the smooth running of projects (Vähä et al., 2013).
III. Ensuring efficient communication within the project to enhance project
efficiency
IV. Ensuring that the various set rules and regulations within the construction
are adhered.
V. Additionally, project managers are in charge of forecasting on the fore
coming issues related to the project
For the cost managers, they will be significant towards ensuring the budget and
time constraints set by the client are met. In specific, their roles include;
I. Forecasting the changes in the project as a result of a meeting of the
management of cost as well as the forecasted costs in later project stages
II. Projecting the changes in the project emanating from changes in scope,
design issues and ineffective designs at the beginning stages
III. Forecasting the time changes in the project as aresult of design issues,
changes in scope, as well as the concentration of the management.
“Construction managers coordinate and supervise a wide variety of projects,
including the building of all types of residential, commercial, and industrial
structures, roads, bridges, power plants, schools, and hospitals. They oversee
specialized contractors and other personnel. They schedule and coordinate all
design and construction processes to ensure a productive and safe work
environment. They also make sure jobs are completed on time and on budget with
the right amount of tools, equipment, and materials. Many managers also are
responsible for obtaining necessary permits and licenses. They are often
responsible for multiple projects at a time”. On the other hand, the cost managers

Building and Constructability Handbook20
are responsible for ensuring the budget and time constraints set by the client are
met and that the financial constraints are addressed. Therefore, the managers play
an influential role in ensuring that the implementation of constructability and
buidability in the construction projects is effectively applied.
Proposed principles towards buildability and constructability
In an attempt to review and re-evaluate the current constructability principles,
various principles were developed by BPRC. The table below illustrates an
introduction of the recommended principlesas well as their brief explanation.
Numb
er
Recommended
principle
Explanation
1. In cooperation of
effective
communication
Information is power; hence, effective
communication should be applicable to every
stakeholder within the construction project.
This implies that information should be passed
in a coordinated and timely manner from the
project manager to the manual workers at the
site
2. Integration Integration ensures that the project team is
bonded together and they are working as a
united front. It should begin right from the
onset of the stage to the last task undertaken
in the construction site. For instance, the
construction plan should be included in the
overall project execution plan, as well as the
Inclusion of contractor and contractor's
personnel in the design team (Kuo and Wium,
2014).
3. Proper listening
and
comprehension
Special attention needs to be paid to the
design requirements of the client. This as well
entails keen listening to the verbal instructions
which are provided by the client to ensure that
everything goes as planned and as expected
4. Critical analysis
of design
concepts
The design concepts start right from the first
stage of the project. Conduct critical analysis
should be undertaken so that any given
procedure is not misspelt or left out. This is
easily achieved when the right expertise is
hired. This as well includes Adequate
consideration of construction methods during
the project design stage
5. Innovation With technological advancements, new
concepts are introduced. The buildability and

Building and Constructability Handbook21
constructability should allow for the
integration of these concepts so as to meet the
rising demand in construction (Lam and Wong,
2011)
6. Risk management To enhance buildability, new tools should be
adopted which are geared towards managing
risks. This is because the risk is inevitable and
occurs at any given time and phase in
construction.
7. Reviews and
recommendations
To ensure that there is progress in the
construction field, a platform for reviews
should be enabledto gauge the effectiveness
and performance of the constructability.
Additionally, recommendations should be
adopted to help improve in areas of
weaknesses.
The diagram below illustrates the recommended buildability principles as well as
the relationship that coexist between them. All principles have to be considered
and applied to attain optimal buildability.
Figure 3: Proposed buildability and constructability principles

