Marks & Spencer: Operations & Project Management - Detailed Report

This report provides a detailed analysis of operations and project management principles at Marks and Spencer (M&S). Part 1 includes an introduction to M&S, a comparison of operations and operations management, the implementation of operations management principles within the organization, and an analysis of how operations management meets the company's requirements. It also covers continuous improvement as a philosophy, lean principles, and recommendations for improvement. Part 2 presents an overview of a case study, describes each stage in the project life cycle (PLC), analyzes project methodologies and tools used, and critically evaluates the effectiveness of PLC in the project using relevant theories and models. The report concludes with a summary of findings and recommendations for M&S.

Operations and Project
Management
1

Table of contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
1. Introduction of the organization ..............................................................................................3
2. Operation v/s Operation Management.....................................................................................4
3. Implementation of operations management principles within organization............................5
4. Analysis of operations management meeting the requirements of the organization...............6
5. Continuous improvement as a philosophy and describe the lean principles...........................7
6. Improvement plan along with recommendations for improvement based on review of
operation management principles of organization.......................................................................8
PART 2 ...........................................................................................................................................9
1. Overview of the case study......................................................................................................9
2. Project Life Cycle for the project stages..................................................................................9
3. Analysis of project methodologies and tools used.................................................................10
4. Critically evaluate effectiveness of PLC in application with project using theory and model
....................................................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Operations and project management are terms which are being initiated so that the project
is successfully completed on large scale along with its operation (Lock, 2020).
The report will analyze Part 1 which will include the introduction of Marks and Spencer.
An explanation of the operations v/s operations management will be described. Along with this,
implementation of operations management principles will be described. Further, analysis of the
operations management of the organization will be met for fulfilling the requirements and this
will be explained. Continuous improvement as philosophy will be explained along with the lean
principles and recommendations. In Part 2, overview of the case study which will be provided
for explanation. Description of each stage in the project life cycle will be explained. Analysis
will be done for the project methodologies and project tools. Effectiveness of the PLC in
application of the project will be used along with the models and concepts which will be framed
effectively and significantly on large scale for the project development and for its
accomplishment through successful stages.
MAIN BODY
PART 1
1. Introduction of the organization
Marks and Spencer Group Plc is a major British Multinational retailer which specializes
in selling food products, clothing and home products under its own label. The company is taking
concern of how the customers are to be kept satisfied and retail is the main segment in which the
company is taking the market on expanded scale with all its establishment and this has helped in
making most of the business by satisfying and providing the customers the products and services
as per their needs and requirements (Swinney, 2019). Marks and Spencer is currently dealing
with 959 stores across the UK. The company also offers online food delivery services in which
Ocado is the major source through which all the business is being taken with the joint venture
(Taylor, 2019).
The company is dealing with providing the best of what they have to serve to the
customers through its products and services and this has made the most of the work effective and
efficient and has initiated the variety of customers from different target markets in the business
and has also encouraged the basis through which everything is observed on the basis of
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providing the scale of how the things are being initiated and this is the main source through
which all the three sectors of the Marks and Spencer which are the clothing, food product
segment and home products have been fulfilling the needs and the requirements of the customers
(Vermeulen, 2018). Marks and Spencer is also taking concern of the business for the scale of
how to expand it on the basis of what is the main thing which is to be categorized and through
this the customers are able to concentrate for the basis of how the things are taken into
accordance on large scale. Marks and Spencer has been taking turns on the basis of how the
company is taking concerns and adopting new ways in which all the process of how clothing
sector can be enhanced and improved is known at the best. Thus, Marks and Spencer is
concerned with how company is upgrading its systems in an effective and efficient manner.
2. Operation v/s Operation Management
Operations is the term which is defined as the decisions or actions made by the
individuals of the business that affect the management, service, distribution which is needed for
the company which helps the resources of the company to operate on the scale effectively and
efficiently. Operations help the company and organization in making the process more
effectively and efficiently. Improvement in business helps the company in analyzing and
evaluating the scale of how the company is enhancing its procedures to make the company
procedures effective and smooth (Choi and et.al., 2018). This helps the business in enhancing the
process of how the operations of the company is taking the concern on the business note and
through this the effective and efficient procedure of operations in the company through which the
company will be using scale of working collaboratively in the manner which will help in
effectively and efficiently clarifying scales through which all the procedures are taken into
accordance for basis of business to achieve the goals and objectives. Thus, operations in the
company are a helpful tool (Magon and et.al., 2018).
Operations Management is an area of management with designing and controlling the
process of designing the business operations for the process of how the production of the
organization is taking the products and services on the scale of being effective and efficient for
the scale of being productive for the business and operations and through this Marks and Spencer
is able to evaluate and analyze the scale of how the business and Marks and Spencer is able to
take the initiative for which the management and its process is being taken on grounds of being

