Promoting Reproduction Planning in Ghana: A Strategic Health Report

This report examines reproductive health planning in Ghana, focusing on strategies to improve adolescent health, prevent early pregnancies, and promote optimal birth spacing. It outlines the Ministry of Health's objectives, including family planning, prevention of reproductive tract infections, and safe motherhood. The report proposes an action plan involving qualitative research, key informant interviews, and data analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of reproductive health programs. Recommendations emphasize gender equality, reproductive health education, and women's rights. The study also addresses ethical considerations and outlines a proposed budget and timeline for implementation. Desklib offers more solved assignments for students.

Running head: PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 1
Promoting Reproduction Planning in Ghana
Student Name
Institutional Affiliation

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 2
Executive Summary
The government of Ghana seeks to establish national population policy through the ministry of
health. One of the strategies is reproduction planning which was formulated as a foundation to
guide the implementation and planning of a work program that abides by these national and
international values and goals. The government seeks to achieve the following objectives: family
planning, treatment and prevention of reproductive tract infections such as HIV/AIDS and STIs
(Sexually transmitted infections), control of reproductive systems cancers such as prostatic and
testicular cancers and breast cancer, discouragement of unsafe traditional methods that influence
the RH of women and men including FGM (female genital mutilation, safe motherhood such as
women and infant health, antenatal and post-natal care, and safe delivery, and management of
post-abortion care and prevention of unsafe abortion
The project aims to provide recommendations on the best practices to boost the health of the
adolescents to because of their several psychological and physical changes in their reproductive
systems and their tender age. Provide the necessary steps that should be taken in order to prevent
adolescents from first and repeat pregnancies. Propose better health practices such as birth
spacing. The study will carry out a research on the and recommend appropriate birth spacing
timeline in order to maintain good health. Recommend the best and appropriate age bracket that
is safe to conceive and get pregnant without any health-related complications.
Evaluating the results will not only determine the appropriateness of the program to the target
audience but also provide feedback on its effectiveness, any concerns that need to be addresses,
or issues with its execution. This section will discuss the strategies that will be used to evaluate
the outcomes of reproductive planning program.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 3
The following are the recommendations made: More attention should be focused on the cross-
cutting effect that gender equality has on monitoring responsibility and strategic performance
areas in attaining the strategic plan. In order to promote and improve reproductive health it is
important to focus major conditions that lead to young girls engaging in premature sex which
increases the risks of contacting STIs and early pregnancies. More emphasis should be placed on
reproductive health and sexual education across the country. More attention should be drawn to
women rights, gender issues in reproductive health and sex, and equal decision making among
the partners concerning sex and reproductive health.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 4
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2
Background......................................................................................................................................5
Aim and Objectives.........................................................................................................................6
Proposed Action Plan......................................................................................................................8
Study Design................................................................................................................................8
Sampling Strategy and Study Population.....................................................................................8
Data Collection Technique...........................................................................................................9
Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................10
Ethical Considerations...............................................................................................................10
Anticipated outcomes and significance.........................................................................................11
Strategies to evaluate outcomes.....................................................................................................13
Planning the Evaluation Process................................................................................................13
Select the Evaluation Strategies.................................................................................................15
Proposed Timeline.........................................................................................................................16
Proposed budget, and justification of budget................................................................................17
Budget Justification....................................................................................................................21
Recommendations..........................................................................................................................21
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................22
References......................................................................................................................................24

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 5
Background
The MOH (Ministry of Health) of Ghana plan and supports national policy of health, and is
accountable of evaluating and monitoring advancements towards its intended results. GHS
(Ghana Health Service) is an independent government organization associated with the ministry
of health for delivery of service. GHS collaborate with governmental representatives and with
district and regional management teams of health to deploy and derive the human and financial
resources needed to conduct a harmonized work program such as the health service delivery
(Osei-Akoto & Adamba, 2017). The RCHD (Reproductive and Child Health Department)
collaborate with the GHS public Health Directorate. RCHD and GHS collaborate with a wide
association of private and public segments communities and collaborators with the purpose of
boosting the status of health and increasing the healthy life years of all people residing in Ghana,
for instance, making sure that sexual and reproductive rights improve. The elements of the RH
(Reproductive Health) program controlled by the RCHD comprises of:
 Family planning
 Treatment and prevention of reproductive tract infections such as HIV/AIDS and STIs
(Sexually transmitted infections)
 Control of reproductive systems cancers such as prostatic and testicular cancers and
breast cancer
 Discouragement of unsafe traditional methods that influence the RH of women and men
including FGM (female genital mutilation
 Safe motherhood such as women and infant health, antenatal and post-natal care, and safe
delivery

