The Relationship Between Protein Diet and Type II Diabetes Risk

This report presents a systematic review of the existing literature on the relationship between high protein diets and the risk of developing type II diabetes. The study investigates the contradictory findings in the literature, examining the impact of both animal and plant protein intake. The report analyzes 15 studies published between 2011 and 2018, focusing on study designs, populations, and main outcomes related to the consumption of high protein diets and the development or management of type II diabetes. The findings suggest that high animal protein intake may increase the risk of type II diabetes, while plant protein might have a protective effect. The report also discusses the impact of high protein diets on glucose levels, weight control, and blood pressure, drawing conclusions from various cohort and experimental studies. The report highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between dietary choices and the risk of type II diabetes, providing a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape.

Protein Diet and Risk for Type II Diabetes
Introduction
Rationale
The prevalence of type II diabetes is pervasive and increasing the
worldwide and has become a significant issue among population. The
people of all ages have been found under the risk of type II diabetes in
recent years. The adolescent, young adults, older adults and elderly are
experiencing type II among people (Riaz, 2015). According to literature
multiple risk factors plays a significant role in promoting type II diabetes
among patients (Khazrai, Defeudis & Pozzi,lli 2014). The dietary balance
plan reduces the risk of type II diabetes among patients. Unfortunately,
people do not follow a healthy diet plan and consume more protein which
increases the risk of promoting the risk for type II diabetes. According to
recent data the people consume excessive animal protein that causes
type II diabetes (Huhmann et al., 2018).
The similar results have been viewed in the epidemiological studies, that
suggested the protein from animals and vegetable intake have the risk to
develop type II diabetes among patients (Zhao et al., 2018: Comerford et
al., 2018).
Furthermore, the previous studies suggested that patients with type II
diabetes found to be health literate and take protein diet as a treatment
of type II diabetes (Huhmann et al., 2018). Health literacy among people
is prevailing due to contradictory research findings. The substantial body
of researches indicated that high protein diet has beneficial results in
controlling the type II diabetes (Larsen et al., 2011: Khazrai, Defeudis &

Pozzilli, 2014: Park, 2014: Riaz, 2015: Hohmann et al., 2018). The quality
of life due to diabetes is affecting the quality of life worldwide; therefore
to understand the nature, level, risk and protective factors are imperative
to study for type II diabetes. Similarly, the prospective cohort studies
recommended the positive relationship between high protein diet and
type II diabetes (Zhang, Wang & Qin, 2013: van Nielsen et al., 2015:
Mukherjee et al., (2015). Therefore people are following unhealthy diet
plans. The contradictory study gives a new direction. Therefore the
current study aimed at investigating is high protein diet a risk factor
fortype II diabetes among people. The current study would investigate the
cross-cultural risk factor in promoting the rise in fir type II diabetes.
Objectives
The existing literature does not provide comprehensive information
regarding the link between high protein diet and the risk of type II
diabetes. The literature is enriched with the contradictory studies that do
not elaborate that demonstrated the beneficial impact of high protein diet
on type II diabetes. Therefore, the current study systematically reviews
the recently published peer reviews using PICO approach comprised of the
patient with type II diabetes and the impact of high protien diet.
Methods
Eligibility criteria
All the articles have been included in the study that has been
published during 2011-2018. The articles comprised of the patient with
type II diabetes and people at risk for promoting type II diabetes.

Furthermore, the impact of high and low protein diet was included in the
study. The study trial was a randomised control study.
Information sources
Literature was reviewed on PubMed up to 2011-2018 years of
publication. The following keywords were searched ‘’ type II diabetes’’ and
high protein diet a risk factor’’ and randomisation. Furthermore, the
reference list of the article has also been scanned to find some relevant
articles. The similar key terms have been used to find the required
articles, and reference list has also been consulted.
Search
Literature was reviewed on PubMed up to 2011-2018 years of
publication.
Results
The current chapter provides the study selection, review of articles,
study characteristics and quality of study assessment. The current chapter
provides an in-depth understanding of how protein increased the risk of
type II diabetes.
Study Selection
Initially, the literature was searched to explore the existing
empirical data relevant to the topic for a literature review. Secondly, 25
articles have been derived from PubMed to investigate the impact of high
protein diet in developing the risk of type II diabetes. Three articles were
excluded for irrelevance, two articles were found to be non-RCT’s
category, and one was having missing data. The subsequent studies have

been included in the current study. Finally, 15 studies have been included
to investigate the study question.
Figure 1: Prisma
The characteristics of the included studies have been mention in the
above table. A total number of 15 articles have been reanalysed in this
systematic review. The publication years that have been included was
2013-2018. These studies were conducted in multiple countries. The
follow-up criteria have been found from 4-24 weeks.
Table 1
The following table showing the results of the study
First
Author
Ye
ar
Publication Populat
ion
Study
Locati
Study
Design
Main
Outcom
Search in PubMed (25)
Article after duplication
removed (20)
Article Abstract reviewed (18)
Articles full text reviewed
(16)
The article included for
Review (15)
Articles excluded for
obvious irrelevance (3)
Articles excluded (n=2)
2 non RCTs
Article excluded 1
No available data