how the business is working at the highest level possible which helps the organization in making
effective the processes so that the effectiveness is created and the organization is able to take
initiative for which all the things are made possible and through this manufacturing and
production of how the products and services are being maintained for which effective and
efficient basis is known and through this the main thing which is the management of how
operations are being taken into consideration (Mišić and et.al., 2020). Operations Management is
helpful for Marks and Spencer as it helps the organization in creating the ways through which all
the forms of process and procedures are taken into account and on that note the strategies are
framed which helps in forming the operations of the organization in a well organized way.
3. Implementation of operations management principles within organization
There are various implications of operations management principles within Marks and
Spencer which helps the company in initializing the various ways through which the company is
able to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency through which all the purpose of operations
which are being undertaken in the process so that the company is able to analyze the work and
the process in which all the effective and efficient operations are taken place and through this the
management is also taken into accordance and through this Marks and Spencer expands its
business in the external market by fulfilling the customers’ needs and demands (Oliveira, 2018).
Marks and Spencer also focuses on the implications of operations management principles within
Marks and Spencer which are described as follows –
Organization – The implication of organization as the principle in which the
organization being Marks and Spencer is the major process through which all the techniques and
trends of the business are being taken into accordance and organization is the major implication
in forming the principle of operations management as all the operations function within the
organization (de Waal, 2021).
Accountability – Accountability denotes the implication of operations management
principles which helps the company in making and initiating the various processes for which
Marks and Spencer is accountable and the rules and the functions which are processed in the
company are taken into concern on major level (Fettermann and et.al., 2018).
Reality – Managers of the Marks and Spencer should focus on the problem so that the
tools are being provided for the solutions which are being undertaken on the concern of how the
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processes in the organization function on large scale (Newman, 2021). This will make realise the
company its reality and its position in the market on effective scales.
Thus, these are the major principles which deliver their implications on Marks and
Spencer and thus this helps the company in analyzing and evaluating the performance which
helps in assembling the key and major structure of how the organization work sand through this
what is the major task which is being taken for the purpose of what is being done effectively and
efficiently in significant manner (Slack and et.al., 2018).
4. Analysis of operations management meeting the requirements of the organization
Operations management is the process which helps Marks and Spencer analyze and
evaluate the performance of the company on large scale and on business grounds. Operations
management helps in meeting the requirements of the organization which has helped in coping
up with the difficulties and has worked for making the process and the procedures of the
company effective and efficient so that the company is able to deliver the best of what they can
serve to the customers by fulfilling the needs and demands and this helps the company in
ensuring the basis through which the operations of the company and the management structure of
Marks and Spencer is profitable at its utmost profit in different manner possible (Anand and
et.al., 2017). The operations management has helped the company in making the effective use of
how Marks and Spencer is taking concern of the operations and its management which is the
basis of company making profitable work and process in an effective and efficient manner
possible.
All the requirements of the company are met by the basis on which the operations are
being handled for the products and services to be provided to the customers in the most
significant manner and this has made Marks and Spencer more expanded on the grounds of being
creative and working towards enhancing the work with purpose. The operation strategy
perspective of Marks and Spencer helps the company in its operations to be successfully worked
upon so that the operation activities aim to achieve strategies which are being framed for the
business (Maylor and et.al., 2018). The operational management activities which are undertaken
in Marks and Spencer ensure that all the products and services are of high quality and the stores
are located in the convenient locations. This is the proof that company takes the concern for
which the operations provide products which are of high and effective quality (Koleva and et.al.,