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 6
 Management of post-abortion care and prevention of unsafe abortion
 Treatment and prevention of infertility
 Addressing menopause concerns
 Offering advice on responsible sexual behavior, pre-conception care, human sexuality,
responsible parenthood and sexual health.
Ghana has developed a detailed reproductive health standards and policy. The strategic plan is
developed to offer the foundation of action program and plans the future national strategic
direction in RH activities and services. It is purposed to connect the difference between
documents and statements on national RH and Policies of population on one hand, and
comprehensive plans of implementations including work programs for RH services at the
functional level, on the other (Ayanore, Pavlova & Groot, 2015). It mirrors the general policy
and commitment of Ghana to RH.
The Reproductive Health Strategic Plan (RHSP) consist of six strategic objectives that offer the
foundation for the action program. It is purposed to benefit all shareholders and will be
interpreted into a comprehensive plan of implementation at the regional, national or district
levers by budgeting, programming and executing the activities of implementation that are
expressed at every strategic level (Nyonator, 2015). The plan is meant to act as an instructional
reference record for cooperative private and public segment interest groups, RH service
providers, and concerned community members.
Aim and Objectives
The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) developed an action
program. The program was established to guarantee rights and RH for everyone as a vital

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 7
contribution to poverty minimization and global sustainable development. RH is a vital element
and a comprehensive concept of general health. RH affects all individuals since it is powerfully
intermixed throughout the lifecycle. It mirrors pre-birth health from infancy, the completeness of
sexual and reproductive health throughout the years of productions, and establishes the health
care stage past the years or reproduction for both men and women (Mumuni, et al., 2016). RH is
affected and affects the wider contexts of individuals lives, their education, living standards,
gender and social relationships, economic circumstances, employment, family environments, and
the legal and traditional structures in which they reside.
The basic RH principle and action agenda of ICPD are included within various United Nations’
and other global documents, resolutions and treaties such as the MDGs (Millennium
Development Goals) developed by United Nations. The MDGs comprises of particular
objectives connected to the enhancement of child and maternal health, and other objectives that
offer the context of promotion of gender equity, minimization of disease burden, poverty
minimization, and women empowerment. ICPD specific objectives connected to RH comprise of
reduction of:
 Maternal mortality, with a particular concentration on the provision of important obstetric
care and maximizing experienced attendance at child birth
 HIV/AIDS transmission
 Childhood mortality
 The unaddressed need for RH services and family planning
The first international RH strategy of WHO (World Health Organization) was adopted by the
World Health Assembly. The objective of the strategy was to speed up progress towards

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 8
achieving the RH and MDGs objectives of the ICPD. The strategy acknowledges five major
aspect of sexual and reproductive health.
 Boosting delivery, newborn, antenatal and postpartum care
 Eradicating unsafe abortion
 Improving sexual health
 Offering top-level services for family planning
 Fighting STIs
It is within the above context that the Ghana government has established its poverty
minimization strategy and national population policy and where ministry of health expresses its
strategic mission. The RH strategic plan was formulated as a foundation to guide the
implementation and planning of a work program that abides by these national and international
values and goals.
Proposed Action Plan
Study Design
This research will adopt the qualitative approach, using both secondary and primary data.
Secondary data will be collected from the international and national-level documents and the
primary data through observation and key informant interviews (KII).
Sampling Strategy and Study Population
One hundred key informants were interviewed which was made up of sixty-four women and
thirty-six girls. All were of age fourteen and above. The informants will be made up of various
categories of women including professionals. Ten of the informants would be selected from the
ministry of health, central monitoring and evaluation, policy and planning department, and