Building and Constructability Handbook22

Building and Constructability Handbook23
Effective communication
Overview Communication enables the transfer of information from
different levels of management within the project industry. It,
however, becomes effective when done in an effective manner
Implementatio
n
Information can be passed in many ways. It starts from the very
beginning stage of getting the specifications from the client.
Below are ways of ensuring effective communication:
Project brief- this is prepared by the client from the onset,
and details all the requirements of the client
Expert consolations; having a consultative discussion with
the appropriate experts for every stage is significant as it
offers great insight and understanding of the project
scopes.
Simple and straightforward communication; various
stakeholders communicate through a number of ways, for
instance; the designers communicate majorly through
documentation, reports and drawings while the contractor
might communicate via emails and daily briefings. The
message which is passed should be done in the simplest
way possible, but in a straightforward style.
Use of RFD, -a request for information depicts a smooth
flow of information in an effective manner
Use of BIM information technology
Information
technology
There have been quick advancements in technology. Some of the
technology, which can be adopted in ensuring the
communication is effective, is through electronic mails, and the
use of cell phones. They communicate information in a reliable
and efficient manner.
Relevance to
project life
cycle
Communication is vital throughout the whole project life cycle.
hence, using the key, grading of the significance is detailed
below
 Conceptual stage and planning – 1
 Design and engineering phase -1
 Construction phase- 1
 Operational phase -1
Summary
One fact whichcannot be underestimated the importance of communication in the
construction field. One of the major disputes which arise in construction sectors is
the mishap in communication. For the big construction projects, they are
characterized by a great number of staff ranging from the truck drivers, sales
personnel, manufacturers as well as insurance providers. As for construction
managers, they greatly understand the significance of communication in the

Building and Constructability Handbook24
construction sector. For instance, the architecture will detail the owner of the
project with a proposal of the design, which is then followed by a series of shop
drawings, submittals and the rest, which as well affect the supply and delivery
chain until the final decision is made by both the parties. This is then proceeded by
dispatch of a worker in the construction site (Jarkas, 2016).
However, in most cases, there is no direct communication between these parties,
and the goal of the project may not actually be realized but gets distorted. The
period it takes from the design to the delivery and supply chain has a lot of
opportunities, and mistakes, which often results in disputes. Even if the
subcontractor will be able to replace the appropriate product at a point of mistake,
time shall have elapsed, making it difficult o recover for the lost time.
A breach in the communications and expertise is among the major causes of
disputes in the construction sites. The above-proposed buildability and
constructability concept details the significance of effective communication in the
construction industry. Traditionally, the methodology used in the preservation of
information was through documentation o all the contracts, specifications, costs,
designs, schedules, as well as any other material utilized in the construction
process, done through writing. The communication is as effective as the involved
documentation. For instance, when the architect's design is not up to the required
standards, then there are high chances that it will be subject to misinterpretation.
Also, it possible that mistakes might be amplified whenever the drawings re not
clearly stipulated within the designs documents. To ensure quality service delivery,
accurate documentation should be conducted.
Since the buildings are designed by humans, there is a lot of verbal communication
which cannot be fully recorded. The implication is that the expectations are
established, with a double-ended objective; for better and for worse. Often, the
owner of the project is busy such that they do not get time to review the
documents, leaving the designers with the choice o deleting the variousaspects to
suit the anticipations of the architecture. Efficient communication between the
team members is paramount and since the project involves an array of
professionals ranging from the designers, architects, contractors as well as other
professional engineers; it should be ensured at all costs. Often, the most effective
of passing information within the team members is through the team leaders as
well as general platforms which unites all parties. This ensures that all the
participants are informed of the very details of the construction progress (Khan,
2018).
Within the team members, it is significant to ensure that all the team members
have the appropriate skills and experience required for the execution of the task.
After being brought on board, the professionals need to be properly coordinated so
as to bring out the best within the team. To foster and promote effective
communication, some of the steps which should be takenby the construction

Building and Constructability Handbook25
manager isensuringsystematicdocumentation of the project details, frequent
chairing of the meetings, as well as promotingconference meetings. Generally, the
best project outputs come from projects which have been properly coordinated by
the team leaders.
With the application of information technology, building information modelling is
among the technologies which can be applied, by developing digital project models
which are associated with numerous advantages. Nonetheless, BIM is only
effective with the proper coordination of the team members. For the distribution
and dissemination of information, it is essential to establish a defined chain of
commands. Before the commencing of the construction projects; the ordination of
the design projects is done more so at the design and preconstruction phase. In
this stage, the various construction goals, as well as the assumptions, are defined.
To ensure that the design is buildable, a general early contractor is essential at the
preconstruction services. however, this is in relation toefficient communication
which bridges the gap between the designers and the builders (Kibert, 2016).
Most importantly, trust is a basic aspect in all these processes as every party
needs to be motivated in order to operate in a collaborative way. An atmosphere of
trust has to be established so that the team members can be able to freely and
without fear. It is important for the construction manager to ensure that the
disputes which arise between the team members are solved amicably.
Integration
Overview Integration ensures that the project team is bonded together
and they are working as a united front.
Implementatio
n
Integration begins right from the onset of the stage to the last
task undertaken in the construction site. For instance, the
construction plan should be included in the overall project
execution plan, as well as Inclusion of contractor and
contractor's personnel in the design team Additionally, as seen
in our illustration, integration requires that the various proposed
principles are integrated with each other such that at between
the phases, integration has to be effected (Li et al., 2011).
Information
technology
There have been quick advancements in technology. Some of the
technology that can be adopted in ensuring the integration is
effective is through use of BIM tools, International openness and
will to form collaborations, us of Advanced building materials,
consultations between various experts.
Relevance to
project life
cycle
Integration is significant more so during the shifting of one
phase to the pother. It ensures that there is the harmonization of
the project objectives and below key shows the significance in

