Promoting Demolition Waste in Construction Industry in India

This research report focuses on promoting the usage of demolition waste in the construction industry in India, addressing the growing concern of construction and demolition (C&D) waste generation and its impact on environmental sustainability. The study investigates the current waste management practices, the potential sources of solid waste, and the existing systems for C&D waste management in India. It explores the environmental impacts of different waste management methods, including recycling, and aims to determine the most effective strategies for reducing waste. The report includes a literature review of C&D waste management, a discussion of the research methodology, and a case study of a construction and demolition waste management project in Ahmedabad. The findings analyze the effectiveness of material flow analysis in estimating waste amounts and composition, evaluates the market capacity for recycling C&D materials, compares the environmental impacts of various management methods, and determines the amount of concrete debris generated. Ultimately, the report offers conclusions, recommendations, and academic contributions to promote sustainable construction practices and reduce environmental impact in the Indian construction industry.

PROMOTING THE USAGE OF DEMOLITION WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY IN INDIA
By Name
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Instructor
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Date

ABSTRACT
In order to achieve the environmental and sustainable goals in the building and construction
industries, the waste generation from the Construction and Demolition(C&D) as well as their
handlings has been the focus. Considering that the construction company in India has been
growing, it will be proper to link this kind of the growth to the waste generation from the C&D.
In case the measures to handle and minimize C&D wastes are not efficiently and properly
developed, it will definitely pose a threat to the environment. This will impact the sustainability
movement in the construction industry in India as well This particular paper provide the
mechanisms which have been fronted to assist in the promotion of usage of the demolition
wastes in the construction industry in India.
Key Words: Recycling, Construction and Demolition Wastes, Demolition, Sustainable
Construction.

List of Tables
Table 1: ……………………………..Table showing the total amount of wasted materials in the
process of construction.
Table 2: ……………………………….Table showing term of service for construction elements
when applied in various construction processes
Table 3: ………………………………..A table showing the reported estimates for the consumption
amounts of concrete and cement.
Table 4: …………………………………Summary of the interviewed companies and
professionals
Table 5:………………………………………. Interviews Responses/Results
List of Figures
Figure 1: ……………………………………………Figure showing the flow of materials during
the operations that can be surpassed by structures like bridges, roads, buildings and many other
during the time of their existence.
Contents
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................2
List of Tables........................................................................................................................................3
List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3

PROBLEM STATEMENT................................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE............................................................................................................................6
RESEARCH QUESTIONS................................................................................................................................7
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................7
METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURES.............................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................................9
Construction and Demolition Waste in India and other parts of the world Overview.........................9
Construction and demolition (c&d) debris estimation in India and its generation by applying the
analysis of materials flow..................................................................................................................10
Waste composition and generation estimates in the past................................................................11
Schematic Illustrations..........................................................................................................................13
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION................................................................................19
Concretes...........................................................................................................................................20
Wood.................................................................................................................................................21
Drywall...............................................................................................................................................22
CASE STUDY:..............................................................................................................................................23
300 TPD Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Ahmedabad Cit................................23
FINDINGS...................................................................................................................................................24
Interview Analysis..............................................................................................................................24
DISCUSSION...............................................................................................................................................26
The Indian C and D debris recycling.......................................................................................................27
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................29
ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTION.......................................................................................................................30
FUTURE RESEARCH....................................................................................................................................31
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................32

INTRODUCTION
The industry of the construction has been identified to be the main contributor to the generation
of the solid waste in the whole world. The surveys which hence been carried out in most parts of
the world particular in countries like India have shown that the generated solid waste from the
construction industry is equivalent to about 20% to 30 % of the entire waste which entire the
landfill from various sectors. The accumulation of the solid wastes and how to generally manage
the C%D wastes is currently becoming a bigger challenge or concern to the builders and the
town planners. This challenge has perpetuated the damping site shortage, increase the cost of the
conveyance and disposal costs and finally it has led to the increase in the pollution as well as
deterioration of the environment.
The construction and demolition waste which is commonly known as CDW usually arises from
construction activities in the case of thee civil infrastructure, partial or total demolition of the
civil infrastructure or buildings, planning and maintenance of the road among others. In India,
even the wastes from the leveling of land are usually regarded to be part of the demolition waste.
The undesirable effects of the C%D wastes started when their dumping were being done in the
streams, forests, rivers and parts of the empty land leading to tye contamination of the water
bodies, water tables and wells (Thomas and Wilson 2013)
The research work has estimated the total amount of the waste from the construction industry in
the form of solid to be about 1.3 billion tonnes every year. The volume of the solid wastes from
the construction industry is expected to increase to 2.2 billion by the year 2025 according to the
reports given by the World Bank. The materials of the building accounts for nearly half of all the
used objects and also half of the generated solid waste worldwide. In India alone, the