2018). Marks and Spencer follows top – down operational strategy which helps the company in
reinventing the various forms in which all the processes of operations work on scale of being
effective and efficient in an appropriate manner possible for the company to run successfully.
5. Continuous improvement as a philosophy and describe the lean principles
Continuous improvement is the process which helps in the overall improvement of the
work which is being done and this goes step by step with improvement at each stage of the work
which is being undertaken. Continuous improvement helps in framing the scale of work in an
effective and efficient environment in business for which improvement is being observed and
this helps the company in ensuring scale of how the things will be working (Klimecka-Tatar,
2017). Along with this many of the process and the procedures are taking the concern in how
company will initiate the process of being on scale of facilitating the performance of the
company or organization and taking concern of how things are prioritized for making bigger the
influence and the categories in which all the effective and efficient processes of the organization
are undertaken. Through this, main thing is been analyzed that through continuous improvement
in the process all the things are being analyzed and this helps the company in making the best
usage of how the procedures are to be followed.
Lean means to create more value for customers which help in allocating the fewer
resources (Sangwa and et.al., 2018). The organization understands the customers’ value and this
initiates the organization to focus on the processes and procedures so that there is continuous
increase in the performance. There are seven lean principles for running the business or
organization. These principles are described as below –
Optimization of the whole process is being done in the business for the systems and the
activities in which the operation is being done.
Elimination of the waste is must as a principle of lean (Rehman and et.al., 2018).
Build quality in the aspects of the business and help the organization in making the
process more effective and efficient.
The process of delivery of the products of the company should be fast so that the
customers are able to revert back and provide the feedback on large scale.
Creation of knowledge is must which will help company in knowing much better the
situation (Sartal and et.al., 2018).
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Deferring in the commitment will help in just in time system.
6. Improvement plan along with recommendations for improvement based on review of
operation management principles of organization
A continuous improvement plan is the plan which helps the organization in initiating the
concern of how the performance of the company is being improved and on what scale. The
improvement plan constitutes area, actions and principle under which there are various points of
consideration which are explained as –
Area – Operations is the area which needs to be improved of Marks and Spencer and this
helps the company in knowing what are the strengths and weaknesses of the company under this
section and through this the main thing which is defined is how the operational activities are
taken into consideration (Ivanov and et.al., 2021).
Actions – Various actions are taken on the basis to improve the operations management
of the organization and this can be done by taking corrective actions and trough planning which
helps the organization to make the process more effective and efficient.
Thus, these are two main areas through which Marks and Spencer’s performance is being
analyzed and evaluated. This helps the company and the process to know what exactly the
performance scale measures the company significantly (Spring and et.al., 2017).
For this, recommendations are being initiated and for this the improvement based on
review of operations management principles of Marks and Spencer is being initiated and this
helps the company in knowing what is the scale on which the company needs to improve its
performance (Colosimo, 2018). The recommendations are described as follows –
The strategies should be framed and this should be done by measuring the performance
for which the company is concerned.
Also, the performance based scale of how the operations management is working in
Marks and Spencer should be taken into accordance and through this the main thing which is
done is how the company is taking concern of working and process which is done on large scale
in the operations management (Lonati and et.al., 2018).
Various principles of lean should be framed and followed by company so that there is
proper process through which all the things are taken into consideration (Zhuravel, 2019).

