Dissertation: Project & Operation Management in UK Transportation

This dissertation explores the critical role of project and operation management in enhancing the success and productivity of the UK's passenger transportation sector. It begins with an overview of project and operation management principles, emphasizing their importance in achieving efficiency and maximizing productivity within transportation businesses. The research delves into the challenges faced by the UK transportation industry, including skill shortages, Brexit implications, congestion, and coordination issues. The study examines the application of project and operation management best practices, aiming to identify strategies that improve achievement and efficiency in passenger transportation. Through detailed analysis, the dissertation seeks to provide insights and recommendations for effective project and operation management in the UK transportation sector, ultimately contributing to its sustainable growth and success. Desklib provides access to this full dissertation and other study resources for students.

Dissertation
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Acknowledgement
First of all, I am thankful to God for giving me capability of conducting this research. I am
also thankful to my parents as they supported me at each and every level. The support and
guidance is helpful and necessary at each and every stage.
Next, I am also thankful to my teachers and seniors who gave me opportunity to carry on the
research and attain success. They assist me at each and every stage and solved all the problems
that occurred in path. There is need of support and guidance as it helps to complete the research
effectively.
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Abstract
Operations management play important role in success of a business or organisation. It helps
in effective functioning of the organisation and eternal maximum productivity. In transportation
sector there are various strategies that help the organisations to attain their goals and objectives.
The profitability of the business organisation also depends on the operations management
strategies being adopted by them. It is seen that there is requirement to set correct course that
help them to attain their successful position. All the stages of project management must be
designed in such a manner that the company's able to attain success in the project and bring some
innovation that helps them to become successful. It is seen that transportation industry
contributes could amount to the economy of UK. There is need to maintain good infrastructure as
well as transportation network so that all the people are able to attain success. The aim to analyse
the important role operations in product management in enhancing success and productivity of
transportation sector. Transportation might be managed ineffective manner so that passengers do
not feel any problem. There is requirement of undertaking search strategies that will facilitate the
passengers and the company's walking. It will help to know about the skills and other areas that
will help to successfully complete the project. Strategies designed will help in success of the
project
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Table of Contents
Title: To analyse project and operation management strategy of the passenger transportation
sector of the UK...............................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1: Introduction (1000)........................................................................................................1
Overview of the project..........................................................................................................1
Research problem...................................................................................................................1
Aim and Objective of the research.........................................................................................2
Rationale and significance for selection of topic...................................................................2
Research Questions................................................................................................................3
Chapter 2: Literature review............................................................................................................3
To evaluate about the concept of project and operation management along with determining
its need and best practices within the passenger transportation sector...................................3
To determine the role of project and operation management best practices in enhancing the
success and productivity level of the passenger transportation sector of UK........................7
To investigate about some more effective practises of project and operation management that
would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of UK
(1500)...................................................................................................................................11
Chapter 3: Research methodology.................................................................................................15
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................15
Research approach................................................................................................................16
Research choice....................................................................................................................17
Research strategy..................................................................................................................17
Data collection and analysis.................................................................................................19
Ethical consideration............................................................................................................20
Chapter 4: Data analysis and interpretation...................................................................................20
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation................................................................................20
Conclusion (500)..................................................................................................................20
Recommendation (1250)......................................................................................................22
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REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................22
Title: To analyse project and operation management strategy of the passenger
transportation sector of the UK
Chapter 1: Introduction (1000)
Overview of the project
The concept of the operation management is mainly related with having the effective
administration of the all the business process and activity which are important to achieve the
maximum level of efficiency and higher productivity. Further, the project and operation
management is related with the designing and controlling of the production and other procedure
within the firm (Santos and et. al., 2021). Thus, it is mainly concerned with converting the raw
material and labour into quality finished product and service in most efficient manner in order to
maximize the profit of a company. Further, the transportation industry is the one that comprises
of the organisation that are involved in making effective movement of the people from one place
to another across the boundaries of nation and even beyond it. The transportation system and
network is one of largest market in the world that has having effective rail, air, rail and water
network. The project and operation management within transportation industry comprises of the
halving of the effective planning and design of the all the significant areas of project along with
applying innovative and unique ideas to support easy and more comfortable transportation
service for the passengers. Project is a temporary activity which is applied in order to develop an
unique products or services. It has a particular start and ending point which need to perform in
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order to attain the pre-defined goals and objectives in an efficient manner. Projects are undertake
by the company on temporary basis so that a company can fulfil the future goals in the best
possible way. For this purpose, a particular cycle is followed by the project managers in order to
ensure timely accomplishment of the project. With all the requirements, company follows a
particular life cycle in order to accomplish the project work and deliver the project deliverable in
timely manner. In other words the project management is the application of knowledge, skills,
technique of the project activities so that the pre-defined project goals can be accomplished in
timely manner (Kuznetsov, Tsyrkov and Tsyrkov, 2020). There is requirement to prepare
suitable goals so that the entire project team remain aware with the deliverable they need to give
through the project. The main aim of project management is to undertake such a project that will
be beneficial for future growth and success of the entity.
Operations management is related to carry out daily activities in an efficient manner. It is
related with using the tools and techniques of operations management efficiently so that the
entity can produce the goods or services within limited cost. The main aim of operations
management is to use the raw material appropriately so that the company can offer the best
quality and efficient products to the customers. Here, the applications of appropriate tools &
techniques help the entity in enhancing the overall production capacity and further make them
enable to meet with the market demand in the best possible way (Lee, 2018). In addition,
operations management is about converting the raw material into finish goods to address the
demand of the customers appropriately. Apart from this, operations management makes the
organization enable to minimize the wastages so that they can produce the maximum output. In
addition, the company can also easily eliminate the unnecessary activities from the overall
production process by implementing the efficient operations tools and techniques. Effective
implementation of operation management tools & techniques allows an entity to enhance the
sales and profit margin. In addition, it also helps in providing the best quality products to the
customers in order to enhance their overall satisfaction level. Through implementing necessary
operation management techniques, the entity can easily make a distinct and unique presence in
the market place. In addition, operation management framework also enable a business entity to
set unique image in the market place. Apart from this, it sets a company apart from its
competitors that is crucial in order to ensure long-term sustainability in the competitive market
place.
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During the project life cycle, the phases such as initiation, planning, controlling, closure
and more are implemented in order to complete the project work successfully.
Project and operations management are combined together in order to get effective results
in the future period of time. To deliver the project in timely manner, information is exchanges
between project and operations manager. Both the divisions are likely to work together in order
to accomplish the stipulated project goals in significant manner (Harrison and Lock, 2017). In
transportation, operations and project management is crucial in order to successfully implement
the project. It helps in providing the best possible transportation serviced to the customers.
Effective project & operations management plays a crucial role in facilitating innovation and
uniqueness in the transportation project. The present study is undertaken to understand the
significance of operations and project management and its role in improving the productivity
level of passenger transportation sector of UK. Additionally, it will evaluate the role of project
management in success of the passenger transportation in the country. The analysis will help in
development of more effective and crucial practices that will support the achievement and
efficiency in the passenger transportation sector. Moreover, it will allow the researcher to assess
the effectiveness of passenger transportation sector of UK and will further make enable to
develop suitable strategies in order to ensure success of project & operation management of the
transportation sector of the country.
Research problem
The transportation industry of UK is large and plays a crucial role in the success of the
economy. It makes it easy for the people to travel from one place to other. UK is a developed
country hence maintains an efficient infrastructure and transportation network. Due to the
presence of significant transportation services, the passengers can travel easily. It is possible for
them to make avail the benefit of effective transportation network. The leading transportation
network also helps the country in making a strong presence across the globe (Chary, 2017). UK
is having one of the leading transportation network with efficient water, rail, air and road
transpiration of its passenger. But the recent situation of the global pandemic of covid-19 has
highly affected the efficiency and overall operations of the transportation sector (Sankaran,
Jacobsson and Blomquist, 2021). It has been seen that major issues and challenges that are being
faced and encountered within the passenger transportation sector includes the shortage of the
skill within the driver and other supporting staff along with the Brexit referendum and
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congestion along with the problem associated with the lack of investment and proper
coordination with the recent changes made within the transportation sector by the government of
UK. A Thus, inefficient project and operation management has arisen as the main problem
within the passenger transportation sector of UK. Therefore, for mitigating and overcoming this
threat of unproductivity and efficiency within the transport sector of UK current study has been
undertaken on the topic of analyse about the concept and importance of project and operation
management along with determining its role in enhancing the success and productivity level of
the passenger transportation sector of UK.
Aim and Objective of the research
Research Aim
The Aim of current study is, “To analyse about the concept and importance of project and
operation management along with determining its role in enhancing the success and productivity
level of the passenger transportation sector of UK”.
Research Objective
 To evaluate about the concept of project and operation management along with
determining its need and best practices within the passenger transportation sector.
 To determine the role of project and operation management best practices in enhancing
the success and productivity level of the passenger transportation sector of UK.
 To investigate about some more effective practises of project and operation management
that would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation
sector of UK.
Rationale and significance for selection of topic
The present research topic will help in gaining significant knowledge regarding the
operation and project management. Through this, it is possible to develop the knowledge
framework in terms of enhancement in the passenger transportation in UK. Further, the study is
based on the role of project & operation management in improvement in transportation sector. It
will further enable the investigator in developing the best practices to improve the passenger
transportation sector of UK. The selection of current research topic based on the concept of
project and operation management is significant and rationale as it supports more effective
having a better understanding about the concept of project management along with determining
its need and best practices within the transportation sector of UK. Along with this, current study
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also supports and facilitates better determination of role of project management best practices in
enhancing the success and productivity level of the transportation sector of UK along with
investigate about some more effective practises of project management that would lead to higher
success and efficiency level within the passenger transport sector of UK. Beside this, the
selection of the current topic is also rationale from the personal view point of the researcher as it
meets the personal interest as well the educational and academic aspects of the researcher. Along
with this, the undertaking and conducting of current investigation is also vital and significant for
the investigator and other scholars as it tends to support the improved development of the skills
and understanding level based on practical experience together with supporting higher
managerial competency for future. Further, the selection of current research topic is also
rationale and significant as it supports the implication of the role of project and operation
management best practices in enhancing the success and productivity level of the passenger
transportation sector of UK which supports mitigation of the issue of inefficiency and lack of
productivity that is being created by the situation of the Covid-19. Here, the research will also
prove beneficial in terms of improving the personal & professional knowledge of the investigator
to get success in the future career.
Research Questions
The below stated questions would be evaluated and analysed during the course of current
study that are listed as follows:
 What is meant by the concept of project and operation management along with
determining its need and best practices within the passenger transportation sector?
 How a vital and crucial role is being played by project and operation management best
practices in enhancing the success and productivity level of the passenger transportation
sector of UK?
 Which can be some more effective practises of project and operation management that
would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of
UK?
Chapter 2: Literature review
It forms out a vital part of research project as it tends to support a base and framework for
further investigation by leading out an effective and systematic review of the pre-exiting facts
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and information (Anderhofstadt and Spinler, 2019). The current literature review is based on the
topic of analyse about the concept and importance of project and operation management along
with determining its role in enhancing the success and productivity level of the passenger
transportation sector of UK for which information has been reviewed and analsysed within the
help of online article and journals a decision and analysis of which has been provided as below:
To evaluate about the concept of project and operation management along with determining its
need and best practices within the passenger transportation sector.
As per the view point of Sankaran, S., Jacobsson, M. and Blomquist, T., 2021, Operations
and project management mainly deals with day-to-day approach and strategic business issues
management in a systematic manner. It has been identified that project management mainly deals
with organising, planning, motivating and controlling of resources in a well define an effective
manner to accomplish overall goals. Furthermore, it has been underlined that project
management is mainly the application of methods, process, knowledge, skills and experience in
order to fulfil particular project objectives as per the criteria or agreed parameters. With the help
of project and operations management organisation can assure accomplishment of project goals
in time and cost effective manner. In context with passenger transport sector project and
operations management plays important role as it is comprised of different type of roles such as
tracking and managing every aspect of vehicle, maintenance, warehousing, fuel, costing, routing
and mapping communication, accounting and career selection and management. There are
different type of roles and responsibilities which is required to be undertaken by organisation in
passenger transportation sector (Antony, 2018). In this with the help of effective project and
operations management organisation can assure accomplishment objective effectively. In this the
best practices of managing project and operations in passenger transport sector is responsible
leadership and management of team in order to support in various activities such as scheduling,
technical requirement, direct labour and expenses, technical sub consultants etc. With the help of
efficient management of project in this sector fulfilment of overall goals and objective can be
assured. It has been identified that the success of strategic planning in transportation sector
basically relies upon successful management of project and operations. In this with the help of
day-to-day management helps in improving service quality speed operation cost as well as
utilisation of facilities at great extent. Thus according to the above mentioned discussion it has
been identified that in order to ensure successful outcomes in passenger transportation sector
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project and operation management is efficiently needed to conduct responsibilities (Saieg, and et.
al, 2018).
It has been determined that different organisation have different types of project and
operation management practices which will lead to have significant impact on overall
performance of the business. with in the passenger transportation sector there are several
companies which is conducting its business practices in effective and efficient manner. In the
event that the quality of products, services or processes is a worry in your business, presenting
quality management frameworks can help. It is important that different organisation is
considering right techniques for managing its operations in order to improve overall practices of
organisation as well as accomplishing desired goals. It has been determined that operation
management deals with the approaches of correctly managing day to day activities of business in
order to systematically performing organisational practices. Improved communication inside an
association can expand productivity. At the point when data is sent starting with one office then
onto the next rapidly and precisely, it can accelerate the speed at which the organization can
work and guarantees that all vital gatherings get the data they should be productive. through this
company will be able to smoothly and effectively conduct its practices as well as able to meet
with desired objectives. The project and operational manager is responsible for charging and
revenue assortment. By investigating revenue assortment strategies, the activities supervisor can
make methods of gathering revenue rapidly to ensure the organization has cash close by.
passenger transportation sector is majorly classified into three parts that is Air, rail and road. All
of these are crucial ways that is consider by individual in order to conduct transportation
practices as well as reach desired destination. In UK passenger transportation sector, airline
industry includes different organisation which is performing its business practices in significant
manner (Morgan and Sayer, 2019). This consist of British Airways and Ryan Air, both of these
are well established company that is performing its business practices in proper and accurate
manner. it has been analysed that both of these companies are considering different project
management or operational management practices which will lead to have significant impact
over its performance. It has been analysed that British Airways company is new and innovative
technology in order to successfully manage its project and operational practices. advance
technology assist in enhancing and improving overall practices of business as well as provide
different opportunities for growth. Operational managers work with the HR division and
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departmental managers to foster more productive ways for employees to go about their
responsibilities. Dissecting work capacities is one of the many undertakings that a tasks
supervisor plays out every day. Through the consideration of new or advance technology British
Airways is able to provide more effective services to customers in order to successfully meet
with their demand. As compare to Ryan air company, this organisation is focusing on building
and managing sustainable supply chain. This will lead to have positive impact over conducting
project and management practices in order to improve overall practices of organisation. it has
been determined that sustainable supply chain is the crucial aspects that needs to be consider by
companies performing its practices in passenger transportation sector in order to provide high