Building and Constructability Handbook26
every project life cycle.
 Conceptual stage and planning – 1
 Design and engineering phase -1
 Construction phase- 1
 Operational phase -1
Summary
Kwon and Kim note that with the advancement in the construction sector, there is
the essence in bridging the gap that lies between the various construction phases.
The performance of the construction is majorly affected by the decisions which are
made in the pre-construction phase and the effects always vary depending on the
size of the project. This is majorlycontributed by the traditional approach which
hinders the contractors from providing the designers with feedbacks and
recommendations with regards to their professional experience. Additionally, a
number of designers have reiterated that failure to give attention to
constructability the design phase. The overall implication is that there will be
increased waste substances, reworking in the construction stage, as well as design
changes and lose of opportunities thus impacting the overall design product
(Kifokeris and Xenidis, 2019).
This has, therefore, resulted in numerous efforts all aimed at bridging the existing
gap between the design process. Borrowing from the recently established
buildable design appraisal for Australia aimed at designing labourefficiency and
affordable building designs, we come about the constructability reviews, design
reviews, as well as value engineering in the enhancement of the overall
performance. Despite these strategies enhancing the overall performance of the
construction projects, they do not give much priority to the timing as they rely on
the reviews. The general impact is that there will be an imminent loss in
productivity. Therefore, to efficiently utilize it is important to integrate the right
information to the design team. Further, the information needs to incorporate the
essential elements in detail to ensure that the integration of activities is efficiently

Building and Constructability Handbook27
Design expertise
Overview The design concepts start right from the first stage of the
project. Conduct critical analysis should be undertaken so that
any given procedure is not misspelt or left out.
Implementatio
n
Implementation of design expertise begins at the very onset. It
begins by hiring the right expertise for the job. The expertise
should take all the considerations from the client and any
related job description in order to provide accurate and detailed
documentation. This as well includes Adequate consideration of
construction methods during the project design stage. Majorly,
the main aim is to offer a critical understanding of the whole
project. Not only will the comprehension of project knowledge
be spelt, but as well the construction methodology, design
aspects as well as the innovation aspects.
Apart from the documentation and provision of the site
information, the hired design expertise should as well provide
alternatives where possible.
Information
technology
There have been quick advancements in technology. Some of the
technology that can be adopted in ensuring the design expertise
is through a computer-aided design program,AutoCAD, as well
as digital printing technology. These are in the form of 3D and
once they have been produced, they allow for visual
demonstration, easy documentation as well as saving of time
(Othman and Ahmed, 2011).
Relevance to
project life
cycle
Design expertise plays a very significant role during the early
stages of the project life cycle. During the construction phase, it
might not play a great role but still, it is important. Below is a
scale of its significance in the various level of the product
lifecycle.
 Conceptual stage and planning – 1
 Design and engineering phase -1
 Construction phase- 2
 Operational phase -3
Summary
Presently, the variousattempts to address the concerns of ways ofnurturing
learning within the construction projects as well as incorporation within the supply
chain provides a logical basis in the support of two conflictingperspectives: the
second generation socialization perspective and the first generation perspective.
This constructability and buildability proposal succinctly identifies the main issue,
which relies on design expertise. Within the first perspective dimension, the
satisfaction is on the desires of the organization to demonstrate tangible reflection
of their knowledge base. Contrarily, absolute focusing on this redundantly renders