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 9
reproductive health departments. Additionally, some of the KIIs will be selected from tertiary
levels of quality control divisions in Ghana. Interviews will also be carried out at the district
level with twenty-two family planning service providers, family planning coordinators, HMIS
officers, data clerks, and health surveillance assistance (Swatz, 2018). The major private sector
actors in Ghana are for-profit providers, non-profit providers, and professional associations. In
this research, professional associations will be excluded and more focus will be on non-profits,
public, and for-profit reproductive health providers including pharmacies (Lower, et al., 2014).
The research will be carried out in the Central, northern, and southern region with the goal of
getting deeper insights about reproductive health planning. This is to enable proper comparison
of both institutional and regional practices.
Data Collection Technique
Data collection is one key factor in the research. The primary data collection technique is
interview which will involve utilizing semi-structured interview guidelines that reflects on the
objectives of the research. The interview questions are divided into two sections: one for service
providers and one for policy makers. The interviews will be face-to-face and the interview
session will be recorded and later translated through transcribed verbatim (Lavranos & Vassou,
2016). The questions will concentrate on understanding how reproduction planning or family
planning practices can be adopted and implemented, key interest being best practices.
The research will also carry out field observation to review the reproduction planning strategies
that have been adopted by the service providers in Ghana and comparing them against the results
obtained. Additionally, data integration tools will be reviewed and the training of field data
collectors will be carried out before the actual data collection process (Fledderjohann, 2012).

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 10
During training, more emphasis will be on ethical conduct, interview techniques, and getting to
learn the various data collection tools.
Collection of secondary data will be conducted via desk review of all the data and national
documents and policies associated with reproduction and family planning. The documents
include Ghana sexual and reproductive health policy, HMIS national strategy and
implementation plan, Ghana national health information system, and Ghana’s annual track 20
progress report (Covan, E. K. (2017). A deeper understanding can be gained through review of
the policy documents and the process of integration of the data from national and private
institutions.
The data primary data collected from the filed observation and key informant interviews will be
compared to identify the opportunities, weaknesses, and strengths of improving the reproduction
and family planning between the public and private health facilities.
Data Analysis
Review and analysis of the transcripts were done manually and electronically for the topics
related to the research objectives. The content was examined for major topics and used to code
the data. Two analysts were selected to analyze the data in order to ensure reliability of inter-
coder. The data was analyzed iteratively to deduce emerging topics and subtopics to determine
differences and consistencies and synthesize them according to the objectives of the study
(Darteh, Doku & Esia-Donkoh, 2014).
Ethical Considerations
the study will be submitted to the Ghana Health Science commission for approval. The
informants voluntarily participated in the study and a written consent was given to all the