construction industry generates over 12 million of tonnes of the demolition and construction
wastes annually. From this value, Pune contributes to almost 125 tonnes on the daily basis. In
India, the demand for the materials for building in the next 5 years has been estimated to 380
million of tones of cements, 600 million tonnes of the bricks, 50 million tonnes of steel, 400
million cubic metres of timber and 400 million cubic metres of aggregates. This kind of the
estimate has been done by Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPV).
From this data, there are indications of the shortage of the shortage of the traditional as well as
conventional materials for building in India.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The debris of the construction and demolition is one of the waste materials which results from
the renovation, construction and finally demolition of any structure. The components of the
wastes is typically made of asphalt, Portland cement concrete, soil, plastics, metals, wood,
drywall, asphalt shingles and finally the asphalt concrete. The debris of C&D is typically
recycled, disposed or incinerated. Considering that most of the states usually regulate the stream
of such wastes and every state has its own law, the disposal can be done unlined and in lined
landfills depending on where the disposal is to be done. The C&D debris may be undertaken
through the recycling process at any facility of the recycling in which it will serve as a
replacement to the natural resource. In some cases it can be re-used directly from the site of the
construction. Certain materials like wood can be taken through incineration process and the
energy from incineration used in the electricity generation.
Despite the fact that reuse and reduction are the preferred methods of the demolition waste
management, recycling is apparently being pursued as a more realistic method of the waste
management that has very little impacts on the environment than the other current disposal

practices. It is however regrettable that there has never been sufficient evidence to be used in the
determination of recycling of debris from C&D is truly having the fewest impacts on the
environment as compared to other methods of the management in India. Furthermore the
comparison of the impacts of methods used in the Promotion of the Usage of Demolition Waste
In Construction has been identified as part of the research gap.
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
When there is demolition of any structure, there will be production of large amount of wastes
within a very short time. This will however be dependent on the type of the demolition technique
which has been used. In ordinary conditions, concrete will contain about 80% of aggregate and

12% cement by mass. This implies that globally, there is consumption of gravel, sand, crushed
rocks at the approximated rate of 10 to 1 billion tones every year. The transport, processing and
mining operations usually involve such large quantities of the aggregate which are consumed
with considerable amount of energy. The presence or location in specific points is known to
affect the ecology very adversely particularly the forested areas and riverbed. This implies that
there is urgent need for the establishment of the proper waste management in such cases.
Similarly, while considering the infrastructure of India in the future which continues to expand, a
lot of waste will be generated and this will further call for the proper management of the wastes
of the construction and demolition which definitely rise (Kumar and Pandit 2013).
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What are the potential sources of the solid wastes? Are the solid wastes generated from
buildings alone or other infrastructure as well? What classification is used?
 What are the currently available systems of the demolition and construction waste
management in India?
 What are the projected impacts of the solid waste from the demolitions of the civil
structures in India in the years to come?
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
 To evaluate the effectiveness of material flow analysis in the estimation of the amount of
waste as well as composition of the generated waste in the case of the C&D debris in
India.

 To determine the existence of the sufficient capacity of the market in the recycling of
C&D materials of debris in India.
 To effectively compare the environmental impacts of the management methods for the
C&D debris and to determine the best method for the identified demolition wastes
including wood, asphalt shingles, concretes and drywall.
 To determine the amount of the generated concrete debris by using flow analysis in the
case of Pune state as the case study.
METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURES

The study followed a well-structured framework which was sequential and allowed for the
information to be obtained and presented in a flowing manner.
Introductio
n
Literature Review
Methodology
Conclusion and Recommendations
Results and Discussions
Impact analysis
Aims & Objectives
Concepts of demolition
Resources:
 Journals
 Research articles
 Books
 Reports
Project Rationale
Experimental
Investigation
Mechanisms of
waste management
Research Gap
Waste controlPerformanc
e Measure