Building and Constructability Handbook28
the aspect of socialization that as well as an integral aspect for the tactful transfer
of knowledge. This, in the past, has been identified to result in the generation of
circles of dissolution emanating from the inability to effectively share knowledge
(Kruger et al., 2019).
On the other hand, the second generation perspective does not provide
organizations with vital opportunities. Broadly, it has been established that the
organization incentives are met only through acknowledged learning within the
projects. In case this becomes not the case, then the construction industry is likely
to undergo similar problems or fail to reinvent justifiable solutions. The end result
is significant inefficiency within the industry, with low-quality outputs and reduced
supply value. Most importantly, we need to realize that it is not simply learning
which will be able to realize the various benefits, andthus knowledge should be
shared within the supply chain. In this proposal, development of feedback is
reviewed, predominantly between the design teams and the construction
staffthroughout the life cycle of the project. the framework thus allows the transfer
of information across the organizational boundaries. Moreover, the idea seeks to
incorporate effectiveinternal management of knowledge through multimedia
formats and live capturing such as AutoCAD as well as knowledge seeking (Lee et
al., 2018).

Building and Constructability Handbook29
Proper listening and comprehension
Overview Listening is the backbone of everything from the onset.
Listening is more related to communication, as the information
has to be passed, but then one has to be kept to understand
what is being relayed, and that is the listening aspect.
Implementatio
n
Information can be passed in many ways. It starts from the very
beginning stage of getting the specifications from the client.
However, if it hits the right ears then it becomes useful. There is
some information thatis not passed through documentation and
thus done orally. This begins at the stage where the client is
offering details of the project (Saghatforoush et al, 2012). The
design expertise needs to listen keenly so as to know what
exactly it’s being required. This applies also to other experts,
such as contractors, sub-contractors and others alike. Hence,
some effective listening skills include;
Maintaining eye contact
Being relaxed but attentive
Having an open mind
Keenly listen and picture out what is being relayed
Do not propose solutions while the instructions are still on
Ask questions after all the instructions is given
Paying attention to what is being relayed.
Information
technology
Listening can be enhanced through technology such as using of
record tapes, use of voice mails, as well as any other recorded
information. This can be later replayed for more comprehension.
Relevance to
project life
cycle
Listening and comprehension are vital throughout the whole
project life cycle. hence, using the key, grading of the
significance is detailed below
 Conceptual stage and planning – 1
 Design and engineering phase -1
 Construction phase- 1
 Operational phase -1
Summary
Genuine listening has become a rare gift—the gift of time. Genuine listening aids
in solving of problems, the building of relationships, improving the accuracy, as
well as resolving the conflicts within the construction. Effective listening implies
minimal errors as well as time wastage. When effective listening is applied in the
construction sector, it becomes easy to maximize the profits as they will be
insignificant errors which are experienced during the construction activities.
There are some steps which helps in ensuring that one effectively listening while
taking instructions from the various stakeholders within the buildability
environment. The steps include; (Mitropoulos and Tajima, 20119)

Building and Constructability Handbook30
 Maintaining eye contact- one of the basic ingredients ofeffective listening
is maintaining eye contact. Whenever one is giving out instructions, it is
essential to pay attention so that no information passes without the
intended m purpose. Also, should be done in a professional manner so
that the speaker does not feel uncomfortable.
 Being relaxed but attentive- being relaxed simply means being attentive.
Now that the eye contact has been maintained, feel comfortable and free.
Ensure that you grasp the speech of the speaker, and avoid being
distracted by own feelings and thoughts. Ensure that you do not
concentrate on other things such as noise which might cause distractions
to your attention.
 Having an open mind- while listening, ensure that you keep an open mind
so that you do not pronounce judgmentalopinions in your mind. The
moment that one begins to make judgmentalopinions in his mind, this
becomes a point of distraction and one will not get the main point being
relayed.
 Keenly listen and picture out what is being relayed- while listening,
ensure that you pose a liberal mind, which can freely roam about
picturing out the idea in a more abstract approach. Ensure that the
concentration is on what is being said, and not the communicator.
 Do not propose solutions while the instructions are still on- while
listening to what is being relayed, do not interrupt but take notes of the
areas of concern. This will ensure that the information is forward and
does not keep lagging at one point with the array of questions and
interruptions.
 Ask questions after all the instructions is given- Paying attention to what
is being relayed and when the instruction is over, you can go ahead and
pose the questions. Ensure that the questions which are asked are
relating to the presentation.