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 11
participants detailing the purpose of the study and how the research data will be used (Buor,
2008).
Anticipated outcomes and significance
At the end of the research, the team anticipates to achieve the following:
Provide recommendations on the best practices to boost the health of the adolescents to because
of their several psychological and physical changes in their reproductive systems and their tender
age. The project seeks to give them ways on how to better understand themselves and accept the
changes that are happening in their bodies. In order to maintain their health, it is necessary to
give them proper guidance and advice (Edward, 2013).
Provide the necessary steps that should be taken in order to prevent adolescents from first and
repeat pregnancies. The providing contraceptives and counselling the teenagers have less impact
on pregnancy prevention. As such, it is necessary to provide sex education, holiday support, and
sport activities and this approach may cut the risk of pregnancies by more the fifty percent
(Adah, 2015). The study will also propose the best practices in parental care to help the young
women and teenagers who already have children.
Propose better health practices such as birth spacing. The study will carry out a research on the
and recommend appropriate birth spacing timeline in order to maintain good health.
Additionally, recommend reproductive planning after abortion which women often do after
getting unwanted pregnancies (Derbile, 2007). For those women who look for after abortion
services which often have a positive influence to them. It reduces the risk of getting unplanned
pregnancies and trauma to those who seek help.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 12
Recommend the best and appropriate age bracket that is safe to conceive and get pregnant
without any health-related complications. Several studies that have been carried out suggest that
20-35-year bracket is the best time to get pregnant. These studies have argued that conceiving at
the age more than 35 years bring more risks of contracting health complications.
The expected outcome will have some major significance to the concerned party. Contraceptives
have been regarded as one of the main methods to enhance women reproductive health
(Jameson, 2012). However, in Ghana many women are of low income and thus cannot afford to
or access modern contraceptives. Additionally, many women have insufficient knowledge on
how to use such contraceptives and this proposal will bring forth the strategies on how to educate
the women on the various contraceptive available for them and what best suites their needs and
how to use them. There are many aspects that have slowed the efforts for ensuring proper and
good reproductive health in women. They include cultural practices that are still practiced in
Ghana such as female genital mutilation, forced pregnancies, and unprotected sex among the
young girls. Many girls and boys below the age of twenty tend to engage in sexual intercourse
according to statistics from early research and this leaves most of the teenagers at a risk of
getting pregnant (Panjalipour, Khalesi & Mirhaghjoo, 2017).
The proposal and recommendation made in the research will ensure that women and young girls
who get unplanned pregnancies will get medical services to reduce the health complications and
risks that the unborn baby or the mother may face. Women pre-pregnancy health is improved by
providing support and engaging them in activities that will occupy their minds and keep them
away from sexual thoughts. If the proposal is implemented then contraceptive services will be
available to all women and girls across Ghana.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 13
The various development programs that have been proposed will empower the youth who are
idle most of the time and this will reduce teenage pregnancies by more than 65 percent
(Ameyaw, 2018). Complications associated with late or early pregnancies will be reduced by
maintaining the appropriate pregnancy intervals.
The anticipated growth in Ghana’s population by 2050 is 39.5 million (Ramashwar, 2010). The
national population policy of Ghana developed various policy objectives that would assist in
improving life quality of the citizens of Ghana and reduce poverty (Shahhosseini & Abedian,
2015). The proposal has recommended various strategies that will reduce total fertility rate to
3.0, attain the minimum birth interval of two years, reduce infant mortality rate, promote
reproductive and sexual health amongst adolescents, reduce the rate of HIV infection and
increase support and care for the women that have already been infected, and promote women
empowerment and gender equality by the year 2020.
Strategies to evaluate outcomes
It is essential to evaluate the outcomes of the programs in order to determine if it was successful,
provide ways to refine it, and offer continuous support to the program (Alubo, 2011). Evaluating
the results will not only determine the appropriateness of the program to the target audience but
also provide feedback on its effectiveness, any concerns that need to be addresses, or issues with
its execution (Susmita, 2014). This section will discuss the strategies that will be used to evaluate
the outcomes of reproductive planning program.
Planning the Evaluation Process
This is the first stage that is normally carried out to plan on how the evaluation process will be
carried out. Determine the evaluation criteria for the various programs and define the objectives

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 14
of the evaluation process. In addition, identify the various evaluation method that will be used. A
well-planned, complete, and properly executed program is easier to evaluate than inconsistent
ones. Proposed reproduction plan programs should be implemented alongside the evaluation
framework (Allen, 2016). Moreover, it is essential to collect baseline measures prior
implementation of the intervention so as to facilitate gauging of the changes that may occur to
such measures. The objectives of the program and the evaluation aims are the are the factors
affecting the evaluation process.
The aim of the evaluation is to determine the level to which the objectives of the program have
been addressed. In this case, the objective of the program is to improve delivery services,
eradicate unsafe abortion, improve sexual and reproductive health, increase the availability of
family planning services and contraceptives, and reduce the rate of STI infections (Svanemyr,
Guijarro, Riveros & Chandra-Mouli, 2017). Evaluation is carried out to assess if these objectives
have been met. Other objectives of the evaluation process include determining if the concerned
parties and stakeholders accept the proposal.
There exist several types of evaluation. They include: process evaluation which examines if the
program was executed as planned. This entails coming up with a list of indicators that requires
evaluation. The outcome will be to determine the weaknesses, strengths, and opportunities
associated with the programs (Akhouri, 2017). Impact assessment is another type of evaluation
that is focused on determining if the program has brought about desired changes. The effect or
impact of the program refers to the change in the target audience as a result of the program, that
is, the change would not have occurred without the program.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 15
Select the Evaluation Strategies
After determining the evaluation objectives, choose the most appropriate evaluation method(s)
that will best meet the objectives. There exists various method that can be employed in the
evaluation process. Every type of evaluation requires different method and can use both
quantitative and qualitative approaches. Qualitative approach may be used in process and
formative evaluations such as questionnaires and focus groups (Titiloye & Ajuwon, 2017).
Quantitative methods can be used to evaluate outcomes and impacts of the program. Process and
formative evaluations entail in-depth verbal characteristic descriptions to expound on the
different patterns of behaviors.
Interviews and focus groups will be used to get feedback on the impact and influence the
program has had on the target population. The feedback will be assessed and determine the areas
that may need improvement. It is necessary to have a hierarchy of study designs that is well-
structured to assess program effectiveness such as uncontrolled before-after studies and
randomized control trials (RCT). Randomized control trial provides evidence of the highest
quality of the success of the program (Aikins & Koram, 2017). A cluster of the target population
is selected randomly to take part in the program. RCT requires more resources and this may not
be achieved within a limited budget even though it is an effective method for evaluating the
outcome of a project or program.
Economic evaluation will also be conducted to demonstrate the possible cost effectiveness and
value for money. This type of evaluation seeks to evaluate of the program utilizes the resources
available effectively (Agyepong, et al., 2015). It is dependent on the comparison of the
alternatives with regards to their consequences and costs. Cost effectiveness analysis will be