LITERATURE REVIEW
Construction and Demolition Waste in India and other parts of the world Overview
Construction and Demolition wastes refers to the wastes which comprises debris, building
materials and rubbles which usually results from re-modeling, construction, demolition or repair
of any structure of the civil. There are rules which apply to each and every waste which comes
from the demolition, construction, re-modelling and repair of the civil structure of any
organization. It is important to note that construction has never been eco-friendly activity in
nature. The rising rate of the construction industry in India is rising at 10% every year. This is
the same rate which is reflected on the wastes of the construction (Bagdi, Aggarwal and Sherwal
2013).
In the year 2000 there was a survey which was conducted by TIFAC. According to the results of
this survey, the total amount of wastes which is generated from the industry of the construction
was estimated to be between 12 to 14.7 million tons per year. This included bitumen, bricks,
sand, gravel, concrete and masonry. Although there are no current statistics on the same, it has
been approximated that the daily waste generation in India from the C&D industries stagnates at
300000tonnes. The generation of the wastes usually takes place at various processes of the
construction. The estimated generation of wastes during the process of the construction has been
taken to be between 40 to 60 kg for every square metres. Also the waste generation during the
repair or renovation is between 40 to 50 kg for every square metres. The highest contribution to
the generation of the wastes is as a result of the processes of the demolition. However, there is no
satisfactory data or adequate data for accessing the same issue (Pandey et al 2016).

Construction and demolition (c&d) debris estimation in India and its generation by applying
the analysis of materials flow
The apprehensions pertaining to C&D debris is currently on the show and the current
management on the system has facilitated policy reviews by a number of states and local
governments concerning the material. To draw possible solutions to the challenges that are posed
by C&D debris waste stream understanding is necessary and the total amount of the stream that
is generated. The total amount of the materials generated can only be given in estimations as
various India regions do not focus on monitoring the quantity generated and the idea concerning
the composition has not been developed. Only a single method has been put in place to estimate
the total waste composition of C&D debris. The presented technique apply the use of some
current level construction measures as well as renovation activity and demolition and employ
waste generation factor that operate at the same level. The method is regarded to be to the
standards and generates more acceptable results to the extent that no other definitive numbers or
estimates they can be compared with. For a method to be used for estimation, it has to undergo a
test for the C&D debris.
Other waste estimates employ the use of materials flow technique which is however does not
apply for the C&D debris estimation. Estimation of the total amount of waste generated by the
technique of material flow analysis is through determining the total amount of the incoming
materials into the system and making the approximates the time as well as the amount of the
material that will finally be found within the waste stream. Several research studies have been
employed to check on whether the technique of material flow could be employed for the
estimation of the total generated amount of C&D debris in the states of US.

Waste composition and generation estimates in the past
The first estimate on the total generated amount of C&D debris within the states of India was by
the organizations and Associates (1998) who employed a similar technique to the one presented
by Halstead and Yost in the year 1996 to estimate the total amount of drywall produced within a
given area. This method employed the use of the equations below applying different measures at
the levels of construction, renovation and demolition in that area and the average amount of the
generated waste for a given area of a building (kg/m2) for the verification of the produced waste.
In some regions within India like Surat, other scholars applied the same mechanism to determine
the total amount of generated waste. The investigations that were presented by the estimates
were in correlation with C&D debris building only.
Other mechanisms have been used in Surat and Pune for the estimations that are also of great to
consider. The country of Pune and Surat only applies Franklin Associates (1998) study and is
likely to be published in the near future. The states of Surat suggest that the total amount of
materials accepted by the debris facilities of C&D, however the facilities are recommended to
give no report on the total amount of the waste stream. The facilities are however allowed to
accommodate other materials that are not within the estimates presented by the other scholars
including pallets, land cleaning debris and other debris from different sources which are not