quality services to customers. organisation that is dealing in rail sector such as Avanti West
Coast and cross country is considering different practices of project and operation management.
This will lead to have significant influence over performance of the business as well as affect its
capabilities over other rival companies. Customer satisfaction is vital for each business to
working on its relations with its customers. It helps them in holding them as long as possible.
Activity management screens the quality of products fabricated by associations. It guarantees
that great products are created as per the prerequisites of customers. At the point when products
made by business totally satisfy the requirements of customers, their satisfaction level will
improve (Correa and et. al, 2017). In the Avanti West Coast organisation which is dealing in
passenger transportation sector is considering proper logistic management practices. through this
approach of management respective organisation is able to successfully and correctly carry out
required set of practices along with this it helps in attracting large number of customers towards
business. where as other organisation which is performing its practices in rail passenger
transportation sector that is Cross Country is focusing on enhancing and improving the service
quality. It has been determined that with the improvement in service quality respective
organisation is able to carry out required set of task in better and accurate manner. operational
management helps in inspiring the employees towards their jobs. operational managers guide all
people groups in playing out their jobs and furnish them with better environment. Employees are
compensated and compensated by their exhibition level. Project and operational management
practices of road passenger transportation sector for National express company includes
consideration of effective tools and techniques that is beneficial for enhancing project practices.
Through right tools respective company will be able to carry out its practices in proper manner.
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It has been determined that proper and accurate tools will help in performing project and
operational management practices in proper manner with the motive of accomplishing desired
objective. operational management focus around ideal utilization of all assets of the association.
It outlines appropriate strategies and likewise proceeds with all tasks of the association. Activity
managers keep a mind movements of every kind and guarantee that all assets are used on just
helpful means and are not squandered. Megabus company is also performing its practices in road
passenger transportation sector and this company is considering proper and accurate project
management or operational management practices in order to improve business performance.
operational management assumed a significant part in expanding the productivity of business. It
deals with all parts of creation exercises to accomplish most noteworthy proficiency conceivable.
Operation manager are answerable for planning creation plan for completing the tasks. They
guarantee that all data sources utilized by associations are effectively changed into yields that is
products or services. It is pivotal for all business for appropriately dealing with their everyday
exercises and proficient utilization of every one of its assets which helps in raising productivity.
This will lead to have significant impact over capability of organisation to attain desired goals as
well as gain competitive edge over other rival companies. Through this it has been determined
that project and operational management is very important and needed for the business dealing in
transportation section. This is significant in order to successfully and effectively conducting
required set of activities along with this encouraging employees to attain desired goals. It has
been analysed that project and operation management is needed by company in order to enhance
goodwill of organisation as well as increasing business practices. This will lead to have
significant impact over organisation and lead to increase in business performance and practices.
the need of operation management is for improving innovation with in organisation as well as
assist company to implement desired innovative changes with in organisational activities.
through this organisation will be able to take right and accurate decision which is beneficial for
attaining desired goals as well as gaining competitive edge over other rival companies
(Gkartzonikas and Gkritza, 2019).
To determine the role of project and operation management best practices in enhancing the
success and productivity level of the passenger transportation sector of UK.
According to the views of (2021), it has been analysed that project and operation
management play crucial role in order to enhance best practices of business with the motive of
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increasing productivity level of the passenger transportation sector with in UK market area. It
has been identified that role of project and operation management best practices will lead to have
major impact on overall growth and development of business. Operation management is majorly
concerned with the converting of material or labor into finished goods or services of business.
the major motive of this function of management is to provide high quality products and services
that is beneficial for attaining desired goals as well as meeting set objectives. It has been
analysed that operations management is considering delivery focused practices that will lead to
maximize the profits of business as well as improve productivity level. project management best
practices consist of set of different activities that will help in successfully and timely completion
of the project task. With in passenger transportation sector it is crucial that activities of project
and operation management is correctly functioning in order to improve performance level of
business. This will lead to enhance and increase capabilities in order to attain desired goals and
objectives (Keeling, 2018). Projects assume a significant part in an organisation general
achievement. With the expanded rivalry in current ventures, organizations expect project groups
to perform reliably and at a quick speed. It is important for companies dealing in a passenger
transportation sector to consider proper project and operational management practices as this will
lead to enhance its practices as well as help in attaining desired goals. Through successful
undertaking management rehearses, exhibition can turn out to be better, quicker, and more
proficient when contrasted and the past outcomes. In project management, project managers
plan, coordinate and oversee assets to augment the productivity and proficiency of the group. It
has been determined that in British Airways company operational management play crucial role
in order to enhance its practices as well as improve overall productivity of business. Through this
organisation will be able to successfully and effectively conduct business practices along with
this able to encourage employee to conduct business practices in significant manner. This will
assist British Airways company to gain competitive edge over other rival companies such as
Ryan air. It is beneficial for British Airways company to consider advance technology while
performing its practices as this will lead to enhance overall performance and productivity level of
business. Through the support of project and operation management practice all activities of
respective company will be able to correctly company. This role of project and operation
management practices will be very beneficial for company as well as enhance overall
productivity level over other rival companies (Butler, Yigitcanlar and Paz, 2021). it has been
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identified that proper and compelling communication in project management is the way in to a
venture's prosperity. It is crucial that project managers should keep all connected gatherings
refreshed all through the business lifecycle. It has been analysed that communication is one of
the crucial part of business that will lead to improve overall functioning and performance of
business. Communication can be describe as the way of transferring message and ideas to other
in order to correctly carry out practices. Through this it has been determined that project and
operation management practices will help in effective communication with in organisation so
that all activities could be conducted in accurate manner. It has been determined that during the
arranging stage, it's ideal to meet with every one of the partners first and comprehend their
assumptions to concoct a fruitful venture plan that benefits everybody. This will assist British
airways company to perform its business practices which is appropriate to meet with the demand
of customers. this role is significant for developing positive image of respective company over
other rival companies as this will lead to improve organisational practices. with in airline
passenger transportation sector customer satisfaction level is essential factor that needs to be
consider by company in order to improve organisational practices. it has been determined that
high customer satisfaction will lead to have positive impact on overall performance of business.
Operations management is consider to be liable for supervising, coordinating, and controlling
business operations (Wirtz, Weyerer and Geyer, 2019).
It is important that company which is dealing in rail passenger transportation sector such as
Avanti West Coast and cross country to perform its operational practices in proper manner with
the motive of encouraging business performance and productivity level. It has been determined
that operation and project management best practices are conducting several task that will lead to
assist in enhancing overall productivity of business. In this it has been identified that project and
operation management role is to maximum productivity of business with the consideration of all
resources and raw materials for improving business performance. Creation operations, producing
operations, bookkeeping operations, programming backing, and support are instances of
operations management. It has been determined that by correctly and accurately managing all
resources of Avanti West Coast it will be able to perform business practices in more effective
manner as compare to cross country company. This will lead to enhance and improve overall
functioning of business as well as help in gaining competitive edge over other rival companies. It
has been determined that viable undertaking management necessitates that project prerequisites,
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targets and degree be reported and become settled eventually from the get-go in the task life
cycle. Project and operation management role in to gain competitive advantage over other rival
company by increase quality of services. Project prerequisites ought to be set up in the idea stage
so that respective company is able to perform its practices in better manner as compare to cross
country company which is also performing its practices in rail passenger transportation sector. It
is crucial that operation management practices of business are significantly and effectively
performed with the motive of meeting desired goals and objectives (Gupta and Sharma, 2018).
There are different practices of project and operational management that will lead to have
significant and crucial impact over business as well as affect organisational productivity level. It
is important for organisation to develop proper and accurate plan in order to improve business
performance as well as timely accomplish desired goals. Operations management assumes
responsibility for the creation interaction totally and guarantees that each progression is
productively completed to guarantee greatest productivity. It has been determined that through
the support of operational management practices company will be able to develop a proper plan
according to which different activities of business needs to be performed. It is crucial that plan of
Avanti West Coast is developed with the consideration of process capability of business. this will
help in taking right and accurate decision which is beneficial for organisation as well as help in
smoothly conducting business practices. It has been determeined that planning of project consist
of several activities such as developing objective, analysing resources, budgeting and so on
which is significant for successfully performing organisational practices. it is important that
respective company have sufficient amount of resources so that all set of activities could be
performed along with this productivity level of business. The outcome is a great item or
administration that fulfills the needs of the purchasers. It ensures that every one of the assets
from natural substances to human resource are used enough during the creation cycle. The result
of this is expanded productivity of business as well as help in accomplishing of desired goals.
Avanti West Coast company needs to develop a proper scheduling for the project in which
different practices that needs to be performed should be included. This role is helpful for
providing proper direction to company for successfully conducting business practices and focus
in accomplishment of desired goals. The expense of delivering products or delivering services
will be essentially decreased when productivity, creation of quality products, and customer
satisfaction are sufficiently amplified. Avanti West Coast will be able to gain advantage over
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other rival companies while conducting its practices in rail passenger transportation sector. This
will lead to significantly improve and enhancing business performance or productivity of
organisation so that it is able to meet with desired objectives (Turner, and Xue, 2018).
It has been identified that many projects management processes are insufficient in the
quality aspect. It is important for company which is dealing in road passenger transportation
sector of UK to consider the quality of its products and services. it has been determined that
quality on projects requires the principles and standards to be set in each period of the task life
cycle for both the item and the interaction. This role of project management and operation
management will lead to significantly influence performance of business as well as lead to
encourage capability of organisation. Quality means making and meeting consented to
responsibilities with a steady eye for improvement. It has been determined that quality of
products and services play crucial role for the organisation dealing in road passenger
transportation sector with the motive of improving and enhancing overall performance level of
business. It has been determined that Megabus company is one of the major organisation that is
conducting its business practices in road passenger transportation sector of UK in order to
improve and enhance business practices. This will lead to have positive impact over organisation
as well as assist company to gain edge over other rival companies. It has been determined that
the operations manager circles back to the buyers to affirm that the conveyance was made and
that the products/services conveyed are what the customers requested, and they met their
usefulness needs (Cullingworth, 2021). The key role of project and operation management best
practices with in respective company is to focus on overall improvement of business with the
growth of its productivity level. An operations manager necessities to have great quickness by
knowing how to coordinate assets, exercises, and time to guarantee legitimate utilization of the
assets toward the accomplishment of the association's objectives. there are different functions of
business that needs to be performed in appropriate manner with the motive of encouraging and
improving performance level of business. Coordination includes doing explicit exercises all the
while and exchanging between the exercises effortlessly. It has been determined that project and
operational management best practices includes development of strong team that is able to
successfully conduct its business practices. Through this it has been identified that effective and
strong team of business will help in boosting performance level of organisation along with this
lead to increase business capabilities. According to the collected information it has been
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identified that airline, rail and road passenger transportation sector of UK needs to consider
significant project and operational management practices with the motive of increasing its
performance in respective market area (Marsden and Ryan, 2019).
To investigate about some more effective practises of project and operation management that
would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of
UK (1500)
With respect to the information provided by the Kordi, N.E., Belayutham, S. and Che Ibrahim,
C.K.I., 2021, it has been analsysed that effective practises of project and operation management
would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of UK by
the way of Maintaining consistent use of the latest and improved project management tools and
software along with encouraging the use of automated software for better management of
workload. The main objective of the project management is tending to have the better
achievement of the project goals and targets while keeping in mind the project scope, time,
quality, and cost. Thus, it has become vital and important within the passenger transportation
sector of UK that it must apply and make use of some more effective practises of project and
operation management that would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger
transportation sector of UK. It has been seen that the within the Airways industry effective
project and operation management is required as while tend to acting as a form of the extension
of staff it is essential and required that the program manager and project assistance and team
members needs to protects the client's interests in all the set and vital areas of project
implementation that tend to start and beginning from the very first stage of the planning along
with leading effective design together with having a through to procurement as well as leading
out improved construction and effective into the operation as well as the maintenance of the
project (Crosby and Bryson, 2018). Further, it has been also seen and analsysed that the
Passenger operations within the transportation industry of the UK tend to include the effective
baggage handling as well as leading and ensuring a proper way of tagging for the convince of the
passenger. Further, the main need of the operation management within a passenger
transformation industry within airline industry tend to consists of the having of a proper terminal
operations that tend to comprise and includes of the proper resource allocation along with timely
staff management. Apart from this, the other vital airside operations that forms out a vital part of
a project include the ensuring of proper aircraft landing and navigation, airport traffic
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management, runway management, and ground handling safety to ensure more convinces and
satisfaction level for the passenger (Anderhofstadt and Spinler, 2019).
It has been seen that the passenger industry of UK especially within the Airline sector are
tend to make use of the consistent use of the latest and improved project management tools and
software as effective practises of project and operation management that would support
improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of UK. The main
software and project management tools used by the British Airways comprises of the
SkyManager which is tend to be the one of most trusted name that is used within the aviation in
duty to support and lead out effective scheduling software that forms a vital part of project
management within airline industry. It has been also seen and analyse that the making use of the
SkyManager tool is also tend to be leads to better management of the team and the pilots are also
tend to appreciate the higher level of the intuitive as well as the web-based scheduling interface
that is supported and lead out by the SkyManager tool. Along with this, the making use of the
SkyManager within the British Airways tend to support the improved and betterment within the
overall profitability of the firm by the way of reducing accounts receivable, schedule overlap,
and waste therefore, supports an effective practise of project and operation management that
would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of UK
(Antony, 2018). It has been also seen and analsysed that the making use of the SkyManager’s
project management app by the British airways tend to support and lead out an effective color-
coded interface that tend to offers a more effective scheduling and management by the way of an
at-a-glance scheduling dashboard. Along with this, the having a consistent response team to
ensure better use and application of the updated software is vital role in ensuring improved check
and control over the project for the British Airways as the Pilots and staff can have a more
quickly review aircraft status (down for maintenance, returned, dispatched, pending dispatch).
Further, making use of the effective project management tool also supports that all the
information about the Aircraft are listed by model & designation, making it easy to review
availability along with setting and leading a more convenient setting for having new reservation
in a just a few clicks away thus leads to improved management and higher convince for the
passenger of the British Airways. SkyManager schedules both aircraft and instructors within a
single reservation, ensuring your resources are always in the right place. Further, within the
Ryan Air implication and more focus is put on having effective communication and information
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management to support effective practises of project and operation management that would
support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of UK. It has
been seen that the making effective use of the Trello software is tending to support a vital way
for Ryan air to have an improved project management as it provides a simpler card management
that helps users share documents or task updates with some or the entire team to have improved
collaboration and communication level (Saieg, and et. al, 2018). Apart from this, to ensure
higher efficiency and improved success of the project based on effective management use of the
effective information system has been also made. It has been reviewed that being in an airline
industry the project of Ryan Air comprises of identification of a few very specific things that
customers want, such as choice and transparency to ensure effective management of project by
the way of meeting their satisfaction and expectation level. Thus, the Ryan Ain tend to make use
of the effective Information technology that tend to provides the people in planning with tools to
optimize revenue thus it supports an effective practise of project and operation management that
would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of UK.
The use of updated information technology software are being made by the Ryan Air as to have
all vital information to decide on fares and schedules, and to plan everything from the
assignment of crew on board the aircraft to fleet maintenance. Thus, having proper passenger
Information along with an improved communication systems tend to allow Ryan airlines to
respond efficiently to changes and have effective practises of project and operation management
that would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger within air transportation
sector (Morgan and Sayer, 2019).
Further, as per the view point of Kamali, M., Hewage, K. and Sadiq, R., 2019, it has been
analysed that effective project management techniques are also needed and rewired within the
rail passenger transportation to ensure meeting of customers satisfaction level along with having
higher efficiency and productivity level within a project. A rail project management tend to
comprises of having effective activity and resource planning, Organizing and motivating a
project team, controlling time management, Cost estimating and developing the budget, Ensuring
customer satisfaction, Analysing and managing project risk along with Monitoring progress.
Thus, it has been analsysed and seen that having and making use of the effective matrix and
management tool for clear division of role and responsibilities is seemed most suitable and
effective practises of project and operation management that would support improved
21