Therefore, these are the recommendations which should be considered for improvement
in process of how the operations management is serving organization on large scale.
PART 2
1. Overview of the case study
The case study depicts that I have secured employment in large manufacturing
organization based in the midlands and has 1250 employees on the site. There are different roles
in the organization. There are offices and factory which are on the site which is extensive and is
in various buildings (Garden, A., 2016). There is no onsite catering available currently. My
position is being the member of the project and programme office in which the responsibility is
of delivering the change programme for this manufacturing organization (Su and et.al., 2019). As
a part of induction and personal development plan the new line manager has told to manage a
theoretical in – house project. This is the main case study which will helps in ensuring the
situation for which whole organization analysis is done and this helps in ensuring what has been
the major decision of whole of organization and how it is working on the effective and efficient
scales.
2. Project Life Cycle for the project stages
Project life cycle is defined as the process which is followed by the project managers
which helps in project completion and provides the formulation of framing and managing the
project which is to be done within the business (Willar and et.al., 2019). There are four stages in
the project life cycle which helps in the project formation from the starting till the end. The four
phases are as follows –
Project Initiation – Project initiation is the process which helps in the visualization of
what is to be done and accomplished. This process is performed for the project to be approved
and what is being done in the project so that the strategic objectives are aligned in the
manufacturing organization (Serebryansky and et.al., 2019). The project which is being
undertaken is to provide onsite catering and this is affecting the factory workers and the office
staff. Project initiation is the phase in which project is being undertaken which helps in
introducing how the project will initiate the purpose through which the completion of the project
will be done. This initiation will help the company in analyzing how effective and efficient the
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process is and through this the main objective of the project is also observed effectively and
significantly.
Project Planning – Project planning is the second most important stage in the project life
cycle which helps the project to take the step towards the steps which are to be processed for the
planning and this helps in forming the structure of how the onsite catering is to be provided to
the factory workers and the office staff (Beratan, 2019). Project planning aids the project and
assembles all the important information which is gathered and through that it becomes more
helpful for the manufacturing organization to take the steps which assist in proper planning and
framing of the rules which are to be followed effectively and on significant scales. Thus, project
planning will also help to cater the schedule and the steps which are to be followed on large scale
for accomplishment of the project.
Project Execution – Project Execution is also known as implementation phase in which
the plan which is designed for the project is put into action to be successfully accomplished on
the scale of being completed effectively and efficiently (Syerov and et.al., 2018). This is the
main reason why project execution is important at this stage of the project life cycle and this is
done so that the onsite catering services are made available to the factory workers and the office
staff at the manufacturing organization. Project execution is helpful in proving the action to be
framed stronger along with the expected results which are being framed in the execution process
(Ayub, 2019). Project execution is done so that the project achieves expected results and through
this the main management of the project cycle is maintained effectively and efficiently on large
scale.
Project Closure – Project closure oversees that the project which is being undertaken
was completed effectively along with achieving the goals and objectives which were being
framed (Llatas and et.al., 2020). In project closure, there is monitoring and control in the project
which is being undertaken for the completion and to meet the deadlines on time. In this case,
onsite catering to the factory workers and the office staff is being initiated and worked upon
which will help the manufacturing organization in keeping up with the process through which all
the aspects of the project to be framed and monitored was done in a appropriate manner and this
has helped in forming scale of providing and completing the aspects of growth and development
throughout project that has been framed. Thus, the closure is being framed by the project being
completed.

3. Analysis of project methodologies and tools used
Project methodology is the process in which various methods and procedures are being
used for the project to be completed and also that the project archives the best results which can
be carried out effectively and efficiently on the scale of being perfect and through this the main
thing is also analyzed and evaluated which is that what project is undertaken and what is the
basis on which the formation and framing of the project is being done (Pchelintseva and et.al.,
2019). Project methodology also reveals the base through which all the aspects of knowing and
collecting all the information is being framed with the usage of different tools and techniques
used in completing the project which is providing the onsite catering to the office staff and the
factory workers on large scale. and for this theoretical in – house project is being framed which
is framed by using different project methodologies and tools to be used for the purpose of how
effective and efficient the manufacturing organization is initiating the process and the procedure
to be completed so that the catering services are provided on large scale by the manufacturing
organization. And for this various project tools are also being used which help in the project
completion and for the accomplishment of the goals and objectives which are being framed by
the company. This helps in knowing what was the base through which all the perspectives of the
project in the initiation, planning, execution and closure were being done (Jovanovic and et.al.,
2018).
Project tools are the tools which are being used in the application of how the
manufacturing organization initiates and processes the effective project to be completed within
the time frame and what is the scale on which all the procedures are being undertaken for which
project is managed and in this, checklist is being provided and this helps the company in initiate
the base through which deadlines are set and tracking of the project is being done (Klein, 2017).
Tools which are used in the project has helped the manufacturing organization in framing of the
set patterns through which all the projects are completed and accomplished on the scale of
providing the basis of how effective and efficient everything is being done. Tracking of the time
spent is being done which helps the project to be completed on time and this is the base in which
all the aspects of the manufacturing organization are being undertaken for the basis of providing
the on site catering to the office staff and factory workers so that they are able to enable the
11