connected to building system like bridges and roads. The results that were obtained from the
estimates made by the scholars could not be compared to the ones that were reported by the
States as they were only for materials that are related to building.
The generation and composition of C&D debris could also be estimated by conducting
monitoring, visual characterizations and sorts of waste facilities. The technique is currently very
common and his application has extended over a wide area. The method applies a combination of
mass sorts for mass conversion from volume or to verify the composition by mass, visual
characterization to verify the total composition by volume and also monitor the loads that enter
the facilities of waste management to verify the total amounts of the generated wastes (Kumar et
al 2017). Presentation of the study is based on examining numerous samples of wastes that
requires a lot of time and poses different challenges foe a stream of wastes compost of heavy and
bulky waste materials, the feature of C&D debris stream. The mechanism is therefore regarded to
be excellent for investigating wastes within a given region, though prove impossible for national
application.
The analyses on the flow of materials also known as material balance determine the materials
that enter the service within a stipulated period of time and give a prediction on the time at which
the materials will leave the system as a waste product. Some modifications are implemented to
cater for the imports and exports as well. The mechanism of material flow has been in use for a
long period of time by ISEPA (a body in India) from late 1960s to early 1970s for characterizing
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) stream. The body applies data production mechanism to
determine the composition by weight, the average duration of product, and other studies
regarding the composition of wastes to verify the total amount of produced MSW together with

its composition in India. This mechanism too has also been not applied in the process of
determining the composition and generation of C&D debris (Karunasena and Amaratunga 2016).
Schematic Illustrations
There are three major activities that can be surpassed by a structure, that is, construction,
renovation and demolition. All the above mentioned operations are responsible for the generation
of wastes though at different extents. This proposed research work is mainly to determine the
total amount of waste generated from the operations using the mechanism of materials flow. To
meet the set objective, understanding the flow of materials within the system should be of great
concern. A representation for the flow of materials into and out of the system is as indicated in
the chart below.
Figure 1: Figure showing the flow of materials during the operations that can be surpassed by
structures like bridges, roads, buildings and many other during the time of their existence.
After familiarizing with the system flow of materials, every variable is assigned a notation and
then possible equations are driven. The total amount of materials used in the course of the entire
construction (usually measure in M, Mega grams, MG) is the maximum value obtained from this
flow of materials (Aleluia and Ferrão 2016). The data obtained from federal agencies and

industry associations like the Geological Survey and the Census Bureau in India can be
scrutinized to help verify the total mass produced within a particular year. The associations and
the agencies usually give a data report on the total production as well as consumption for various
materials used in construction. The materials that are reported by the bodies are all the ones that
are used in either construction or renovation activities (Ram and Kalidindi 2017).
Reports show that not all the materials are used in the construction and renovation processes,
there are fractions that go at waste in the course of construction or installation of the project and
is given by (Cw, Mg). The wasted quantities of the materials, represented as (wc %), is as given in
the equation below.
CW = M x wc
Construction guides also present the average amount of materials that go at waste in the process
of construction given by wc. These guides are mostly used by contractors to assist in estimating
the total amount of materials that are actually required to bring the structure to completion. An
average percentage of such wastes resulting from every material is as given in the table below.

Table 1: Table showing the total amount of wasted materials in the process of construction
The materials that the structure is composed of following the initial construction (MC) may be
isolated in the course of renovation process or may just persist within the structure up to the
ultimate demolition process (MR). These materials will result into demolition waste (DW) at
demolition and at renovation processes. This total amount of waste is equal to that of held by a
fully installed structure excluding the discarded amounts at installation process as illustrated by
the equation below.
DW = M - CW
Following the fact that materials operate for a given period of time after which they demolish,
approximating the time at which they are likely not to serve the intended purpose and deposited
into the waste stream is possible (Rana, Ganguly. and Gupta 2015). An illustrative example is;
materials that have served for 50 years and deposited in waste stream in the year 2002 had their
original production in the year 1952. This is as illustrated by the equation below.
DW(2002) = M1953 – CW(1952)

Following the desirability as well as the durability feature of a material, the duration of operation
varies from one material to another. Designing a related database and assessments life cycle for
the material is based on several assumptions for the life of a building and its constituent
materials. Every source generated life service ranges for the elements of construction. One of the
service lives that were obtained from the literature is as presented in the table below.
Table 2: Table showing term of service for construction elements when applied in various
construction processes
Consumption estimates for materials used in construction in US
This section of the paper highlights the ancient data collection methods for the total consumed
materials in construction (M, Mg) in India (Pai et al 2014). Some of the most common materials
used in construction include bricks and clay materials, metal, wood, asphalt roofing materials,
concrete, drywall or other products of gypsum and asphalt concrete. There are no restrictions for
the use of the above mentioned materials in any building project and their application covers all