achievement and efficiency of passenger within rail transportation sector of UK. It has been seen
and reviewed that the Avanti West Coast tend to have effective application and use of the matrix
and management tool in order to more clearly define the role and responsibility of all project
members (Correa and et. al, 2017). It has been analsysed that rail project tend to have issue of the
slacking co-workers and wasting time due to unclear role and responsibilities which lead end to
failure of any project along with leading lack of motivation and situation of chaos and confusion.
Therefore, use of Matrix is being made by the Avanti West Coast for having and ensuring a clear
bifurcation and communication of role and responsibility that forms effective practises of project
management that would supports improved achievement and efficiency within transportation
sector of UK through improving overall performance, increase job satisfaction, and minimize the
chances of missed tasks. Further, the Cross Country tend to make use of the risk register that
leads to better result as risk register comprises of a document that records all the identified risks,
the likelihood and consequences of a risk that tend to occur during a project. Thus, making use of
the risk register also presents the possible effective actions by the project manager and team
members of the Cross country to reduce those risks and responsible for managing them on time
that supports enhancement in success and productivity of a project which leads to improved
achievement and efficiency of passenger within rail transportation sector of UK (Gkartzonikas
and Gkritza, 2019).
Further, it has been seen that within road transportation lack of effective communication
tend to be faced as biggest issue thus, emphasising on communicate in clear and consent manner
tends to be an effective practises of project and operation management that would support
improved achievement and efficiency of passenger within road transportation sector of UK. It
has been seen that the National Express tend to believe that effective communication is the key
of success for every project and ensure improved project management thus, it ensures
maintaining an effective and consent communication by the way of regular feedback as well as
ensuring that all team members are on same page to maintain the efficiency and success level of
a project. On the other hand, the Megabus tend to emphasis and focus on the having of a more
effective tracking and managing every aspect of vehicle maintenance along with focusing on the
better fuel costing, routing and mapping together with having an improved level of
communications. Further, the Megabus tend to make use of the 7’C communication comprises of
the clear, Correct, Concise, concrete, Coherent and Courteous which tend to support higher
22