Building and Constructability Handbook31
Innovation
Overview With technological advancements, new concepts are introduced.
The buildability and constructability should allow for the
integration of these concepts so as to meet the rising demand in
construction
Implementatio
n
Innovation has various stages, and in the construction industry,
there have been models that have been developed to aid in the
constructability and buildability. Taking an instance IT, when
the design expert effectively incorporates it, the outcome is able
to meet the contemporary needs. The various approaches which
demonstrate the application of innovation include;
Integrating the information technologies into the design
concept
Using advanced methodologies in the analysis of
construction data
Provision of design alternatives by use of different models
Information
technology
There have been quick advancements in technology. Some of the
tools which can be adopted in ensuring the innovation are
effective is through the incorporation of building information
modelling tools, Use of automated construction equipment,
Quantified assessments in designing, International openness and
will to form collaborations, Advanced building and finishing
materials (Nascimento et al, 2017).
Relevance to
project life
cycle
Innovation is vital throughout the whole project life cycle, from
the design to the operation phase. Below is how its applicability
in the various stages is significant
 Conceptual stage and planning – 1
 Design and engineering phase -1
 Construction phase- 1
 Operational phase -1
Summary
“To innovate means to change something in a positive way, it’s to revolutionize, to
transform, to create a breakthrough. In construction application, this could be
done through developing a product, revolutionizing a service, or even changing the
way you do your work. Why should you innovate or change when everything is
doing "okay"? Okay, should not be your benchmark. We all know how competitive
the construction market is. Everyone is eyeing the same customers and everybody
wants to close that deal. If you don't do your best to stand out from the crowd, you
might as well just sit back and pray for apples to fall on your lap. Once you’ve
found a way to apply innovation in the construction, it will allow you to create a
unique selling proposition to your customers. You can show them how much more
you can offer them compared to your competition. When done well, innovation will

Building and Constructability Handbook32
give you a bigger piece of the sales pie and possibly even market dominance”
(Troje and Gluch, 2020).

Building and Constructability Handbook33
Risk management
Overview Managing the risks in a construction field is one way to ensure
the success of the project. The risks are so many and can be
predicted earlier enough and appropriate measures are taken.
(Mydin et al., 2011).
Implementation .
Some approaches which can be taken in the management of
risks include;
Real-time Risk identification
Risk analysis and evaluation
Risk mitigation
Risk assessment
Information
technology
Management of risk in the construction field can b done
through technology. There are developed tools which have
been developed over the past, and they include;
 SWOT analysis
 Probability and impact matrix
 Use of project manger.com
 Use if risk register
Relevance to
project life
cycle
Risk management is vital throughout the entire project life
cycle, but mostly during the early phases. hence, using the key,
grading of the significance is detailed below
 Conceptual stage and planning – 1
 Design and engineering phase -1
 Construction phase- 1
 Operational phase -2
Summary
One such important aspect of ensuring the success of construction projects is risk
management. Risk management aids in ensuring that uncertainties are identified
prior to developing into crisis and thus developing a balance between the
opportunities and the threats. The construction industry is one of the major job-
creating industries, across the globe. It is clearly reflected depending on the
nature of the riskmanagement concept that has been applied. Further, there are
several risks which are associated with the construction field, and applying the
information technologies will be of great significance in addressing the underlying
issues. Risk management should be applied at all stages of the project life cycle, as
failure to do so will definitely affect the next phaseof the project. “Hence, it seems
necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of
construction projects life cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to
describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and analyze the way of using
h

Building and Constructability Handbook34
risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage”. (Wang
et al., 2016)
Fig 4: Risk management in construction (Lam and Wong, 2011)

Building and Constructability Handbook35
Reviews and recommendations
Overview To ensure that there is progress in the construction field, a
platform for reviews should be enabled to gauge the
effectiveness and performance of the constructability.
Additionally, recommendations should be adopted to help
improve in areas of weaknesses.
Implementatio
n
To foster reviews and recommendations in a construction field.
The reviews and recommendationshelp the project to improve
and as well as suggesting new ideas. the strategies which
should be adopted include
Having different spaces for reviews for every documented
report provided right from the design phase
Optimizing the content
Having open-ended questions
Tackling every review
Sharing the positive reviews, as well as improving on the
negative reviews
Information
technology
There have been quick advancements in technology. Some of
the technology which can be adopted in ensuring the reviews
and recommendations is effected is effective is through
electronic platforms such as social media, the webpage of the
construction company, and use of cell phones.
Relevance to
project life
cycle
Reviews and recommendations help the project to improve, and
in most cases, they are useful in the coming projects. using the
key, grading of the significance is detailed below
 Conceptual stage and planning – 2
 Design and engineering phase -2
 Construction phase- 2
 Operational phase -3
Summary
“When it comes to construction, everything starts with design. Errors or
constructability issues can crop up at the design stage. Designs must, therefore, be
thoroughly reviewed to ensure that they meet the intended functionality, quality,