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 16
employed in economic evaluation which includes the total cost of the intervention together with
defined outcome which results in production of cost-effectiveness ratio.
Proposed Timeline
This project is expected to run for 363 days beginning 10th October, 2018 and expected end date
28th September, 2019.
Project Activity Kick off date Time (Days)
Percent
Complete
Develop broad plan 10/10/18 30 100
Present plan to council 11/9/18 7 0
Identify team 11/18/18 30 0
Train team 12/18/18 30 0
Develop detailed plan 1/17/19 21 0
Conduct preliminary research 2/7/19 60 0
Identify key practices 4/9/19 15 0
Identify benchmark partners 4/23/19 10 0
Collect public data 5/2/19 60 0
Analyze public data 7/1/19 21 0
Identify current state 7/21/19 14 0
Develop benchmark questions 8/4/19 8 0
Visit benchmark partners 8/11/19 30 0
Develop new process 9/1/19 20 0
Present new plan to council 9/20/19 7 0
Table 1: Timeline

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 17
Develop broad plan
Present plan to council
Identify team
Train team
Develop detailed plan
Conduct preliminary research
Identify key practices
Identify benchmark partners
Collect public data
Analyze public data
Identify current state
Develop benchmark questions
Visit benchmark partners
Develop new process
Present new plan to council
4/14/18
5/12/18
6/9/18
7/7/18
8/4/18
9/1/18
9/29/18
10/27/18
11/24/18
12/22/18
1/19/19
2/16/19
3/16/19
4/13/19
5/11/19
6/8/19
7/6/19
8/3/19
8/31/19
9/28/19
Figure 1: Gant Chart
Proposed budget, and justification of budget
Expenses Total Project Expenses
Amount Requested
from Funder
Contract Services (consulting,
professional, fundraising)
$
100,000
$
150,000
Occupancy (rent, utilities, maintenance)
$
75,000
$
100,000
Training & Professional Development
$
150,000
$
175,000
Insurance
$
20,000
$
30,000
Travel $ $

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 18
50,000 60,000
Supplies
$
15,000
$
20,000
Printing, Copying & Postage
$
5,000
$
7,000
Evaluation
$
45,000
$
50,000
Media Publications
$
20,000
$
25,000
Conferences, meetings, etc. $
10,000
$
15,000
Administration
$
35,000
$
40,000
*Other -_____________
$
20,000
$
25,000
*Other -_____________
$
65,000
$
70,000
TOTAL EXPENSES
$
610,000
$
767,000
Revenues Committed Pending
Contributions, Gifts, Grants, &
Earned Revenue
Local Government $ $

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 19
100,000 50,000
State Government
$
75,000
$
45,000
Federal Government
$
20,000
$
5,000
Individuals
$
15,000
$
4,000
Fundraising Events (net)
$
50,000
$
15,000
In-Kind Support
$
35,000
$
2,000
TOTAL REVENUES
$
295,000.00
$
121,000.00
Table 2: Budget Summary
$-
$400,000
$800,000
$1,200,000
$1,600,000
Total Expenses Against Amount Requested
Total Project Expenses Amount Requested from Funder