success and efficiency as it keeps conflict and confusion from bogging the project down by
ensuring that all the team members are aligned on project which leads to improved achievement
and efficiency of passenger within road transportation sector (Keeling, 2018).
Chapter 3: Research methodology
This section of the research methodology tends to provide a blueprint of the study and forms
a significant part in the overall study. In the research study, methodology section is not all about
defining the data gathering process and analysis. But, it is about the overall perspectives and
approaches of the process of research (Butler, Yigitcanlar and Paz, 2021). The research
methodology that has been used and applied within current study to meet the set objective are
provided and listed as below:
Research philosophy
The different types of philosophies which are utilised in the research study are pragmatism
research philosophy, realism philosophy, interpretivism research philosophy and positivism
philosophy. The realism research philosophy is based on such method that suits the subject
matter the most and can be used in qualitative and quantitative study. Whereas, the pragmatism
philosophy of research is based on collection of mixed data (i.e., both primary and secondary)
and can also be used in qualitative and quantitative methods. On the other hand, the
interpretevism research philosophy is related to data collection with small samples and is used in
the qualitative nature of study. Whereas, the positivism research philosophy is relying on highly
structured methodology to gather the data and information and is use in quantitative nature of
research (Wirtz, Weyerer and Geyer, 2019). In this particular study, the investigator uses
interpretivism research philosophy in which the elements of research are interpreted and it
integrates human interest into investigation. The main reason of utilising this research
philosophy in the study is that it is related to philosophical position of idealism as well as utilised
to group collectively the diverse approaches. Apart from this, main focus of interest of this
philosophy is on what is unique, deviant and specific. Moreover, it is related to subjective nature,
thus, cannot be generalized which tend to support and leads out a more effective way based in
detailed and in-depth analysis to effectively review and analysis the current topic (Gupta and
Sharma, 2018).
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Research approach
Research approach is a significant part of research methodology chapter. It is the plan for
study which include descriptive methodologies in relation to collection, analysis and
interpretation of data. The research approach supports researchers on way to come across the
findings of research outcomes. It also demonstrates the path through which they can formulate
their objectives and problems to carry out whole study. The deductive approach is associated
with testing of the validity of assumptions related to the study. When researchers apply an
inductive approach, they begin with a particular set of observations and then move towards those
particular experiences, that aid to conduct and analyses information more systematically. On
contrast, deductive approach in a research starts with a few axioms i.e. on simple true statements
regarding with way of conducting a work. The understanding of such phenomenon therefore, can
be deduced from axioms, but fails to describes how it works. The reason behind choosing
inductive approach for this study is that it is based on qualitative research study initiate with
particular set of observations and moves to the general set of proportions regarding the
experiences. The justification behind selection of inductive approach comprises of the fact that it
support more effective collection of data and lead to emergence of new theories to support and
generalise new and effective conceptualised idea in order to meet objectives of current
investigation in a viable manner (Turner, and Xue, 2018).
Research choice
This section of the research methodology tend to be associated and related with the use of
the method that determine and reflects about the entire plan and framework for the study. Thus,
the research choices within a study is tend to be usually related and associated with the
utilization of the method by the investigators in study that tend to involves and bifurcated into
the quantitative as well as the qualitative research choice. Out of these two main choices of the
research, the qualitative research of the choice is tend to be related and associated with the
method of having of the effective gathering of the non-numerical form of information on the
based and set study topic (Cullingworth, 2021). On the other hand, the making use and adoption
of the quantitative nature of the research choice is associated and related with the numerical data
collection information that is gathered through instruments as questionnaire which tend to
supports and leads to the easier to collector and analyse. Further, it has been seen and analsysed
that the apart from this the making use of the quantitative nature of research choices also tend to
24