on e
Zhao 201
8
High protein
diet is of
benefit for
patients
with type II
diabetes: An
updated
meta-
analysis
1099
adults
with
type II
diabetes
--- Meta-
Analysis
The High
protein
diet was
found to
be
beneficial
for the
patient
with type
II
diabetes.
Tian 201
7
Dietary
Protein
Consumptio
n and Risk
for Type II
Diabetes
Men and
Women
United
States
Meta-
analysis
Animal
protein
increases the
risk of type II
diabetes.
The plant
protein
decreases
the risk of
type II
diabetes.
Malik 201
6
Dietary
Protein
Intake and
risk of type
II diabetes
among US
Men and
Women
Men and
Women
United
States
Meta-
Analysis
High intake
of animal
protein
increases the
risk of type II
diabetes.
Plant protein
moderately
reduced the
risk of type II
diabetes.
Li 201
6
Dietary
protein
intake and
risk for type
II diabetes
Men and
women
China Cross-
sectional
study
Animal
protein
was a
high-risk
factor for
developin
g a risk of
type II
diabetes.
Huhma
nn
201
8
Very high
protein and
low
carbohydrat
es eternal
nutrients
formula and
12
ambulat
ory type
II
diabetic
patients
--- Experime
ntal study
High
protein
and low
carbohyd
rate
decrease
the risk

plasma
glucose
control in
adults with
type II
diabetes
mellitus: a
randomised
cross over
trial
of type II
diabetes.
Khazrai 201
4
Effect of diet
on type II
diabetes
mellitus: A
review
Type II
diabetic
patients
Americ
a
A review Four
types of
dietary
plans
have
been
found to
effects
the risk
of type II
diabetes
mellitus.
Park 201
4
High protein
breakfast
induces
greater
insulin and
glucose-
dependent
insulin tropic
peptide
responses to
a
subsequent
lunch meal
in
individuals
with type II
diabetes.
12 type
II
diabetic
men and
women
Experime
ntal study
High
protein
breakfast
increases
the
glucose
level
amongty
pe II
diabetes
patients.
Riaz 201
5
Study of
protein bio-
marker of
diabetes
Mellitus and
therapy with
vitamin B1
Diabete
s type II
patients
Lahore Experime
ntal study
The high
protein
was
found in
the
samples
of
diabetic
type II
patients.

After
reducing,
the
protein
level
decrease
s the risk
of
developin
g type II
diabetes
among
patients.
Mukherj
ee
201
5
Type II
diabetes as
a protein
misfolding
disease
Diabetic
patients
--- Systemati
c review
The
results
suggeste
d that
type II
diabetes
increases
or
develop
due to
protein
misfoldin
g. The
treatmen
t of
protein
misfoldin
g reduces
the risk
of type II
diabetes.
Comerf
ord
201
6
Emerging
evidence for
the
importance
of dietary
protein
source on
Gliucoregukl
arty markers
and type II
diabetes:
different
effect of
dairy meat,
fish egg and
Diabetic
patients
--- Experime
ntal study
High
intake of
dairy
product
such as
egg,
yogurt,
cheese
and whey
protein
reduces
the risk
for type II
diabetes
and

plant protein
food
increases
the
glucose
regulatio
n.
Larsen 201
1
The effect of
high protein
diet, low
carbohydrat
es diet in
the
treatment of
type II
diabetes: a
12 months
randomised
control trial.
Type II
diabetic
patients
Austral
ia
Experime
ntal study
No
beneficial
metabolic
results
have
been
investigat
ed
through
high
dietary
protein.
Dong, 201
3
Effect of
high protein
on body
weight,
glacemia
control,
blood lipid
and blood
pressure in
type II
diabetes.
Type II
diabetic
patients
Pubme
d
Meta-
analysis
High
protein
diet
found to
be
beneficial
In weight
control,
and
blood
pressure
level.
High
protein
diet
decrease
d the
glycated
HBAIC
level.
Ke 201
8
Association
between
dietary
protein
intake and
type II
diabetes
varies by
dietary
pattern
Men and
women
of type II
diabetes
China Survey The high
protein
was
found to
be a
significan
t risk
factor for
type II
diabetes.
van
Nielen
201
4
Dietary
protein
Type II
diabetic
Europe Cohort
study
The high
protein