Building and Constructability Handbook36
aesthetics, and cost expectations of all the stakeholders involved in the project.
This not only applies to clear-cut design errors, but also to impractical designs that
look good on paper. The results of a design peer review will either reaffirm the
accuracy of the same or suggest alternatives for the areas that are problematic
(Wang et al., 2016).
Multiple factors indicate the probable success of a construction project – budget,
schedule, success history, reviews, etc. But the truth is that every project is
unique, and its requirements are different. Making peer review an inherent part of
every construction project is a way to ensure that the deviations and uncertainties
are kept at bay. The quality of a review is largely dependent on things like
experience, guidelines, and available checklists. Nevertheless, it is wise to call for
a review of the project demands a substantial amount of time and money.
Policies for implementing building and constructability plans
 Understanding the role of everyone involved from stakeholders, designers,
contractors through to the employees and support staff is crucial to ensure
the success of the project plan (Vaha et al, 2013). Cases of
misunderstanding within that chain can impact negatively on individual
performance and on the project itself. Most clients usually prefer to the use
of traditional approaches to implement construction programs.
 The success of Constructability process is usually achieved through making
use of the constructability concepts. This is important in minimizing the
number of operational costs invested in a construction project (Yeheyis et
al,2013).
 Carry out conceptual planning the project to be undertaken. Ensure to
include plans of activities to do with procurement, engineering and then
putting the plan into action. This is also essential to consider the clients take
on traditional approaches that should be used and then considering other
alternative methods of doing the work (Zhang et al, 2016).
 Ensureto make use of materials supplied effectively. This includes the use of
equipment or machines while taking into precaution not to damage them
(Sebastian, 2011).
 Ensure to device alternative plans that can be realistically used. These
should also be pocket-friendly and not far away in terms of comparison to
the original budget in place.
 During construction, it essential to be innovative enough, make use of
modern technology and be able to make use of available types of equipment
to meet construction needs
 Ensure to observe incentive policies and fair distribution of funds without
exploiting a group of individuals at the construction site (Zhong & Wu,
2015).

Building and Constructability Handbook37
Integration of proposed buildability and constructability principles
To incorporate the various recommended buildability and constructability into
construction projects, the primary action will be responsible. In as much as a plan
can be efficient and viable, without responsible implementation the success of the
project is doomed to fail. As documented in most sections of this handbook, the
various procedures need to be taken with a lot of dedication to maximizing the
output. When responsibility is incorporated from the project managers down to the
labourers, it becomes easy to supervise the projects as well as to attain the
expectations.
Additionally, the managers are tasked to have a wide and deep comprehension in
the construction field. The mangers need to understand the factors, which can
influence the project in future and put the appropriate measures. In summary, the
various integration measures can be grouped into the below phases.
 Conceptual planning stage -This phase involves discussion and
documentation of the plan that is to be used during the entire building
process. To effectively integrate the It is important as brings together views
of the entire project team members and stakeholders. By extension
competent personnel has to be utilized in carrying out and achieving project
goals (Shim et al., 2011)
 Designing and procurement phase -This phase entails the use of advanced
technological information in fieldwork construction. This new technology
helps minimize fragmentation and give clear and well-defined roles to
individuals in constructability. It also involves making use of standardization
effectively without impacting on the project cost negatively
 Field operation stage -In this phase, field operation sequencing is done in
order to minimize damages and rework. Temporary structures are also built
in this phase to enhance constructability in this stage.it is important to be
innovative enough to facilitate constructability in this stage.
Project Team Roles and Responsibilities
The project team is tasked with the primary role of conducting the work right from
the inception stage to the operation phase. They are the ones responsible for
embedding the principals of buildability to attain the desired approach as well as
ensuring the project completion. The implication is that the various personnel
within the project team are mandated roles and responsibilities within the life
cycle of the various projects. This section will thus briefly discuss a number of
personnel and their related duties(Wang et al., 2016).
Client; a client, basically is an individual from either the public or private sector.
The client is the one who comes up with the idea, and are influential n the project
planning phase. This is because they determine the feasibility of the idea and the
essence of chasing the idea. However, their roles do vary with reference to the
method of procurement which is adopted. They are not only significant in the