be based on the large sample of participants and the information that can be effectively measured
in form the objectively measured in numeric form. In accordance with the nature of the current
study, making use and having the examination of concept of project and operation management
along with determining its need and best practices within the passenger transportation sector.
Further, the use of the qualitative nature of study also tend to supports in-depth and detailed
discussion about the crucial role is being played by project and operation management best
practices in enhancing the success and productivity level of the passenger transportation sector of
UK. Along with this, the main reason behind making use and choosing this research choice is
that qualitative data is grounded in interpretetivist and subjective perspective and is a rich data
which leads to better be review of the effective practises of project and operation management
that would support improved achievement and efficiency of passenger transportation sector of
UK (Marsden and Ryan, 2019).
Research strategy
this forms out a vital part of a research methodology section of the dissertation that focus on
stating and leading out a sequential plan that tend to render a proper and more efficient direction
for action and thoughts of the researcher. Along with this, research strategy tend to forms out a
vital and important part of research methodology that allow a researcher to effectively conduct a
study in a more systematic and practical manner by the way of stating and leading out proper
time frame. Beside this, research strategy tend to comprises of the important section of every
research as it tend to assist the investigator to effectively identify and select the most vital and
appropriate set of strategy that helps and supports more effective collection of the data. The set
of different research strategy that are being commonly used and applied by the researcher
comprises of making use of the action oriented based research, action research, applying
systematic literature review based on articles, quantitative form of survey, qualitative interview,
case study research, observation etc (Crosby and Bryson, 2018). It has been seen that the
application of the case study research strategy tend to ensure and focuses on a more in-depth and
detailed way of study based on analysis of a particular case for which data is being collected
from different sources. Further, the interview as a research strategy tend to comprises of the
collection of the rich information by the investigator with the help of a two way communication
that tend to be complex and time consuming in nature. On the other hand, application of the
survey strategy comprises of collection of data by the help of questionnaire that supports a cost
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and time efficient way for data collection but used only for primary sources. The current study,
tend to focus on collection and review of the secondary sources of information only. Thus,
making use of case study is seemed most vital and suitable research strategy for the current
study. The case study method of the research strategy tend of comprises of an intensive form the
study about a specific set of person, organisation or a group of people or a unit that tend to be
aimed at leading out a better generalize over several. Beside this, a case study can also be
described and understood as an intensive as well as a systematic form of investigation of a single
individual, group, community or some other unit that is effectively examined by a researcher in
order to get a better glimpse and understanding about the set research objective. Further, the key
benefits and advantages supported by the use of case study as research strategy tend to comprises
of the leading out an intensive form of study to systematic analyses and evaluate the set research
objective (Anderhofstadt and Spinler, 2019). Further, case study supports a less complex and
more efficient and effective way of data collection and analysis as no sampling is needed and
required and supports a continuous analysis for better meeting of objective. Thus, within current
study application of case study research strategy has been made that is based on analysis and
comparison of 6 companies comparing of, two each from Air (British Airways vs Ryan Air),
Rail (Avanti West Coast vs Cross Country) and Road (National Express vs Megabus) would be
compared from the passenger transportation sector of the UK.
Data collection and analysis
This section of the research methodology is associated and related with the systematic
process of the gathering as well as measuring the set of information and variables related with a
pre –defined and specified research topic which are used by a researcher to effectively test and
evaluate the set objectives. There are two main sources from where data is being collected and
gathered by a researcher comprises of the primary sources of data collection and the other one is
secondary source of data collection. The primary source of the data collection tends to comprises
of the original set of the data sources that reflects the one in which data is being to be collected
by the researcher for the first time and collected as the first hand data that is been collected by
investigator by making win efforts for a specific set of research purpose and project (Antony,
2018). Thus, the data collected from the primary sources tend to be fresh and more authentic in
nature along with leading higher level of the authenticity together with supporting the specific
existence, and up-to-date data which tend to be some common benefits of primary data. Further,
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the collection and making use of the primary data enhanced the reliability and authenticity of the
research work as it is free from biasness of other investigator and tend to be very accurate in
nature as it has been objectively and explicitly obtained by the researcher from the original
sources. But the fact that collection of data from primary sources is more expensive in nature and
also tend to require more time and resources for gathering of data are the main limitation of the
primary sources of data collection. Thus, within respect to current study based on the analyse
project and operation management strategy of the passenger transportation sector of UK
collection of data has been made only from the secondary sources. It has been seen that the use
of the secondary sources of data collection tend to be more appropriate and suitable for current
study as it is more easy to access and also supports low cost and time saving. Beside this,
application and use of the secondary source tend to leads to improved base and a better
framework for effectively understanding and getting a better glimpse of the set objective. Use
and application of the systematic literature review is being made within current study to have a
better and more effective analysis and review of the secondary sources of the information.
Systematic literature review tends to comprises of the review and analysis of the pre exiting set
of information that is available from the online article and journals. Further, current study
comprises of the use of case study analysis for having effective analysis and understanding of set
research topic (Saieg, and et. al, 2018). Collection of the secondary information would be made
from the reports, articles, journals, books and other online sources of the selected six companies,
two each from Air (British Airways vs Ryan Air), Rail (Avanti West Coast vs Cross Country)
and Road(National Express vs Megabus) that would be compared from the passenger
transportation sector of the UK to have better understanding and meeting of the set objectives.
Ethical consideration
Ethical consideration within a research project tend to comprises of the meeting of all the set
collection of principles and values that must need to be followed by a researcher and investigator
while leading out any study. The main aim of setting and meeting the ethical considerations tend
to comprises of the fact that it makes sure that no-one acts in such a way that is harmful to
society or an individual. Along with this, it also refrains the researcher from leading any harm
and misconduct towards the people and organizations who are somehow indulging in vicious
conduct (Morgan and Sayer, 2019).
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The current study tends to be based only on the secondary data thus, no direct involvement
of human participants is made. But still, it is vital and important for the researcher to meet and
follow the set ethical consideration in order to maintain the authenticity and reliability of the
analysed and reviewed facts. It has been ensured during current study that review of data would
only made from the authentic sites and article that tend to have appropriate copyrights and
reliable set of information. Further, use of only recent and up to date articles, journals and case
study are made within current study to mitigate the issue of obsolesce of fact along with
reviewing latest information to reach a much more authentic and reliable set of research
outcome.
Chapter 4: Data analysis and interpretation
A Case Study on “British Airways vs Ryan Airways”
British Airways is one of the recognised and leading aviation company which us located
in United Kingdom. It is second largest UK based aviation brand due to their fleet size and
passengers carried. The aviation company generally include domestic and global airline cargo
and also flies to more than 400 destination worldwide. British Airways mainly operates extensive
international scheduled airline route networks with its code share, franchise partners and joint
business agreement. The brand involved in number of operation activity in order to fulfil the
need and expectation of customers (Graham, 2016). Operation activity of British Airways
mainly categorise into speed, cost, dependability and quality. In airline industry, operation
management team focuses on number of process and strategy in order to increase their
dependability in long run and short run. They are also involved in design, management and
improves the system and process within workplace. Operation management team of British
Airways implements different information technology tools in order to increase efficiency and
overall dependability of organisation. One of the factor of essence in airline industry is speed. In
order to increase the speed of flights they generally focus on integrated circuits. The brand has
also introduced 'Know-Me' program in which cabin crew of staff of British Airways can find the
photographs of passengers on board in specific flight. For developing strong brand loyalty, the
airline company operates number of operations which helps in enhancing the overall quality of
company. In order to maintain and improve the high quality services of British Airways,
operation management team generally maintain high qualified and skilled personnel. The brand
also provide training and development opportunity to their staff for improving their skills and
28

knowledge so that they can meet the need and requirement of customers (Cozmuta, 2021).
British Airways also implemented IT graduate apprentice program for improving the technical IT
knowledge and skills of employees. They also organise new skills strategy program in order to
enhance personal development skills of employees. British Airways face various cost
uncertainties which arises due to fluctuating oil prices, economic uncertainties and reduced price
from rival companies. These challenges creates a huge impact on the profitability and growth of
business. The brand also use optimised fuel system so that they can use the fuel in effective and
efficient manner. Operation activity of British Airways generally aims in improving its speed,
cost, quality and dependability. The strategic objective of British Airways is to fulfil the needs
and expectation of its target market in order to maximise the profit.
Operation management team of British Airways ensure that they offer better experience
to customers as it can influence the productivity and performance of business. It is important for
the company to satisfy the customer so that they can become loyal towards the brand and helps
in increasing the profitability and efficiency of airline industry (Karami, 2017). Customers
generally gets influenced through delays in services which mainly include airport events, airport
staffing, airport disruption, airport capacity and airport weather. In airline industry, punctuality
plays a vital role as it can create a great impact on the performance of business.
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From the above graph, it is being identified that delay in airline generally occurs through
airport events, airport staffing, airport disruption, airport capacity and airport weather. Due to
airport events, the flight of British airways generally get delayed with 0.1 % whereas through
airport staffing the flight get delayed with 0.2%. It is being determined that Airport disruption
generally affect the flights with 0.$ % chances whereas airport capacity mainly influence 3.0%
chances. Airport weather also create a great impact on the performance of flight by chances of
17.9%.
They mainly target premium class people who can afford the airline to travel. The brand
also deliver different or unique services to its customer in order to enhance its presence across
world. British Airways also include multifunctional system in which they focus on regulating the
research, design and engineering process which are critical in production, development and
improvement of products and services. For reaching to potential customer, British Airways
generally focus on two effective distribution channels (Klaas and Klein, 2017). They use
distribution channel where they interact with clients directly by booking their flights from
reservation system of British Airways. One of the benefit through this distribution channel is that
company have direct control over entire reservation process. It also helps in reducing distribution
cost due to which company they can use third party institutions such as travel agencies.
Stakeholders of British Airways also plays an important role in the process of operation
management. They generally have direct or indirect participation in the decision making process
of British Airways. In order to solve the issues related to long queue, company engaged in IBM
global business services so that they can solve the issues during check-ins. The business strategy
of British Airways is to focus on service differentiation by replacing and refurbishing 99% of
wide-body aircraft and improve in-flight entertainment in-seat power and the roll-out of on-board
WIFI. British Airways also invest in latest technology in order to gain competitive advantage and
provide personalised and seamless experience to users (Alamdari and Fagan, 2017). The brand
generally promote their services through TV advertisements, newspapers, magazines and
billboards. They promote the brand with sophistication and classy message which highlight
about the services. British Airways also have its own website where people can book their tickets
and avail various information related to the company and its services. Company also sponsor
sporting, cultural and charitable events across the globe. They have also introduced new ticketing
process in order to reduce the time while booking tickets. Airline industry launched British
30