structure forms such as bridges, utilities, roads among others. The data for this analysis was
extracted from different sources such as India Geological Survey (IGS), India Department of
Agriculture (IDA), and India Census Bureau (ICB) and also from different associations formed
by industries.
Concrete
Since it is not possible to determine the total amount of concrete generated from a single source,
the amount can be verified by assessing the total amount of cement supplied for the generation of
concrete. Reports on this amount of cement used in construction has been given by USGS.
Concurring to the reports, consumption estimate for Portland cement in the year 2002 was about
100 x 106Mg. the concrete was composed of about 10 – 17% volume of cement with distinctive
percentage of 11. Using this approximated volume together with the assumed densities of 1500
kg/m3 and 2300 kg/m3 for cement and concrete respectively, an approximation on the total
amount of concrete required for this amount of cement can be done. Based on that concept, the
used concrete within India was estimated to be 1.4 x 109 Mg.
Portland Cement Association (PCA) conducted further market study relating to the consumption
of concrete and cement. The estimates that were presented by the association indicated that the
total amount of cement used in places of residents or non-residential, both private and public
constituted to 47%: the amount used for highways and streets accounted for 33%; while other
constructions accounted for the remaining percentage. Therefore, by use of the estimated
amounts, the total amount of concrete consumed by every type of structure can be estimated as
well (Moriguchi and Hashimoto 2016).
The amount of concrete that was used must be determined to help in estimating the total amount
that go at waste during demolition. The data on the total amount of concrete consumed in ancient

constructions is given by USGS which however does not provide the estimates of the consumed
concrete or either integrate the total number of used cement as per the type of the structure.
Determining of such numbers is done as per the equations used in the year 2002 by applying the
consumption information on Portland cement provided by USGS. Calculation for the amount of
concrete consumed by every type of the structure is done as a proportion of values assigned to
every type of the structure (as in the presentations of Census Bureau of US per year) to the
consumed amount of concrete and the assigned values for every type of structure in 2002 as there
is no historical data presented by PCA market on the consumption of cement. An information
reported by USGA on the consumption of cement in US alongside the estimated consumption of
concrete for duration applied in the calculation technique in determining the generated amount of
concrete debris in India in the year 2002.
Table 3: A table showing the reported estimates for the consumption amounts of concrete and
cement.
Wood
Production of timber within India is under the supervision of India Forest Service, a body that
provides reports on the total amount of timber used by industries like manufacturing,

construction, shipping among other industries. The employed wood for construction purposes
can be grouped into different categories, lumber and structural veneers as well as panels
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION
After review of the research papers as well as other literature, the next decision included the
study of the existing infrastructure cycle of wastes, the related clauses to construction and
demolition wastes and finally the actual practice in the site. The collection of the data was done
through case study, studying of the tender related to the projects of the infrastructure of the
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and finally through semi-structured interview. In this
particular study there was assumption made that the currently available market utilize natural
resources or other sources of waste which could potentially replace such products with the
recycled C&D properties (Zurbrügg Caniato and Vaccari 2014).
There was estimation of the potential demand by the study for recycling of C&D materials of
debris. This was achieved through examination of the market which could potentially use
recycled materials but has been generally using natural materials.. The amount of the materials
which are consumed by these materials was then subjected to comparison with the amount of
wastes which are recyclable which was generated as well as the amount which is being recycled
currently.
There was analysis of the competitive materials in order to determine their impacts on the
possibility of recycling the materials of the C&D debris. The study therefore involve the analysis
of only four types of the demolition wastes including wood, concrete, drywall and finally
asphalt shingles. These materials were selected for the study due to their high potential for the
processes of the recyclability as well the presently low constituted rates of the recycling in

various parts of India. The data which were used for this particular study were obtained from
government agencies, literature and other associations of the industries (Kamboj and Choudhary
2013).
Concretes
Concrete has been identified to be one of the most recycled materials of all the four demolition
wastes. The association of the construction materials recycling has estimated that over 90 x 106
Mg of concrete undergo recycling process nationally. The method used involved counting of the
concrete crusher’s number in the operations before the production rate of every unit was
assumed. The organization thus used this particular figure in the estimation that 180 x 106 Mg of
the concrete wastes was annually generated (Yuan 2013).
As part of the demolition waste management in India, concrete is recycled as base and subbase in
the construction of the roads, aggregate for drainage media, new concrete and surface materials.
In most of the instances, these objectives have been met by the use of the crushed stones.
The Indian Geological Survey has collected data from the producers of the crashed stones around
the country. The report generated was that in the year 2004 alone, there was generation of the
1.59 x 109 metric tons of the stones from the crashers. Among the commonly known as of the
crashed stones which may include chemical industries, agricultural sectors, construction
departments and the metallurgical parts, the recycled concrete are more likely to be used in the
construction industry (Ponnada 2015). The survey report thus puts construction industry at the
fire front of using recycled concretes. The approximated value of the concrete being at 630 x
106 Mg o the stones which has been crashed. The study or the survey work failed to allocate the
exact use of the 830 x 106 Mg which remained unspecified since not all the suppliers could not

