Civil Procedure: Trademark Law for Professional Athletes and Brands

This report delves into the critical aspects of trademark law as it pertains to professional athletes, offering a comprehensive overview of how athletes can protect their brands and intellectual property. The report begins with an introduction to trademarks, explaining their significance in differentiating services and goods, and emphasizing the importance of brand recognition in the sports industry. It then explores the legal framework surrounding trademarks, including the Lanham Act, and how it provides a mechanism for athletes to secure exclusive rights to their names, logos, catchphrases, and other identifying marks. The core of the report focuses on the practical steps athletes can take to choose, secure, and enforce their trademarks. This includes conducting thorough research to ensure the availability of a mark, registering trademarks promptly, using trademarks properly, and submitting trademark applications accurately. The report also highlights the various opportunities for trademarks in the sports world, such as slogans, nicknames, and catchphrases, and the potential for athletes to monetize their brands through merchandise and other ventures. Furthermore, the report provides insights into protecting trademarks through legal action and ongoing monitoring to prevent infringement and dilution. Ultimately, the report serves as a guide for athletes to navigate the complexities of trademark law, safeguard their brands, and maximize their financial opportunities.

Running head: CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Civil Procedure Entertainment and Sports Law
Name of the student:
Name of the university:
Author Note

1CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Abstract
The athletes know what they worth. That is the cause they are seen to be trademarking their logos,
catchphrases and names. The things that they might change to money project ventures down that
line. For example, Sprinter Usain Bolt trademarked the icon of “Lightening Bolt” stance for which
has been popular. This is not only the athletes, many sports personalities are reaching for trademarks
in making money that are outside the playing careers. Further, for many companies, the trademarks
has been vital business resources. These are been created with the good will along with reputation.
These could be subjected to the misusages with the false advertising, tarnishments, unfair
competitions, cybersquatting, dilution, infringements. Though the vigilant owner of trademark might
never find every possibilities of misuses of trademarks through the competitors and members of
public. Nonetheless, the failure of enforcing the trade monitoring the mark for misuses can result in
weakening that mark with loss of distinctiveness. This can give rise to the loss of trademark. As one
own trademark, one is able to enforce rights as the trademarks is used related to services and
products competing with yours. Thus the consumers can get confused likely as the origin of services
or products by the use of competitor of that trademark. This infringement trademark can be used in
similar geographic sectors that one see and s used on various related goods that could be purchased
likely by similar consumers. The following study evaluates various methods related to choosing,
securing and enforcing trademark. This is understood from the viewpoint of professional athletes.

2CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Table of Contents
Introduction:..........................................................................................................................................3
Understanding trademarks:....................................................................................................................3
Trademark Law that indicates the protection of “Brand” for professional athletes:.............................5
Various opportunities for trademarks:...................................................................................................5
How to choose trademark as a professional athlete:..............................................................................6
Protecting trademark as a professional athlete:.....................................................................................8
Enforcing trademark as a professional athlete:....................................................................................11
Conclusion:..........................................................................................................................................13
References:..........................................................................................................................................15

3CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Introduction:
At present more than before, the professional athlete are aware of the fact that the way how
the brand is been seen publicly and secured. The new focus has been on the off-the-field business of
the players that has caused various professional athletes coming from different sports. This is to
suitably monetize and then protect the real name and also the catchphrases that are publicly
associated. This includes the slogans and nicknames. There are many athletes found who are also
found to be creating their individual charities, training campaigns and distinct business that need
appropriate brand security. The intended protection can be commonly gained with use of trademark
laws. The trademark registration deliver owners with exclusive rights of using specific logo or name
that has service mark or trademark for differentiating services or goods provided by owner from
others. The protection of trademark is applicable to phrase, logo, design, word or assimilation of
them used related to specific service and good. The following study investigates the way of
choosing, protecting and enforcing trademark from the end of professional athletes.
Understanding trademarks:
The trademark indicates to the phrase, shape, word, logo or symbol distinguishing services
and good from anyone else. Purpose of the law of trademark has been to avoid the confusion of
consumers on the services and products that are been provided. For instance, the Pepsi Cola has
never wanted the customers to think that Coke’s can is really the Pepsi’s can. This, the logo or
design has been distinguish. One can register the trademark with Trademark office and United States
Patent and also the state. Nonetheless, one need never have to register that for owning trademarks.
The registration is the simple evidence of ownership and that has been making that simpler to
establish along with enforcing he ownership to be right. The athletes must have the rights of

4CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
trademarks. For instance, Usian Bolt has been holding various U.S. trademarks 1. The Bolt icon is
the most recognizable one. Further, there has been trademarks over various catchy phrases. This has
been the first and one of earliest and notable one has been the Pat Riley marking the work three-peat
during the year 1989. This took place as he has been the coach of Los Angeles Lakers. At present the
practice has been seen to be accelerating. It is seen that the athletes has been searching the ways to
extend the brands. As per Darrele Rivas, the phrase “Welcome to Revis Island”, is been
trademarked. Tim Tebow have trademarked the phrase “Tebowsing”. There some athletes who are
seen to be highly aggressive towards the branding and holding numerous trademarks. It is reported
by Tiger Woods that there are 17 trademarks. Recently, Tom Brady have filed for the upwards of
twelve trademarks and other people who are also popular athletes had none. During 4th January, in
the year 2006, the University of Texas has been seen to be quarterbacking Vince Young. He has
scored the winning touchdown at the national time game that happened against the USC. In the
following day, a person filed trademark application for the initials “VY” along with the nickname
“Invincible”2. Furthermore, Young was found to be suing for the infringement of trademark and that
case has been settled recently. However, every phrase can never be trademarked3. Here, some
originality has to be there. This indicates one can never utilize any generic name for the services and
goods. Moreover, the trademarks could never ne deceptive in nature and result into confusion with
other type of registered marks.
1 Bray, C., Leaving Your Mark: An Analysis of Collegiate Student-Athlete Trademark Rights.
Sports Law. J., 23, p.87, 2016.
2 Roberts, A.J., Athlete Trademarks: Names, Nicknames, & Catchphrases. Book chapter in The
Oxford Handbook of American Sports Law (2018), Forthcoming, 2017.
3 Murphy, S., Bring Your Own Trademark: Compensating College Football Players Through
Trademark Royalties. BC INTELL. PROP. & TECH. F., 2018, p.1, 2018.

5CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Trademark Law that indicates the protection of “Brand” for professional
athletes:
At present more than before, the professional athlete should get aware of the way that the
brand has been seen publicly and then govern protection. Here, the new emphasis on the off-the-field
business of player has resulted various professional athletes from some sports for suitably protecting
and monetizing real name and slogans, nicknames and catchphrases that are publicly associated.
There are various athletes generating their individual charities training camps along with distinct
business needing suitable brand protection also4. Here, the protection expected is mainly gained with
the usage of the trademark law. Further, the trademark registration provides owners with exclusive
right of using specific logo or name like service mark or trademark for differentiating services and
goods that are provided by others. Again, the protection of trademark is applicable to sound, deign,
phrase, words or combination of all utilized related to specific service or good.
Various opportunities for trademarks:
The present day sports world comprise of various scopes for the trademarks. This includes
slogans, nicknames, catchphrases and many more. All those kinds of phrases and terms are
embedded within the fan’s consciousness. This make them the main candidate as far as
merchandizing are concerned. The scopes are able to be bringing with them various business of
group of individuals intending to make profit and try from originality and popularity of athlete. They
have developed their individual nickname or phrase. This is through selling the hats, shirts, sports
tools and additional mechanizes featuring identifier of athlete over that. Nevertheless, having a
4 Barker-Ruchti, N. ed., Athlete Learning in Elite Sport: A Cultural Framework. Routledge, 2019.

6CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
registered trademark, the athlete is able to secure the claim to their individual marks assuring that
they are the only to get benefit from those popularity5.
How to choose trademark as a professional athlete:
For this the following steps are to be reminded. Firstly, one must be assuring at they can
really trademark the phrase and name related to the athlete. For qualifying the protection of
trademark there should be real product or effective service present beyond the trademark. In this way
any notable athlete is unable trademark the name to the catchphrases till that is related to the product
like service such as restaurant or product such as clothing. It is related to the catchphrase or name of
the athlete. At many times, the athletes must find that the catchphrase or names are there innocently
registered by anyone else. Thus any thorough trademark process of research is helpful to assure that
anyone has never already registered the mark. This includes the mark that is intended to be
registered is never been considered in confusing manner same as the present one under the eyes of
USPTO or United States Patent & Trademark Office. Further, the trademark attorney is better to
advice on likelihood of any sort of confusion and can be thoroughly researching present marks that
are there already to provide better scope of successful registration.
Secondly, the trademark must be registered promptly. Jeremy Lin and Johny Manziel are the
athletes running to surprising case as they try to register the popular Linsanity and Johnny Footballs
nicknames. This also includes other trademarks marks also very recently. There are also some
applications for the similar marks that are pending already. Clearly, it has never been the case as
anyone else have similar name instead the enterprising as ill-intentioned people attempts to reserve
tights of the names prior the athletes could. This is with the hope to get benefits from selling
5 Brown, K., Brison, N.T. and Batista, P.J., An Empirical Examination of Consumer Survey Use in
Trademark Litigation. Loy. LA Ent. L. Rev., 39, p.237, 2019.

7CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
merchandises and asking for demand of fee or rights towards that mark. No shortage of the same
people out there who attempts to make trademarks the phrase or nickname as they think that might
have any sort of traction6. Due to that, it is vital any athlete must register their individual trade mark
as they think of anyone might intend to use that on the merchandise and any other measure of
benefits. Here, it must be noted that Lin and Manziel must appeal to USPTO over the platforms that
the marks are effectively related and recognized with them. Further, eventually other trademarks
applications can be rejected. Nonetheless, this is best that one remain safe and then proactive side
through registering the mark quickly.
Thirdly, the trademark must be used properly. As the mark is registered, one can utilize that
within the trademark registration sign of circle “R”. It indicates that one is the rightful owner. They
must assure that any merchandize that is sold through that mark involves the symbol. One must also
ensure to remain aware of illicitly and illegally sold goods infringing on the mark also. As the mark
turns to be widely used or utilized in generic manner despite the policing that for suitable usage, one
might lose the rights7. Otherwise this can be narrowed severely. The here peat of Pat Riley has been
the one that could simply to turn into generalized through other people or individuals winning 3
championships consecutively. Nevertheless, Riley and lawyers have vigorously and actively policed
marks and then protecting the rights8.
6 Zaichkowsky, J.L., The psychology behind trademark infringement and counterfeiting. Psychology
Press, 2020.
7 Gustafsson, H., DeFreese, J.D. and Madigan, D.J., Athlete burnout: Review and recommendations.
Current opinion in psychology, 16, pp.109-113, 2017.
8 Sahota, S. and Kelly, B., Editorial Commentary: Hip Arthroscopy in the Professional Athlete…
Back in the Game, 2019.

8CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Fourthly, one must submit the trademarks applications in proper manner. Here, the trademark
applications comprise of in-depth legal documentation. One requires to be accurate and thorough to
finish the applications. As it is not done in that way, one might never get compete extents of rights
that are sought9. Here, for example as one register the mark for using on apparel and never during the
video, for example, the designer of the game might be include the catchphrase of nickname despite
the permission and rights of it. Thus one loses out the scope of profits and also run the problem of
diluting marks with improper usage10. Here, the trademark attorney is able to assist in the sectors of
applications from the research with the monitoring of trademark. This is through assuring that one
gain every insights that one intent and they stay secured11.
Protecting trademark as a professional athlete:
Firstly, the law is to be understood. Being the starting point, the organizations must know the
basic principle beyond the law of trademark. The Lanham Act or The Federal trademark Act of 1946
have trademark as the name, word, device symbol and combination adopted, thereof as used by
merchant o manufacturer for determining goods. This is to distinguish them from the manufactured
and sold from others end12. Apart from the manufacturers, the law of trademark also gives protection
9 Baker, J., Cobley, S., Schorer, J. and Wattie, N. eds., Routledge handbook of talent identification
and development in sport. Taylor & Francis, 2017.
10 Erickson, K. and Côté, J., A season-long examination of the intervention tone of coach–athlete
interactions and athlete development in youth sport. Psychology of sport and exercise, 22, pp.264-
272, 2016.
11 Ansari, U., Wong, E., Arvier, J., Hyam, D. and Huang, W., Early return to sport post maxillofacial
fracture injury in the professional athlete: a systematic review. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial
Surgery, 2019.
12 Shropshire, K.L. and Williams Jr, C.D., The miseducation of the student athlete: How to fix
college sports. Wharton School Press, 2017.

9CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
to collective marks and the marks of services. The collective mark is the mark utilized by members
of the association, cooperative and other collective organization for indicating membership in the
company. The NFL for instance is the collective mark for National Football League having similar
protection within Lanham Act in the form of other registered trademarks. Again, at the other end, the
service mark is the mark used in sales or the service’s advertising for determining and distinguishing
service to a single entity to perform from other’s services.
Secondly, the trademarks are to be registered. As one open business and deliver service
within brand name, the service and business gains common law trademark rights automatically. It
involves rights of stopping other people from utilizing trademarks. Nonetheless, there are various
extra advantages that the owners get as they register the trademark with Trademark Office and
United States Patent outweighing extra costs13. As the examination period is over, as one is seen to
be stepping forward for opposing registration, one turn into the presumptive owner of that
trademark. Thus as one sue anyone else’s in using that mark, the ownership turns to be simper to
prove through having that trademark registered. Thirdly, the potential confusion is to be analyzed.
As one register the trademarks, there are many times as one require to sue other business for the
infringement of trademarks sue to the service and products including marks that are same to him14.
For demonstrating trademark infringement as per Lanham Act of Section 114 (a). Owners of
trademarks should highlight that owner has the right of protectable property within the trademark.
This can be demonstrated through registration and usage. Apart from that, trademark owners should
13 Haslett, D., Choi, I. and Smith, B., Para athlete activism: A qualitative examination of disability
activism through Paralympic sport in Ireland. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, p.101639, 2020.
14 Cosh, S., Tully, P.J. and Crabb, S., Discursive practices around the body of the female athlete: An
analysis of sport psychology interactions in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, pp.90-
104, 2019.

10CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
also indicate that the use of other party’s of same mark as likely to result into mistake or confusion.
Otherwise, there is the deceiving of consumers as to which the entity is actual origin of mark. While
assessing confusion of potential consumers, the court emphasizes on various factors. Firstly, there
must be strength of marks15. Then there are similarity between marks and marketing and product
channels utilized for selling them. Next, there is likelihood that owners of trademarks must expand
the usage of mark on further products. Then, there is the evidence of real confusion, defendant’s
good faith intent to adopt that mark. Further, this involves the quality of the product of the
defendants and sophistication of consumers16.
Further, the trademarks can be protected apart from preventing confusion. The law of
trademark law is also expected to help secure manufacturers and then keep the competitors from
interfering in the business or harming through attempting to pass off the products that are of inferior
quality through same marks. Nonetheless, as never prevent people from utilizing trademark, that
mark could get lost the strength. This weaken ability of preventing any unauthorized uses. Due to
this, the trademarks and manufacturers owners has required to be constantly lookout for the illegal
usage of the marks17. Lastly, the personal names must be avoided. Though it is believed that the
names are special and the personal names are never distinctive inherent terms, and can gain just the
15 Fransen, K., Haslam, S.A., Mallett, C.J., Steffens, N.K., Peters, K. and Boen, F., Is perceived
athlete leadership quality related to team effectiveness? A comparison of three professional sports
teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(8), pp.800-806, 2017.
16 Cordasco, F.A., Lin, B., Heller, M., Asaro, L.A., Ling, D. and Calcei, J.G., Arthroscopic shoulder
stabilization in the young athlete: return to sport and revision stabilization rates. Journal of Shoulder
and Elbow Surgery, 2019.
17 Conrad, M., Matal v. Tam-A Victory for the Slants, a Touchdown for the Redskins, but an
Ambiguous Journey for the First Amendment and Trademark Law. Cardozo Arts & Ent. LJ, 36,
p.83, 2018.

11CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
protection as they retrieve any secondary level meaning. Here, for instance the primary Google
search of name John Wolohan can retrieve minimum six others having similar name18.
Enforcing trademark as a professional athlete:
As one own trademark, one can enforce the rights as trademark is used related to services and
products competing with him. As the consumers can likely become confused as the source of
products or services through the usage of competitors of that trademark19. The infringement
trademark can be utilized at similar geographic area that one use and is used on relevant goods that
could be likely be purchased by similar consumers. Then the letters are to be ceased and desisted
with infringement20. Maximum actions of infringement starts with ceasing and desisting letters that
are been sent to infringer that demands the infringement to stop using the marks during any
problems. Apart from that, the lawsuits of infringement are been costly and various members of
public can stop that infringing as they are aware that has been marking the owners has been lawfully
asserting the rights of trademarks. At many times, numerous case and letters of desist are been sent
and the negotiations are been entered into21. Further, there are dilution of popular marks. Within
federal and few state laws, one is able to sue for preventing trademarks from used by others or any
18 Benson, A.J. and Bruner, M.W., How teammate behaviors relate to athlete affect, cognition, and
behaviors: A daily diar approach within youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34, pp.119-
127, 2018.
19 Erickson, K., Stanger, N., Patterson, L. and Backhouse, S.H., Substance use in university sport: A
cross-national study of student-athlete substance use behaviors and perceived responses to
witnessing substance use. Performance Enhancement & Health, 7(1-2), p.100151, 2019.
20 Pedersen, P. ed., Routledge handbook of sport communication. Routledge, 2017.
21 Hayton, M., Ng, C.Y., Funk, L., Watts, A. and Walton, M. eds., 2019. Sports injuries of the hand
and wrist. Springer, 2019.

12CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
business as the mark is popular and others uses of others can dilute or then weaken the reputation of
marks for quality and rendering that generic with overusage22. The lawsuits of dilution could be
brought related to popular marks and is common for the people who defend against the dilution suite
for arguing that it is never recognizable or distinctive. Moreover, there can be failure of policing the
mark. The trademark owner requires to protect the trademark through policing marks and then using
that at marketplace for determining services and products. The services and products never needed to
be sold actually and they are to be provided to public with that trademark. Further, owners could as
reserve the usage of trademark for future that are never used already through filing the intent of
usage trademark registration applying document with USPTO. Here, the mark could never be
registered and can be in reality used in the area of commerce. As that is utilized under the needed
time limits and time extensions23. For instance, one is owner of popular brands of athletic and shoes
clothing. As he have made millions off the product having the popular, three-stripe trademark over
the side of running shoes and track jackets24. Nonetheless, this is the last season as one have noticed
the trendy clothing designer that has been utilizing confusingly same type four-striped mark on
footwear and garments. As one follow what is done by popular business Adidas America, one is able
to bring the lawsuit alleging the defendant that have intentionally adopted and then used the
counterfeit and same limitations confusingly same imitations of the Three-Stripe Mark
understanding that they can mislead and then deceive the consumers to believe that apparel is
22 McCarthy, S.P. and Hartsinck, E.K., ndex: Sports Law in Law Reviews and Journals. Marquette
Sports Law Review, 26(2), p.845, 2016.
23 Light, R. and Harvey, S., Positive pedagogy for sport coaching: Athlete-centred coaching for
individual sports. Routledge, 2019.
24 Macias, G., Physical Education and Sports Training. Scientific e-Resources, 2019.

13CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
licensees, authorized and produced by Adida25s. Thus one can bring lawsuit alleging that defendant
has adopted intentionally and utilized the counterfeit and confusingly same imitations of that Three-
Strip Mark. Thus one can know that they can mislead and then deceive customers to believe that
specific attire has been licensed, authorized and produced by the company of Adidas. This apparel
came out from Adidas or stating in other words one might go for enforcing the rights of trademarks
with litigation26.
Conclusion:
An effective rule of thumb is to register the trademark. Here, owning federal trademark
registration on principal register can provide plaintiff or legal presumptions of the initial two
requirement identified form above. This indicates the fact here everything that Adidas needs to meet
the initial criteria of trademark lawsuit is to deliver the documentation of being over principle
Register. For example, Adidas is the proof that provides with exclusive light for using the mark
throughout the world an in connection with services or goods that are listed in registration. Besides,
the person or the business is to be recalled that is not needed technically for registering trademarks
or having few rights in use. However, the registration has various benefits. Various probable
remedies are there in court that are at disposal to prove to be successful at the trademark
infringement case. Firstly, the court can order the harms like cost litigation, fees of attorney and
profits that are made by the defendant from the illegal usage of trademarks. Secondly, the can order
defendant in ceasing the usage of mark indefinitely. It is known as injunction and is a part of the
order of the court at various situations. Ultimately the court is able to order destruction of every
25 Hayton, M., Ng, C.Y., Funk, L., Watts, A. and Walton, M. eds., 2019. Sports injuries of the hand
and wrist. Springer, 2019.
26 Pill, S. ed., Perspectives on athlete-centred coaching. Routledge, 2017.

14CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
items of infringing. Moreover, there are more remedies that depends on court however, the elements
mentioned in the study are the most common one.

15CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
References:
Ansari, U., Wong, E., Arvier, J., Hyam, D. and Huang, W., Early return to sport post maxillofacial
fracture injury in the professional athlete: a systematic review. Journal of Cranio-
Maxillofacial Surgery, 2019.
Baghurst, T.M., Case studies in coaching: Dilemmas and ethics in competitive school sports. Taylor
& Francis, 2017.
Baker, J., Cobley, S., Schorer, J. and Wattie, N. eds., Routledge handbook of talent identification
and development in sport. Taylor & Francis, 2017.
Barker-Ruchti, N. ed., Athlete Learning in Elite Sport: A Cultural Framework. Routledge, 2019.
Benson, A.J. and Bruner, M.W., How teammate behaviors relate to athlete affect, cognition, and
behaviors: A daily diar approach within youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34,
pp.119-127, 2018.
Boulet, L.P., Turmel, J., Irwin, R.S., Altman, K.W., Barker, A.F., Birring, S.S., Blackhall, F., Bolser,
D.C., Braman, S.S., Brightling, C. and Callahan-Lyon, P., Cough in the athlete: CHEST
guideline and expert panel report. Chest, 151(2), pp.441-454, 2017.
Bray, C., Leaving Your Mark: An Analysis of Collegiate Student-Athlete Trademark Rights. Sports
Law. J., 23, p.87, 2016.
Brown, K., Brison, N.T. and Batista, P.J., An Empirical Examination of Consumer Survey Use in
Trademark Litigation. Loy. LA Ent. L. Rev., 39, p.237, 2019.

16CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Conrad, M., Matal v. Tam-A Victory for the Slants, a Touchdown for the Redskins, but an
Ambiguous Journey for the First Amendment and Trademark Law. Cardozo Arts & Ent. LJ,
36, p.83, 2018.
Cordasco, F.A., Lin, B., Heller, M., Asaro, L.A., Ling, D. and Calcei, J.G., Arthroscopic shoulder
stabilization in the young athlete: return to sport and revision stabilization rates. Journal of
Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 2019.
Cosh, S., Tully, P.J. and Crabb, S., Discursive practices around the body of the female athlete: An
analysis of sport psychology interactions in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43,
pp.90-104, 2019.
Erickson, K. and Côté, J., A season-long examination of the intervention tone of coach–athlete
interactions and athlete development in youth sport. Psychology of sport and exercise, 22,
pp.264-272, 2016.
Erickson, K., Stanger, N., Patterson, L. and Backhouse, S.H., Substance use in university sport: A
cross-national study of student-athlete substance use behaviors and perceived responses to
witnessing substance use. Performance Enhancement & Health, 7(1-2), p.100151, 2019.
Fransen, K., Haslam, S.A., Mallett, C.J., Steffens, N.K., Peters, K. and Boen, F., Is perceived athlete
leadership quality related to team effectiveness? A comparison of three professional sports
teams. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(8), pp.800-806, 2017.
Garcez, A.S., Suzuki, S.S., Storto, C.J., Cusmanich, K.G., Elkenawy, I. and Moon, W.,Effects of
maxillary skeletal expansion on respiratory function and sport performance in a para-athlete–
A case report. Physical Therapy in Sport, 36, pp.70-77, 2019.

17CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Glazier, P.S. and Mehdizadeh, S., In search of sports biomechanics’ holy grail: Can athlete-specific
optimum sports techniques be identified?. Journal of biomechanics, 94, pp.1-4, 2019.
Gustafsson, H., DeFreese, J.D. and Madigan, D.J., Athlete burnout: Review and recommendations.
Current opinion in psychology, 16, pp.109-113, 2017.
Haslett, D., Choi, I. and Smith, B., Para athlete activism: A qualitative examination of disability
activism through Paralympic sport in Ireland. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47,
p.101639, 2020.
Hayton, M., Ng, C.Y., Funk, L., Watts, A. and Walton, M. eds., 2019. Sports injuries of the hand
and wrist. Springer, 2019.
Kim, J., Gardant, D., Bosselut, G. and Eys, M., Athlete personality characteristics and informal role
occupancy in interdependent sport teams. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, pp.193-203,
2018.
Klein, A., Paule-Koba, A.L. and Krane, V., The journey of transitioning: Being a trans male athlete
in college sport. Sport Management Review, 22(5), pp.626-639, 2019.
Light, R. and Harvey, S., Positive pedagogy for sport coaching: Athlete-centred coaching for
individual sports. Routledge, 2019.
Macias, G., Physical Education and Sports Training. Scientific e-Resources, 2019.
McCarthy, S.P. and Hartsinck, E.K., ndex: Sports Law in Law Reviews and Journals. Marquette
Sports Law Review, 26(2), p.845, 2016.

18CIVIL PROCEDURE ENTERTAINMENT AND SPORTS LAW
Miles, K.H., Clark, B., Fowler, P.M., Miller, J. and Pumpa, K.L., Sleep practices implemented by
team sport coaches and sports science support staff: A potential avenue to improve athlete
sleep?. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 22(7), pp.748-752, 2019.
Murphy, S., Bring Your Own Trademark: Compensating College Football Players Through
Trademark Royalties. BC INTELL. PROP. & TECH. F., 2018, p.1, 2018.
Pacewicz, C.E., Mellano, K.T. and Smith, A.L., A meta-analytic review of the relationship between
social constructs and athlete burnout. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2019.
Pedersen, P. ed., Routledge handbook of sport communication. Routledge, 2017.
Pill, S. ed., Perspectives on athlete-centred coaching. Routledge, 2017.
Razzano, C., Izzo, R., Savastano, R., Colantuoni, C. and Carbone, S., Noninvasive interactive
neurostimulation therapy for the treatment of low-grade lateral ankle sprain in the
professional contact sport athlete improves the short-term recovery and return to sport: a
randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 58(3), pp.441-446,
2019.
Roberts, A.J., Athlete Trademarks: Names, Nicknames, & Catchphrases. Book chapter in The
Oxford Handbook of American Sports Law (2018), Forthcoming, 2017.
Roberts, A.J., Trademark Failure to Function. Iowa L. Rev., 104, p.1977, 2018.
Sahota, S. and Kelly, B., Editorial Commentary: Hip Arthroscopy in the Professional Athlete…
Back in the Game, 2019.
Shropshire, K.L. and Williams Jr, C.D., The miseducation of the student athlete: How to fix college
sports. Wharton School Press, 2017.