Airways Holiday which generally offers holiday packages according to the need and expectation
of customer. British Airways provide tickets for different classes such as business, economy and
premium economy. The price of the ticket mainly depend on the destination and affordability of
people.
Ryanair Airways is one of the low cost career which was founded in 1984 and
headquartered in Ireland. The brand focus on cost leadership strategy by offering services at low
cots. This strategy helps in attracting more and more customers towards the company and also
increases customer base. The objective of Ryanair is to become leading brand in Europe by
offering low-fare services to their passengers (Cui, 2019). Cost leadership strategy of Ryanair
generally depends on various factors. The airline industry in 1978 gets de-regularised due to
which the government intervention in European market gets removed. The new rules, regulation
and fare decision are made by individual airlines so that they can compete on various factors
including cabin crew, frequency and food. Due to deregulation, the competition in airline
companies are increasing which results in decrease in price. The operation management strategy
of Ryanair is to offer low cost services to people so that they can attract maximum customer and
increase its profitability (Morlotti and et. al., 2020). Ryanair frame this strategy in order to
stimulate demand and attract fare-conscious travellers. The brand implements penetration pricing
strategy due to which they earn more revenue and keep their sale cost to minimum cost. Other
strategy of Ryanair is to deliver best customer services in airline industry by focusing on
punctuality, fewer cancellation and fewer lost bags. The operation strategy of Ryanair is to keep
the organisation in better position so that they can meet market demands while generating
revenue. Ryanair generally aims to maintain its cost effectiveness strategy in order to focus on
operation strategy by considering aircraft equipment cost (Barrett, 2016).
The operation strategy of Ryanair determines how company will deploy their resources
and policies in order to operate business. In order to keep their fares low, organisation operates
no frills service onboard aircraft which include ticket-less boarding, one class of travel, to refund
policy, unallocated seats and basic seats. It generally helps to reduce the cost of Ryanair. In
airline industry, the logistic department frame the strategy in order to deal with flow of products
into and out of brand. For becoming the low cost leader, company strives to undercut all its rivals
by offering low income per fare and also it requires maximum utilisation of its resources
(Rotondo, Corsi and Giovanelli, 2019). The cost leadership strategy of Ryanair mainly depends
31

on price of oil due to which they can cut the cost by offering low fares. The low price of Ryanair
mainly helps in improving growth, capturing market and maintaining high load factors from high
cost fuel surcharging competitors. In order to attract maximum number of people towards the
brand, it is necessary for Ryanair to meet the needs and requirements of customer rather then
only focusing on price. Customers generally get attracted by low cost airline company butt they
also expect high quality of services that makes them satisfied while travelling. For satisfying
customer, it is essential for company to provide training and development opportunity to staff in
order to enhance their skills and knowledge so that they can compete in market for long run and
stay ahead in competition. The company also focus on reducing high turnover rate of staff within
workplace as it can create a negative impact on the reputation of business. For reducing the
turnover rate of employees, Ryanair focuses on fulfilling the need and demand of employees and
also offer them remuneration package according to their performance (Ahmed and et. al., 2019).
Ryanair continues to deliver low cost services to its customer so that they can reduce the cost gap
and compete with its competitors in effective and efficient way.
It is being identified from the above information that British airways generally focus on
differentiation strategy whereas Ryanair mainly focus on cost leadership strategy. Both the
airline industry have different strategy in order to attract more and more passengers towards the
brand. The strategy of British Airways is to become one of the leading global premium airline
company whereas Ryanair strategy is to become low fare scheduled passenger airline in
European market. Both airline industry is reaching to implement these strategies in successful
manner by focusing on operating cost and techniques so that companies can gain competitive
advantage in market. The customer base of Ryanair doesn't exist customer loyalty but they have
higher rate of growth. Ryanair is known for radical no-frills airline company due to which they
attract potential price sensitive customers. British Airways mainly offers frill-loaded experience
to its customer by charging more from passengers and in return they don't need to worry about
anything. The brand targets premium class people, businessmen and frequent high-profile
travellers whereas Ryanair targets students, low income couples and backpackers. Ryanair and
British Airways implements different techniques in order to offer value to its customers. British
Airways operates their business worldwide due to which they have to invest more and in return
they get access to new market and wide variety of customer which helps in increasing the
profitability and growth of business. In order to attract customer, Ryanair use different technique
32

they cut in operating cost due to which they save massive amounts of money. The brand also
serves variety of routes and destination which helps in increasing their market share and also
sustain in market for long run. British airways announced online strategy so that customer can
book online tickets easily whereas Ryanair also provide opportunity to customer to book their
tickets online so that they can save the time of people and also increase their customer base. The
main competitive strategy of Ryanair is cost leadership strategy whereas British Airways focuses
on differentiation strategy. These strategies helps both airline company to compete in market and
create their strong presence. The main motive of British Airways is to offer wide variety of
services to its passenger so that thy become loyal towards the brand and increase the profitability
of business (O’Neill, 2018). Ryanair offer low cost services to its consumers without adding any
extra benefits. The main aim of Ryanair is to attract medium or low class people so that they can
easily travel with airline without choosing any alternative mode.
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Case Study on Rail “Avanti West Coast Vs Cross Country”
Avanti west coast: Avanti west coast is a train company that operates their business in
United Kingdom. The company is a partnership firm where 70 percent of the shares are of First
group and rest 30 percent is owned by Trenitalia. On 8 December 2019 they start they
partnership franchise with West coast. The managing director of this train service is Phil
Whittingham. The rail uses Virgin train to transport passengers. The geographical reason that
they served is Great London, South east England, West Midlands, Scotland and many more. The
Avanti west coast operated their rail in more than sixteen stations. The fastest speed at which the
train of this cost runs is at the speed of 125mph. the route of the train is from London to Glasgow
and Edinburgh. In last year the Avanti West coast has transported approx. 2.2 billion passengers
in different part of country. The employees that are working in it is around 1,00,000 (Font and et.
al., 2020). In fact, the coast also advertises a song while running and they play a song that is
Badala Zamana. The Avanti west coast also uses Pendolino and Pendolino they use is of Class
390 with many electric units on their trunk routes. The operational management strategy of the
company focuses on long term growth and providing better customer services so that they can be
at number one position in rail industry. The company main focus is on providing effective
quality class service so that people does not feel uncomfortable will travelling with the Avanti
west coast. Company also try to deliver those unique and innovative service which help them to
make their presence all over the world. There are providing amenities in which all their trains are
equipped by air conditioning so that travellers do not feel suffocated. They are providing on seat
food order services in the train so that the passengers can get the tucks while moving from one
location to another. On set order means that the people can demand for food and drinks while
sitting on their seat comfortable (Pipe and Marshall, 2020). Another operational strategy is
providing at discount of twenty percent when they are pre ordering their foods and drinks while
confirming their ticket prior to the travelling. They also give the service of using Wi-Fi and
watch or scroll whatever they want for long distance travelling. One of the best operational
management service that are adopted by them is Avanti media. By using this the passengers can
choose multiple entertaining channels like movies, cartoon. Discovery, news and even they can
play games. This try to adopt those strategies which can be acquired by all the age group and
they can feel happy while using this rail service. The main reason for this strategy is also to
increase their brand image and grab more loyal customers towards their organisations. The
1