figure out the exact amount of the concrete used by their customers. There is likelihood that mot
part of the 830 x 106 Mg was used in the construction industry.
Wood
The quantity of wood which is generated from C&D as debris in India has remained unknown. In
2012, it was estimated that amount generation was 35.7 x 106 Mg of C&D debris wood. In 2003,
the estimated amount was at 25 x 106 Mg of C&D debris waste of the wood. The debris wood
from the construction and demolition industries has had a lot of complicated issues as far as
recycling processes is concerned. In India this waste material is recycled as mulch although in
some cases the material is incinerated as the fuels to be used in the boilers. All these approaches
can potentially cause problems in case the waste of the wood was initially having CCA treated
wood and other contaminants (Gupta, Yadav and Kumar 2015).
Although the recyclers have attempted to pull the treated wood from the piles of the recycling,
there are several pieces which usually go undetected and as a result they undergo recycling
processes as mulch. India consumes about 2.032 x 1015 Btus of energy that is basically derived
from the wastes of woods. This is equivalent to a total of 2% of the whole national energy
consumption in the previous years. The market for the recycled wood in India has been facing
competition from the producers of other wood wastes including processors and harvesters of
timber.
Drywall
Various sources have estimated the amount of the dry wall which is generated in India. Scholars
have estimated that there was generation of more than 4 x 106 Mg of gypsum from the various
sources of C&D. Some of the other source is considered to be manufacturing scrap. However,

the amount of the drywalls which are taken through the recycling process have never been
estimated before.
It is important to note that recycling of the drywall has never been easy. This is because its
recovery is very difficult once it is mixed with various substances to for the property alterations.
A drywall is made up of the gypsum layer of around 85% in its weight. This is sandwiched
between two layers other materials which are preferably papers. Such papers accounts for at least
15% by weight. The recycling processes of the drywall starts with the removal of the other
contaminants including papers. However, the agricultural processes may not necessarily require
the paper to be removed since it will assist in the manufacture of the biodegradable components
or products (Kawai and Tasaki 2016)
In order to know the existing scenario of the cycle of waste in Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation, there was study of the case of Amdavad Enviro Projects Ltd. In order to study the
clauses which are related to the construction as well as demolition wastes, the tenders of the
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) were referred. Various heads of the organizations
were subjected to the interviews. Some of the questions which they were subjected to included:
the possible measures for the minimization of the wastes, the existing cycles of the wastes and
finally the clauses and the actual practices at the site.

Table 4: Summary of the interviewed companies and professionals
CASE STUDY:
300 TPD Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Ahmedabad City
In India, Ahmedabad is the 7th largest metropolis with a population of more than 60 lakhs. This
city spreads over an area of about 466 sq.km. In the past few years, there was disposal of 300
Tons Per Day of the Demolition and Construction wastes prior to the effective treatment. In
some cases, there was disposal without any treatment completely. This led to the waste of land as
well as loss of materials considered to be valuable.
Analysis of the Tender Clauses
The demolition and the construction wastes are best stored in the source. The sources are
regarded at the generation points. In case the cases where such kinds of the wastes are scattered
or thrown on the roads, they will add to the workload of the local body other than causing the
obstruction to the traffic. There should be strict attempts made to observe the following
measures:

 All the demolition as well as construction wastes should be stored within the site itself.
There should be provision of a proper screen which will ensure that wastes do not get
scattered thereby becoming an eyesore.
 There should be attempts made to keep the wastes in the segregated heaps in different
locations as much as possible. This will facilitate their further reuse as well as gradation.
 The materials which can possibly be reused at the same site for the construction purposes,
making pavements or roads, leveling among others should also be kept in different heaps
from the ones to be sold.
FINDINGS
Interview Analysis
There were interviews which were taken from the AMC contractors, Management Consultancy
Officials and Solid Waste Management Official. From the responses received, the practices
which are considered to be environmentally friendly are best followed through enforcement of
laws rather than through participation of the volunteers. The construction projects are known to
be complex in their nature. There are cases of the several contractors working on the same site at
the same time. This is usually regarded as the source of confusion about the waste minimization
ownership, practices of the reuse and recycle of the construction wastes.
Although the study focused on only four materials as the products of the demolition exercise, the
structure questions considered all the materials in the construction industry so that the responses
received from the interviewees were not restrictive.