services of how effective and significant the scale of project is being done and undertaken on
large basis.
Thus, the project methodology and project tools has helped the manufacturing
organization in framing up of the project and has initiated in completion of the project of
developing the onsite catering services to be provided to the office staff and the factory workers
(Martinez and et.al., 2021). Project tools and methodology helps in framing of the planning of
how the project will be undertaken and through this the main aspect of organization will be
identified. The methodology and the tools which helped in framing project to be turn out
effective on the scales of proving it to be on the scales of completion and through this the main
thing is that the tools also help the manufacturing organization in valuing the project so that the
planning along with its closure becomes important. This is main thing which is being analyzed
and evaluated for the purpose of delivering the best through project which is being initiated,
planned, executed and closed at final stage of completion.
4. Critically evaluate effectiveness of PLC in application with project using theory and model
It is important to use a particular model and theory for this project so that it is completed
on time. The use of model enables in breaking down project into small tasks and activities and on
basis of that attaining project goals. Furthermore, in all PLC stages the model if applied which
makes it easy to proceed in project in effective way (Pace, 2019). The PLC stages are initiation,
execution, planning, etc. moreover, the use of model and theory depends on large and small scale
project. It depends on needs of project and what type of methodology is being followed.
Likewise, in present project as well there is vital role of PLC used in project. This is because it
allows in providing a depth in what project is all about. In project initiation stage it describes of
goals, scope, etc. and what it is all about. Thus, it is useful in planning of further process easily.
In current project this will be easy to develop strategy and find out who will play what role, how
it will be executed, what goals are formed in it, etc. the lean method will give info about what
changes are to be done, how project is broken down. Now, in project execution stage, lean
method will be useful in focusing on generating project value (Harter and et.al., 2020).
It can be critically evaluated and analyzed that there is huge pressure on project manager
to complete task in minimum time and cost so that company can gained more benefits. It can be
critically stated that there are many stages in project life cycle that are abide by manager to

achieve particular outcome or results. Each stage or phase have different application within
organization such as initiation phase project manager or senior executive defined overall task,
activities that need to be performed by particular individuals (Rasnacis, and Berzisa, 2017). It set
objectives, purpose, set priorities regarding task that need to be performed or defined scope of
project. Planning is second phase at which project manager delegates’ roles and responsibilities
need to be fulfilled by particular individual. Gantt chart is a tool that is used by managers to set
schedules or timescales in which particular activity need to be completed so that organization can
have gained maximum benefit from project. Implementation is third stage at which all key steps
are taken by project manager and team members to complete specific task so that project can be
completed. At last project life cycle is applicable when all activities have been performed or
implemented in order to monitor, analysis and evaluates that all task have been performed as per
set standard or not (Politi, 2018). Manager by applying project life cycle is able to understand
necessary changes that company have to undertake in order to grow and sustain its business in
competitive market for longer run. So, overall it has been founded that PLC model is applicable
at each stage of project whether it was starting, during process or after completion of steps so
that corrective action can be taken and goals can be achieved as per desired.
On contrary it is analyzed that waterfall and Prince 2 method can also be applied and
used in project. This method is highly useful as it supports manager to control and manage
activities by which it becomes easy to complete project (Marcy, Dineen, and Briesch, 2018). It is
flexible methods that help in meeting needs of project. In that there are certain principles as well
which is followed that enable closely managing and controlling of project. This method is also
applied commonly by all project managers. Moreover, waterfall model is highly effective as
well. It is a sequential model in which there are logical steps that is followed. Each step starts
only when the above one is completed or finished. Hence, any changes required in steps are
made then it is done in previous step. The model is simple to understand as tasks are arranged in
logical way. Besides that, model clearly defines milestone and deadline by which it becomes
easy to complete project in time.
Therefore, it can be said that with help of PLC and lean project method the project can be
finished within time and in effective way.
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CONCLUSION
Thus, it is concluded from the above report that Part 1 included the introduction of Marks
and Spencer. An explanation of the operations v/s operations management was being described.
Along with this, implementation of operations management principles was described. Further,
analysis of the operations management of the organization was met for fulfilling the
requirements and this was explained. Continuous improvement as philosophy was explained
along with the lean principles and recommendations were concluded. In Part 2, overview of the
case study which was being provided was explained. Description of each stage in the project life
cycle was explained. Analysis was done for the project methodologies and project tools.
Effectiveness of the PLC in application of the project was used along with the models and
concepts which were being framed effectively and significantly on large scale for the project
development and for its accomplishment through successful stages.

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