company also ensure of reliability so for this they properly analysis their operational
management strategy so that if any deviation occur than they can improve them and uses to gain
competitive advantage out of it. The brand is dealing in passenger sector so their main focus is
on providing best logistic services to their travellers in effective and efficient manner. This
adopted the strategy of Logistic management practices, this help them to attract more buyers
toward their service and improve their business performance than that of their competitors.
Avanti west coast has mainly focus on their operational activities like speed, cost and quality.
Their team vitally focused on increasing their dependability so that they can run their business
operations for both long and short time periods (Banerjee, Hempel and Sharif, 2016).
The basic objectives of Avanti west coast are to satisfy the needs and wants of their
passengers and to maximise their market profit by attracting the target market customers. It is
very important for every business to fulfil their customer wants and satisfy them most so that
they can gain more loyalty and trust of the buyers. In railway industry punctuality also plays a
very important role and help the company to Create a positive image and influence a better
performance. Avanti also try to target the premium class customer so that their revenue will
enhance and they can use it in diversify activities. In the recent time the company has adopted a
very innovative operational strategy that is go green. In this they are protecting the environment
and energy by reducing the carbon footprints that are leave by them. They are trying to provide
an environmental friendly surrounding and positive atmosphere to their customers. The company
uses the carbon calculator to measures the carbon rate throughout the journey. So that they can
compare how much carbon they can save so that it can be used in future. LED light and
upgrading boiler system is also used by the train to save the energy (Cotter, 2018).
Cross Country: This is the another train operating company which operates their
business operation in United Kingdom. The company is owned by Arriva UK trains. The rail
travel intercity and other long distance travelling but does not operate their business in Greater
London. The longest travelling distance of the rail is from Aberdeen in the north-east of Scotland
to Penzance in western Cornwall, time taken by the train in 13 hours to reach their destination.
From year 2007 to 2023 the company has signed an agreement of franchise with New cross
country. The routes that are being covered by them are West Midlands, East Midlands, South
West, Yorkshire and the Humber, and North East. Cross country covered 120 station. It is one of
the transcontinental railroad and is a contiguous railroad trackage. The rail road has so many
2

different terminals in various continental borders (Wang and et. al., 2020). The speed at which
the train operates is 200km/h that is maximum to 160 km/h. Cross country only uses the train
which run by diesel because most of the route they covered has not covered with electricity.
There are so many types of seats that they offer like first class, second class and many more. The
train are formed in such a way that they can provide Four to five coaches. The rail transport cross
country has low price as compared to other because they travel in long routes. But the main focus
of the company is adopting the cost leadership strategy than their competitors who run in
different continental so that they can attract more customer towards their services. The vital
operational management strategy of the company is to become leading rail brand in UK with low
fare service. The approaches that are adopted by the company is based on the customer need and
wants so that they can satisfy their buyers and provide then the world class services and
amenities.
The amenities like bike storage, wheel chair space, toilets, Wi-Fi (Yang and et. al., 2021).
One of the most effective quality service they implement is to be unreserved coach to those
customers whose ticket is not confirmed. One of the most powerful operational management
strategy that is designed by the brand is sustainability approach. In this brand try to use their
resources in such a way that they can be used by the future generation in more effective and
efficient manner. Scarcity of resources are kept in mind while transporting the passenger in
different location. Many of the promotional activities are also used by the organisation to
increase their brand image and aware the buyers about the services they provide so that they can
gain more market share and can achieved their long term vision of becoming one of the leading
rail transport. They also adopt the strategy of transparency for making an effective
communication (Shao and et. al., 2018). Through this they are providing all the necessary
information to the customer that they need to be possess. Honest communication is their vital
strategy to manage their different stakeholder and for smooth running of the business operations.
Cross country rail also takes feedbacks from the passengers’ o that they can evaluate their
service and get to know the areas where they need any upgradation and improvement. Passengers
experience is one of their motive for their effective functioning. They are working with
ISO14001 & ISO 50001 so that they can recognised their brand as an environment friendly
service provider. Cross country frames this strategy in order to stimulate their demand and can
increase their sale and revenue with the time (Jackson, 2018).
3

Case study of project and operation management strategy
National Express:
National express is a well-known public transport operator that works at international
level. For this purpose, they own and lease the buses, trains and coaches which are used in order
to deliver the transportation facilities at regional, national as well as international level. For this
purpose, all the vehicles ate maintain as per the global standards. At national express, they share
the belief related to driving modal shift from cars to high quality is fundamental for safe, green
and prosper future. It is considered that public transport bus is crucial to maintain the social
mobility and highly imperative for the economic recovery by providing necessary access to
leisure, education and retail. For this purpose, the company ensures to drive growth through
delivering transportation solutions efficiently than the competitors (What we do, 2021). In this
context, the company maintain consistent processes globally which makes them enable to rapidly
implement and scale up the changes. In addition, there are opportunities to drive changes by
implementing the operational blue print significantly. In addition, they turn round under the
invested operations and also adopt modernise techniques. Apart from this, the company is
improving the services by implementation of digital processes. For this purpose, the organization
is implementing data driven techniques to driving efficiency in order to track real time
performance and journey in an efficient manner. Here, the implementation of safety technology
minimizes the costs of claims. These all activities allow the company to improve their
operational practices so that they can meet with the requirements of the passengers in an efficient
manner (Our Strategy, 2021).
4

(Figure: Strategy of national express group, 2021)
The above diagram is shows the evolution of the company in terms of different aspects
such as digital platform, environmental factors, strong financial returns and more. It is analyzed
that the main purpose of the company is to lead the modal shift from cars to mass transit. In
addition, the vision of entity is to become the leading mobility operator at global level. In order
to attain pre-defined goals, the organization is adopting several crucial practices in terms of
multi-modal expansion, consolidated and compound, operational transformation, filling the
transit gap, reinvigorate the public transport and more. Through the diagram, it is monitored that
the performance of the organization has improved in terms of safety, finances, resilience and
more. Additionally, national express also have the highly satisfies customer base which is
imperative for the future growth & success of the respective business entity.
In national express group of companies offer transportation facilities through bus, trains
and more. It is the leading transportation service provider in UK, north America, north Africa
and middle east. Through the projects of the company, they have been managed nearly 939
millions annual passenger journey at global level. In order to sustain in the passenger
transportation, the organization is working on providing values to the customers in terms of
quality, safety and more. Due to efficient project management, the company is able to earn high
revenue through various contracts with school boards and the corporate customers as well. Here,
5

the effective project management allows the entity in order to manage positive relationship with
different partners so that they can succeed within the respective sector. As a result, the revenue
of the entity is also growing rapidly that is either generated on per mile/kilometre basis or the
route travelled. The 40% revenue of the company is generated by the sale of tickets to the
passengers. For this purpose, the entity adopts a particular revenue management system which
make them enable to understand the behaviour of passengers appropriately. By this way, the
organization is enable to drive huge revenue by using differential pricing which is based on the
time of journey, buying channels, type of tickets etc. In this regard, the company is working on
different projects. Also, they have been made an app through which the customers can easily get
the product based on their requirement at the affordable price (Business model, 2021). The
project management of the company is efficient and make it enable to sustain in the competitive
environment in an efficient manner.
Megabus:
Megabus is the leading and value driven coach operator of England. The main aim of the
company is to make the travel simple and easy for the customers. It offers smart and greener
travel services at affordable price. In addition to this, they are charging affordable price to the
customers. The company is based on link of nearly 90 locations and offers higher quality
travelling services in the country through modern coaches, carries and more. There are nearly 4
million passengers travel by using the services of megabus. Apart from the bus services, they
also offer rail services which link London with several locations like England, Wales, Scotland.
The operation management of megabus is really efficient which enable them in offering
integrated and fast services to the passengers between Yorkshire and London. By having one-
ticket, the customers can easily travel by comfortable coach that is connecting by high –quality
train in an efficient manner (About Us, 2021). Through, effective operation management,
megabus ensures that the customer can enjoy a comfortable and safe journey. Hence, the
company has been updated its fleet of coaches by including extra touches that will make the
overall journey more smoother and efficient.
6

(Figure: Megabus Revenue UK andNnorth America)
Through, the above-graph, it is analyzed that the revenue of megabus has increased
tremendously. In 2003-04, the company was earning 10 million Euro’s which increased in the
upcoming years. It is due to the effective operation management. Here, the company earned
potential amount of profit over the period of time. The increasing revenue graph is showing the
growth of the entity over the period of time. As a result, the company earned the highest profit
nearly 65 million in 2010-11. It is monitored that megabus is able to earn higher amount of
revenue and profit due to the effective operations management in the company.
Megabus is one of the renowned passenger transportation companies of UK. It offers the
transportation facilities to the people at affordable price. For this purpose, the company is
running several projects so that they can efficiently work in the field of passenger transportation
in UK. For this purpose, the company is also entering into partnership with Bristol based family
bus and coca company. Through this project, the company will get success and able to serve
nearly 25 million passengers globally. Bristol is one of the smartest cities of UK with a focus on
air quality, traffic flows and more. The country is looking forward to enhance the employment
opportunities and attaining the growth of 20% in the young population within upcoming five
years. This project will help the to improve the connectivity for the city and will enhance the
7

aspirations of region through economic growth. By this project, it is possible for the people to
visit across the city for the purpose of shopping and more. Through this project, it is possible for
the country to become more efficient in order to provide better and effective services to the
customers (Britain’s biggest bus and coach operator expanding in Bristol, 2021). Hence, the
project management of the company is efficient which makes the company enable to provide the
best possible assistance and support to the passengers in an efficient manner. The effective
abilities of managing the project makes the organization enable to provide the best possible
experience to the passengers who are travelling through the bus.
National express group and megabus both are the well-known companies of road
transportation of UK. They offer transportation facilities to ample of people across the country.
In UK, both the names are renowned and use by the customers for daily travel. From the above-
mentioned information, it is analyzed that national express group is better than megabus in terms
of operations and project management. The company has large portfolio of vechicles. They have
their own buses, trains and coaches through which they are likely to offer services to the
passengers. They also take care of maintenance and repairing of the vechicles so that the
passengers can travel comfortably. Apart from this, they ensure to provide quality travel facilty to
the people in order to improve their satisfaction level in an efficient manner. Digital revolution of
the organization is also helpful in maintaining the effective operation management. Apart from
this, the entity also contributes towards the environment sustainability which makes them an
environmental friendly company. A group of efficient and well-qualified people is associate with
the organization which assists the entity in maintaining the operations and project management
efficiency Project management of the national express group is remarkable which makes the
entity enable to contribute towards the success and growth of the national economy in an
efficient manner. Here, the effective operations and project management will make the company
enable to fulfill the requirements of passenger. Further, they can also grow in the field of
passenger transportation by implementing the operations and project management techniques
and tools in the business in an appropriate way.
8