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 20
Figure 2: Total Expenses Against Amount Requested
(Source: Nyonator, 2015)
Committed Funds Against Pending Funds
Contributions, Gifts, Grants, & Earned Revenue
Local Government
State Government
Federal Government
Individuals
Fundraising Events (net)
In-Kind Support
TOTAL REVENUES
Figure 3: Committed Funds Against Pending Funds
(Source: Nyonator, 2015)
Budget Justification
The above budget will be able to facilitate the completion of the project and an its activities. It
addresses each cost aspect as well as any other categories that may arise. It will allow the project
team to outsource services (professional, consulting, and fundraising), occupancy (utilities, rent,
maintenance), training and professional development, travel expenses, supplies, insurances,
evaluation, and media publications.
Recommendations
More attention should be focused on the cross-cutting effect that gender equality has on
monitoring responsibility and strategic performance areas in attaining the strategic plan. This

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 21
proposal should be adopted because it provides strategies to minimize maternal mortality and
morbidity. Many women and young girls in Ghana suffer from disabilities and illnesses
associated with childbearing. Many of these injurie and deaths could have been prevented by
making care services readily available for them before, during, and after pregnancy.
In order to promote and improve reproductive health it is important to focus major conditions
that lead to young girls engaging in premature sex which increases the risks of contacting STIs
and early pregnancies. It is necessary to adopt family planning method and use of contraceptives
child and maternal health should be provided including control of sexually transmitted infection
such as HIV.
More emphasis should be placed on reproductive health and sexual education across the country.
More attention should be drawn to women rights, gender issues in reproductive health and sex,
and equal decision making among the partners concerning sex and reproductive health.
Prevalence of contraceptives should be increased by promoting and enhancing access to quality
family planning services.
Conclusion
The Reproductive Health Strategic Plan (RHSP) seeks to benefit all shareholders and will be
interpreted into a comprehensive plan of implementation at the regional, national or district
levers by budgeting, programming and executing the activities of implementation that are
expressed at every strategic level. The plan is meant to act as an instructional reference record
for cooperative private and public segment interest groups, RH service providers, and concerned
community members.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 22
It is within the above context that the Ghana government has established its poverty
minimization strategy and national population policy and where ministry of health expresses its
strategic mission. The RH strategic plan was formulated as a foundation to guide the
implementation and planning of a work program that abides by these national and international
values and goals.
Data collection is one key factor in the research. The primary data collection technique is
interview which will involve utilizing semi-structured interview guidelines that reflects on the
objectives of the research. The interview questions are divided into two sections: one for service
providers and one for policy makers. The interviews will be face-to-face and the interview
session will be recorded and later translated through transcribed verbatim. The questions will
concentrate on understanding how reproduction planning or family planning practices can be
adopted and implemented, key interest being best practices.
The project aims to provide recommendations on the best practices to boost the health of the
adolescents to because of their several psychological and physical changes in their reproductive
systems and their tender age. Provide the necessary steps that should be taken in order to prevent
adolescents from first and repeat pregnancies. Propose better health practices such as birth
spacing. The study will carry out a research on the and recommend appropriate birth spacing
timeline in order to maintain good health. Recommend the best and appropriate age bracket that
is safe to conceive and get pregnant without any health-related complications.
The various development programs that have been proposed will empower the youth who are
idle most of the time and this will reduce teenage pregnancies by more than 65 percent.
Complications associated with late or early pregnancies will be reduced by maintaining the
appropriate pregnancy intervals.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 23
It is essential to evaluate the outcomes of the programs in order to determine if it was successful,
provide ways to refine it, and offer continuous support to the program. Evaluating the results will
not only determine the appropriateness of the program to the target audience but also provide
feedback on its effectiveness, any concerns that need to be addresses, or issues with its
execution. This section will discuss the strategies that will be used to evaluate the outcomes of
reproductive planning program.

PROMOTING REPRODUCTION PLANNING IN GHANA 24
References
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Womans Reproductive Health,1(3), 38-48. doi:10.14302/issn.2381-862x.jwrh-16-1294
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Ayanore, M. A., Pavlova, M., & Groot, W. (2015). Unmet reproductive health needs among
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