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planning and procurement phase but as well as design, construction and the
operation phase.
Consultant: the consultants are appointed by the client so s to assist them in
formulating the conceptual picture o the idea as well as its feasibility. They
significantly assist in the documentation which is in line with the client's
aspirations. They include; engineers, designers, design consultants among others.
However, they are mostly involved in the conceptual planning and procurement
phase as well as the operation phase, with minimal influence on construction and
design phases(Wang et al., 2016).
Quantity surveyor; they are meant to ensure that the projects delivered to meet
both the operational and functional requirements within the budgets of the clients.
Often, they will provide the cost planning within the early phase of the project and
allocate the budget for the proposed drawings. They are majorly influential in the
conceptual planning and procurement phase, as well as the design phase.
Project manager: in simpler terms, the project manager is the lawyer to the client,
as he is the one acting as the voice of the client. He ensures that the project runs
smoothly as was destined, and in accordance with the schedule, time and quality.
Their role is most influential in the conceptual planning and procurement phase, as
well as the construction phase.
Construction manager: "A Construction Managers main responsibility is to carry
out the construction works according to the documentation and specifications
provided and meeting the client's construction objectives (time, quality and
budget)". Their role is most influential in the construction phase.
End-user: this refers to the organization or rather the individual who operates the
finished construction product. Often, the end-user is incorporated at the
conceptual planning and procurement phase, as well as the operational phase.
Conclusion and recommendations
The advancement of technology has brought about a number of aspects in
the various fields of professions. Taking construction as a case study, it has been
revolutionized through modern concepts such as building information modelling as
well as design and build models. It is, therefore, necessary to incorporate any
technological advancement or aspect into the buildability and constructability
aspect so as to meet the ever-increasing demands as well as match the competition
which is posed. In this constructability and buildability handbook, a review of the
existing principles designed by Construction Industry Institute has been
conducted, and suitable principles proposed. Additionally, the strategies for
implementation and tools, which are essential towards the implementation
process, proposed. In relation, the design managers, construction consultants as
well as project managers are advised to take a keen look into the proposed

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measures for purposes of enhancing the efficiency as well as the management
principles across the projects so as not only to maximize the output but as well as
incorporate efficiency.
To effectively implement the buildability as an integral of the project, cooperate
preparations should be conducted to ensure that all the necessary aspects of
implementation are taken care of. Buildability hasgreat potential, but without the
concept ofcorporate policy, embracing the idea becomes a great challenge. To
capture all the relevant factors, constructability and buildability should be viewed
in the aspect of a project life cycle, which accommodates all the factors from the
primary phase of the construction project. to achieve this, a system approach
which administers buildability at all stages of the project life cycle in relation to
the planning is essential, also in the coordination of the whole concept of
buildability.
In summary, the principles which best ensures the implementation of buildability
and constructability in construction projects include In-cooperation of effective
communication, Integration, Proper listening and comprehension, Critical analysis
of design concepts, Innovation, Risk management as well as Reviews and
recommendations. When buildability is implemented with the necessary elements,
it will be able to strengthen the project team, as well as the collaboration between
them. The collaboration will eventually contribute towards efficient productivity,
minimal contract variations, cost savings, as well as attaining higher standards of
quality production.
Recommendations
To be able to maximizethe competitive advantage, it is recommended that the
implementation of buildability is executed, as it is crucial towards the development
and refinement of the organization'sbuildability program. The implementation of
buildability enables further, for the evaluations, assessments and refinements in
construction projects which increases the client'ssatisfaction moving forward.
Secondly; the various construction managers such as the procurement manager,
construction manager, design manager and the main contractor accept and
integrate the proposed buildability concepts and enable their efficiency through
the various projects. This comes as a result of the contractual relationships which
allows for the early engagement process.
Additionally, the billabilityefforts are strengthened by the adoption of a whole life
of scope in order to integrate all the relevant factors which pertain to the project,
and thus allowing the best solutions to be undertaken by various experts with vast
knowledge and experience in buildability.
Finally; the various efforts ofbuildability are strengthened through the building
information technologies throughout the project life cycle as has been seen in the
sections above. This tool enhances the information which is incorporated into the

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system thus allowing for quality decisions to be made. It will offer more clarity into
the integration of various decisions which are made from specialized areas.