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
On the basis of current project, a conclusion can be made out that the, transportation
industry within UK is tend to be associated with the organisation that are effectively involved in
making effective movement of the people from one place to another by the means of air, road,
rail, etc. Further, it has been summarised that project and operation management are vital
concept from which the operation management tend to deals with effective approaching an easy
that involved in day-to-day as well as strategic business issues in a more systematically and
effective manner. While, it has been concluded that the concept of the Project management tend
to be deals with planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources to achieve specific
goals. Along with this, based on the findings of the current study, project management is mainly
the application of methods, process, knowledge, skills and experience in order to fulfil particular
project objectives as per the criteria or agreed parameters. Beside this, it has been also observed
that the managing project and operations within passenger transport sector is tend to be
responsible of the leadership and management of team in order to support in various activities
such as scheduling, technical requirement, direct labour and expenses, technical sub consultants
etc. to ensure and lead to efficient management of project in this sector fulfilment of overall
goals and objective can be assured. Further, it has been also seen and analsysed that the within
the passenger transportation sector the project managers tend to oversee the planning and
execution of a project which tend to help and ensure that the overall goals and its subsequent
tasks and milestones are properly achieved by a project by the way of all align with the
organization's strategy.
Further, based on the current study it has been also seen and summarised that the within
the transportation industry, it has been find out seen that the Project Management is needed and
vital as it provides an effective discipline to plan, organize, motivate, and control the resources to
achieve specific project goals. Along with this, it has been also concluded that the it is important
and vital for the different organisation for effectively considering and adopting the right use of
the techniques for more properly managing its operations in order to have an improvement
within the overall practices of organisation as well as leading a more and better accomplishing
desired goals. Beside this, the findings of the current study also supported that operation
management deals with the approaches of correctly managing day to day activities of business in
9

order to systematically performing organisational practices thus, it beings a higher efficiency and
effectiveness along with support success of a project along with Dissecting work that is
undertakings to support tasks supervisor plays out every day. Further, it has been also
summarized and concluded based on the findings of current study that it tends to be pivotal for
all business for appropriately dealing with their everyday exercises and proficient utilization of
every one of its assets which helps in raising productivity along with leading and positive impact
over capability of organisation to effectively meet and attain the desired goals in improved
manner.
Along with this, based on current study a summarisation about the role of project and
operation management best practices in enhancing the success and productivity level of the
passenger transportation sector of UK has been also made to effectively meet and achieve the set
objective. It has been concluded based on the findings of current study that successful and
effectively undertaking of the project management rehearses along with leading out an effective
exhibition can lead to much more better, quicker, and more proficient to ensure effective project
managers plan by the way of effectively coordinating and oversee all the assets to augment the
productivity and proficiency of the project.
Recommendation
There are different recommendations that will assist passenger transportation sector of UK to
enhance and improve its practices. These recommendations need to be consider by the
organisations which is conducting its practices in transportation sector in order to enhance and
increase its practices. It has been determined that passenger transportation sector of UK is very
vast and it includes several companies that is performing its practices in airline industry, railways
and roadways industry. The use of right tools and techniques is necessary for the success of
industry. It is important to carry on resea5rch om regular basis and identify the areas of
improvement and work on them. There are different types of well known company which is
performing its practices in proper and accurate manner in order to attain desired goals. It has
become imperative and significant inside the passenger transportation sector of UK that it should
apply and utilize a few more compelling acts of project and operation management that would
uphold further developed accomplishment and proficiency of passenger transportation sector of
UK. Passenger operations inside the transportation industry of the UK will more often than
10

exclude the viable baggage handling just as driving and guaranteeing an appropriate approach to
labelling for the persuade of the passenger. Further, the principle need of the operation
management inside a passenger change industry inside airline industry tend to comprises of the
having of an appropriate terminal operations that will more often than not involve and
incorporates of the legitimate resource allotment alongside opportune staff management. It has
been determined that passenger transportation sector of UK is conducting its practices with the
motive of providing high quality products and services in order to significantly meet with the
requirements of customers. Different recommendations are mention below in detail –
 New and advance technology – It has been analysed that there are different strong and
new technology that is helpful for enhancing and improving business practices. It has
been determined that through the support of new and advance technology companies
dealing in transportation sector will be able to carry out its practices in accurate manner.
The utilization of refreshed data technology software are being made by the Ryan Air as
to have all imperative data to settle on tolls and plans, and to design everything from the
task of crew on board the airplane to armada support. Consequently, having appropriate
passenger Information alongside a better communication framework will quite often
permit Ryan airlines to react productively to changes and have viable acts of project and
operation management that would uphold further developed accomplishment and
proficiency of passenger inside air transportation sector. Through this it has been
determined that new technology play significant role in order to improve and enhance
business practices. This is significant for providing support and assistance to passenger
transportation sector to successfully and effectively conducting its business practices.
through advance technology companies dealing in this sector will be able to carry out its
operational practices in proper manner as well as meet with desired goals.
 Effective communication – It has been determined that communication is the key of
successfully business operations and it will assist in improving organisational practices. it
is crucial that companies dealing in passenger transportation sector is considering
effective way of communication with the motive of providing right and accurate
information. It is viable communication is the key of progress for each project and
guarantee further developed project management in this manner, it guarantees keeping a
compelling and assent communication by the method of ordinary criticism just as
11

guaranteeing that all colleagues are on same page to keep up with the proficiency and
achievement level of a project. utilize the 7'C communication contains the clear, Correct,
Concise, concrete, coherent and Courteous which will quite often uphold higher
achievement and effectiveness as it holds struggle and disarray back from stalling the
project by guaranteeing that all the colleagues are adjusted on project which prompts
further developed accomplishment and proficiency of passenger inside street
transportation sector. It has been recommended that organisations of passenger
transportation sector of UK market area are considering accurate communication process
and approaches as this will help in transferring right message to other. Through this
recommendations organisation will be able to deal with different issues and problems
along with this help in improving organisational practices. There is need to use proper
communication at each and every stage so that success can be attained.
 Right operational tool and technique – It is recommended to the companies dealing in
passenger transportation sector to consider effective and accurate tools for successfully
managing business operations. It has been additionally determined and analysed that the
utilizing the SkyManager's project management application by the British aviation routes
will generally support and lead out a powerful shading coded interface that tend to offers
a more viable planning and management by the method of an initially booking dashboard.
Through the support of proper project management tools or Software company will be
able to successfully deal with the different issues associated with business as well as
improving business practices. Alongside this, the having a predictable reaction group to
guarantee better use and utilization of the refreshed software is imperative job in
guaranteeing further developed check and command over the project for the British
Airways as the Pilots and staff can have an all the more rapidly audit airplane status. It
has been additionally seen and investigate that the utilizing the SkyManager instrument is
likewise will generally be prompts better management of the group and the pilots are
additionally will quite often like the more elevated level of the natural just as the
electronic planning point of interaction that is upheld and lead out by the SkyManager
apparatus. Alongside this, the utilizing the SkyManager inside the British Airways will
quite often uphold the improved and advancement inside the general productivity of the
firm by the approach to decreasing records receivable, plan cross-over, and squander
12

subsequently, upholds a successful act of project and operation management that would
uphold further developed accomplishment and effectiveness of passenger transportation
sector of UK. Project and operational tools are recommended to organisation as this will
lead to provide accurate assistance and help to business for effectively and efficiently
conducting business operations. By following all these strategies, the business
organisations will be able to attain success. It will help them to work with all the
resources and skills to attain success of transportation industry.
Reflection
I am thankful that I am being given the opportunity to conduct this research. I am able to
enhance my skills and knowledge after doing this research report successfully. It is necessary for
an individual to first of all identify a good topic to conduct the research. I am also taken the topic
of my interest that is related to operations and project management in transportation industry.
There is requirement of walking by managing time so that the goals and objectives can be attend
properly. There is need of understanding the topic in an effective manner and conducting
research with the use of authenticated source. I have analysed various strategies that help and
support in managing the transportation industry. It is seen that I was bad at research skills before
doing this research. But after I have completed this research I am able to you carry on this earth
in an effective manner. It is help me to analyse the data in an effective manner so that the
conclusion can be drawn. I have understood that by communicating effectively and taking help
of peers the research can be conducted properly. Interaction is required as it facilitates and
supports in completing the overall goals of the research. After conducting the research, I am able
to know about the research methodology and its importance in research. It is one of the important
topics that is being discussed in the research report. I am also able to work on my time
management skills by completing all the chapters on time. It is seen that if the task is not
completed within time then the next step will not be achieved. It is necessary to know about it
and every step in advance and form a schedule that can be followed to achieve success. there are
certain problems that were faced at the time of research report that is lack of money and time. It
is important to work according to the available resources and time so that the success can be
achieved.
13

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What we do, 2021. .[Online]. Available through:< https://www.nationalexpressgroup.com/about-
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Britain’s biggest bus and coach operator expanding in Bristol.[Online].Available through:<
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expanding-in-bristol2/>
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