Table 5: Interviews Responses/Results
All the materials of the construction which can be recycled would be sent to the site of Amdavad
Enviro Project Ltd. Some of the wastes including wood were reused at the other sites of
operations in case of same need otherwise they were sold through auction.
When demolishing is done for the creation of infrastructural projects, all of the contractors are
ordered to ensure that all the properties that belong to Municipality Corporation are return.
However, the construction is on a large scale infrastructure project such as constructions of roads
as well as bridge, and then there should be the need for a space of storing waste when the clause
is put into consideration. Although from one of the interviewees the major problem was low
storage capacity. The project of infrastructure is always done on a region of dense population
where there may be no room for waste storage. When asking this solution, one of the consultants

stated that minimization of waste is one of the best way. Therefore, worker’s incentive is
considered to be one of the best possible solutions. The workers’ attitudes toward waste have a
very great impact on the total amount of waste being generated. The management therefore
enhance of different groups of workers by rewarding them a better practices of waste as well as
pushing them to wasteful practices. When any contractual arrangements are within place, then
the subcontractor is penalized for wasting more than what they were allowed to waste during
their contract so they must respond by decreasing the wastes
DISCUSSION
The debris C and D is considered as a waste stream which may continue to require continuous
research together with the investigation. The studies’ results given within this dissertation have
indicated that C and D debris is the sizeable waste stream having a large recycling process,
though the environment impact must be put in consideration. The implementation of the policies
should be encouraged to ensure the facilitation of recycling, although these policies are
considered to be unnecessary in most of the cases. Finally, the studies case only focus on a
particular area so as to help local waste managers make a critical decision on the better way to
manage the waste.
This study gives a presentation of the methodology of applying the material flow analysis in
order to compute the total amount of C and D debris that India generate. The material analysis
flow used the material that is consumed as well as the life service so as to approximate the
amount of the annual debris generation. The following approach put all construction material
used in every year in consideration. The C and D debris total amount being generated was
approximated as 0.90 x 109, 1.05 x 109, or 1.10 x10 9 mega gram Mg bases on the long, typical,
and even short structure assumptions of services life. The C and D debris composition range was

between 61 percent to 71 percent concrete of Portland cement, asphalt concrete of between 16
percent to 29 percent, wood of 4 to 5 percent, brick and clay tile 1 to 2 percent, 1asphalt shingle
of 1 to 2 percent, gypsum of 1 percent and iron and steel having a percentage less than one.
The method of the material flow of computing the amount of debris being generated is a very
effective method if the best assumption is applied. The assumption that is applied for the service
life of material construction, specifically that of the concrete, may have a huge impact to the total
amount of debris which is being generated. Therefore, various studies are required to get the
average of the real service life of the most materials.
Various estimation methods of C and D debris are highly required for a better accurate of debris
stream description. Variety of methods may give the range of C and D estimation of the amount
generated. This therefore help the managers of the solid waste understand the problem potential
magnitude in order to decide on how the management can be done. The analysis of the material
flow may also have applied within a region only if the consumption of the construction materials
in the region is well known. Therefore, the method may give an insight to the amount of waste
being generated and the waste composition (Kamboj and Choudhary 2013).
The Indian C and D debris recycling.
Generally, the solid waste is managed in five ways: that is reused, incinerated, recycled, disposed
of as well as composted. The Environmental Protection Agency in India has developed
hierarchies for the management of solid waste, through the identification of the most to least
method which is preferable. However, reuse and reduction are considered to be the most
preferred methods of waste stream management, but the recycling has been pursued to the most
practical method of waste management where reduction and reuse are very impossible. Most of
estimations shows that a larger percentage of the C and D that is the construction and demolition