intake and
incidence of
type II
diabetes in
Europe: The
EPIC-
interACTcas
e cohort-
study
patients diet has a
moderate
risk for
type II
diabetes.
Pan 201
1
Red meat
consumption
and risk for
type II
diabetes : 3
cohort of UD
individuals
and updated
meta-
analysis
37038,
Men and
79,570
women
United
States
Meta-
analysis
Red meat
consumpt
ion is a
risk
factor for
type II
diabetes.
High protein, causes other issues among diabetes type II
patients.
Mukherjee et al., (2015) concluded that high protein intake causes protein
misfolding which not merely increases the type II diabetes risk, but also
found to be associated with pancreases and mitochondrial damages,
endoplasmic reticulum stress, membrane permeabilisation and Parkinson
disease. Dong, Zhang, Wang & Qin, (2013) concluded that the diet with
high protein is beneficial in losing weight, controlling blood pressure and
glycated HBA1C level. Van Nielen et al., (2015) conducted a cohort study
into eight different countries of Europe on 16,154 individuals. The results
of the study suggested that animal protein was found to be at risk for type
II diabetes among women.
Animals vs Plant protein. Malik et al., (2016) conducted a study on US
men and women to investigate the effects on animal and plant protein in
increasing the threat of developing type II diabetes. The results of the

study suggested that high animal protein intake increase the risk for type
II diabetes among Mena and women. In contrast, the plant protein
reported reducing the risk of type II diabetes among men and women.
Another study supported the findings of the above study, such as Tian et
al., (2017) concluded that animal protein intake increases and plant
protein decrease the risk of type II diabetes among males and females of
US. Li et al., (2016) concluded that animal protein amplifies the risk of
type II diabetes among both gender. Ke et al. (2018) conducted a study to
investigate the association between dietary pattern and type II diabetes.
The output of the study suggested that the animal proteins are the
significant predictor of type II diabetes. Pan et al., (2011) concluded
through a meta-analysis that the intake of red meat considered a high risk
factor of type II diabetes.
High Protein and ,Carbohydrate and type II diabetes. Park, (2014)
conducted a study to investigate the if high protein and low carbohydrate
breakfast and lunch cause type II diabetes. Type II men and women have
completed 2 seven days of breakfast and lunch meals. The blood samples
of the patients suggested that high protein breakfast increases the
glucose level among type II diabetic patients. Huhmann et al., (2018)
conducted an experimental study on type II diabetic patients. The results
were similar to the above studies, which recommended that diet with high
protein increases the risk for type II diabetes among patients.
Similarly, Riaz, (2015) recommended that high protein control
reduce the progress of type II diabetes among patients. The result
suggested that high protein level found to be a hazardous aspect for the

risk of developing type II diabetes. Khazrai, Defeudis & Pozzilli, (2014)
carried out a systematic review to investigate the impact of diet on type II
diabetes mellitus patients. Four types of dietary plan have been given to
patients such as low carbohydrate/high protein diet Mediterranean diet,
vegan and vegetarian diet.
The results of the study suggested that the diet significantly affect the risk
for type II diabetes mellitus, but the result varies from patient to patients.
Larsen et al. (2011) conducted an experimental study to investigate the
impact of high protein and low carbohydrate diet in improving the
conditions of the patients. The results of the study recommended that
high protein and low carbohydrate has not positive results in reducing the
risk for type II diabetes.
Contradictory studies. Zhao et al. conducted a meta-analysis to
investigate the beneficial impact of the high protein diet among type II
diabetic patients. The 1099 diabetic type II patients have been studies
through systematic review and the results off the study suggested that
diet with high protien have a positive impact in reducing the risk for
developing type II diabetes among patients. Comerford et al., (2018) also
concluded that the dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, whey protein
and eggs help in regulation of balanced glucose level and reducing the
risk for type II diabetes. Zhao et al., (2018) conducted a meta-analysis to
investigate the benefits of high protein diet on type II diabetic patients
concerning weight loss, glycemic control, and cardiovascular risk. 18
randomised control trial from systematic review including 1099 type II
diabetic patients were included in the study. The results of the study

recommended that High protein diet did not affect the blood pressure of
the patient. Furthermore, the beneficial results of the high protein have
been observed in weight loss and lipid metabolism.
Discussion
The findings of the current study provided comprehensive as well as
contradictory results. According to substantial data the high protein intake
not merely increase the risk for developing or progressing the type II
diabetes, also plays a significant role in developing the central nerves
system, Parkinson’s disease and other metabolically diseases as well
(Zhang, Wang & Qin, 2013: van Nielsen et al., 2015: Mukherjee et al.,
2015). A substantial body of researches recommended that animal protein
intake was higher in developing a risk for type II diabetes as compared to
plant protein. The women’s were found to be at higher risk for developing
type II diabetes due to animal protein intake (Malik et al., 2016: Li et al.,
2016: Ke et al., 2018: Pan et al., 2018). A large body of researches
suggested that the high protein and low carbohydrate also a primary
source for developing a risk of type II diabetes.
A few contradictory studies have been reviewed in the literature (Larsen
et al., 2011: Khazrai, Defeudis & Pozzilli, 2014: Park, 2014: Riaz, 2015:
Hohmann et al., 2018). The contradictory studies suggested that dairy
products help in reducing the risk for type II diabetes (Zhao et al., 2018:
Comerford et al., 2018). The results of the current study would help in
making an assessment and management plan regarding dietary plans for
diabetic type II patients. As the people take unhealthy or high protein diet
and despite getting well, increases the risk for type II diabetes. It will also