are recycled, but in reality only a very small percentage of the material reached the actual
recycling. The best in example that was done in Surat showed that only 23% is recycled, while
the much as 65 to 95 percent of the waste stream is recyclable. The most important step in
securing the program of recycling for the waste product is finding the market for the recycled.
Low market demand may the one of the reason as to why the C and D debris rate is low (Pacheco
and Ding 2013).
The limited effort has been in place for assessing the available markets for the main materials
that are found in C and D debris. Many studies describe the market which is used for the
following materials or with the directories accepting the materials which are recycled, though do
not make any discussion of these market capacity in accepting the material. The assessments
performed in Surat and Pune give the assumption that the whole potential capacity of absorbing
the materials recycled is the real amount that is presently recycled. Though, there is no any
single consideration of the possible market capacity when recycling barriers such as economics
are overcome.
The two studies done in Surat, however, showed an estimation that the potential demand
available for the materials in the effort is always determined by a lower rate of recycling due to
insufficient market for the recycled materials. The similar studies have been applied in industrial
data concerning the natural resources assumption which may use to replace recycled materials in
order to approximate the demand of the potential recycled materials.
Wood concrete drywall as well as asphalt roofing shingle give a bigger fractions representation
of about 20 percent to 90 percent C and D debris that is by weight, having the biggest potential
for being recycled. However, carboards as well as can be also represent a bigger portion of C and

D debris that about 2 to 41 percent, so are not included because of their extensive existing
recycling system that is in place already for the materials. Thus, wood, concrete drywall as well
as asphalt shingle must be targeted for the programs of recycling.
The main objective of the research was to determine the existence of the substantial market
within idea for the four main recyclable materials of the C and D debris stream that is wood,
concrete, asphalt shingles as well as drywall. The same to the studies in Surat, the material
market consumption used in determination of the total potential demand for the recycled
materials. Examination of most market was done according to their geographical background in
order to determine the state having the least as well as the most C and D debris recycling
potential. Both competitions from natural sources as well as that from other recycled products
were performed. Lastly, the total potential market capacities for the materials that are recycled
were compared by the wastes that were generated (Ghafourian et al 2016).
CONCLUSION
 The debris of the C&D has become very large waste stream of concern. Although some
estimates tend to be too high, the consumed material examination indicates that there is
greater potential for the generation of waste in the future.
 The analyses if the material flow has estimated larger quantity of the generation of C&D
debris than the previous estimates. In India, this particular method led to the estimation of
as much as 2.6 times the amount which had been indicated by the previous studies. In
Surat, for example, this particular method estimated six to eight times the previous
concrete waste generation estimates.
 There is plenty of market available for wood and concrete. The markets for the drywall as
well as asphalt shingles need to be developed.

 As far as environmental conservation is concerned, it would be better to recycle shingles,
drywall and in most of the cases concrete.
 It is preferable to incinerate wood with energy capture as compared to other management
methods whether is does not contain or does contain the CCA-treated wood.
 It is possible to have policies enacted so as to encourage the C&D recycling of wastes of
the debris. This process however must take into consideration the economics and the
local economics.
 There is enough market to allow for the recycling of the demolition wastes of concretes
which are produced in Surat hence contributing to the effective management if the
wastes.
 In terms of the protection of the environment, concrete recycling is considered to be one
of the effective ways of the management particularly in the states of Surat which borders
the limestone industries.
ACADEMIC CONTRIBUTION
This particular study has relied heavily on the data-collection as well as studies which had been
performed by others. This implies that the study did not involve any initial data collection or
performance of the studies which led to the provision of data used; instead there was aggregation
as well as analysis of data in a manner which has never been done before. The study has thus
contributed to the greater knowledge if how to manage the Construction and Demolition Waste
in India.

FUTURE RESEARCH
The analysis of the materials flow would greatly benefit from additional research on the
percentage and service lives of the materials which are abandoned rather than discarded. This
was found to be true in the case of the concrete which was used in some other structures which
could be a representation of anything beginning from concrete light poles and pipes to stadium.
Considering that the consumed quantity of the concrete is usually very high, the made
assumptions bear greater impacts on the analysis of the results.
The analysis of the market capacity heavily relied on the central source of data which was
gathered on the quantity of the materials consumed in specific states in India. Considering that
there are only few sources in existence which have compiled this particular data, there will be
need for additional sources so that complete information can be provided. This was very true
particularly in the case of the asphalt shingle production and asphalt pavement.

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