HE1A46 & H2XN11 Counselling: Analysis of Psychodynamic Approaches

This report provides a detailed analysis of three major counselling models: psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, and humanistic. It begins by outlining the historical development of each approach, starting with Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic counselling, its focus on past experiences, and the counsellor's role in facilitating patient exploration of emotions and thoughts. The report then discusses the cognitive behavioral approach, emphasizing its roots in learning theory and the counsellor's role in guiding clients to identify and modify negative thought patterns. Finally, it examines the humanistic approach, highlighting its focus on individual potential and the counsellor's role in fostering a supportive environment for client self-discovery. The report concludes by summarizing the strengths of each approach and their contributions to the field of counselling, emphasizing how each theory assists individuals in addressing complex emotions and achieving cognitive and emotional well-being.

Counselling

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
PSYCHODYNAMIC COUNSELLING –.......................................................................................1
History of the Psychodynamic counselling............................................................................1
Psychodynamic counselling...................................................................................................1
Role played by counsellor in the Psychodynamic counselling..............................................2
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL COUNSELLING –......................................................................2
History of Cognitive Behavioural counselling.......................................................................2
Cognitive Behavioural counselling........................................................................................2
Role played by counsellor in the Cognitive Behavioural counselling...................................3
HUMANISTIC COUNSELLING –................................................................................................3
History of Humanistic counselling.........................................................................................3
Humanistic counselling..........................................................................................................4
Role played by counsellor in the Humanistic counselling.....................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................4
References:.......................................................................................................................................5
Books and Journals.................................................................................................................5

INTRODUCTION
Counselling is a humanistic approach where is based on the psychological principles and
functioning in which counsellors seems to help the crimes in order to develop their problem
solving skills rather than solving their problems the problems are discussed (Gone, 2021). The
counselling approaches of the models comprises of three categories exploration, intervention and
empowering. There are different counselling approaches which are the reflection of their training
and coaching philosophy. Counselling approaches is differentiated by the way therapist interacts
with their clients. The present report will identify and explain history development of
psychodynamic approach of counselling and role of counsellor in this approach. For that there is
a discussion regarding the cognitive behavioural approach of counselling and humanistic
approach of counselling.
MAIN BODY
PSYCHODYNAMIC COUNSELLING –
History of the Psychodynamic counselling
The psycho dynamic counselling approach was a held from the work of Sigmund Freud in
late 90s and early 20th century. As per the history Sigmund Freud developed psycho analysis in
the late eighties in Vienna during the time he was working on physician specialising in
neurological disorders. The interest originated into the medical practice when Sigmund Freud
acknowledged patients who were suffering physical symptoms for which there could find no
organic or biological cause (Abbass and et. al., 2021). Freud's first attempt to enter into
psychological cause of patient’s pain was through hypnosis which was studied in Paris in 1885.
Psychodynamic counselling
Psycho dynamic approach originated by the Freud's work at investigated the unconscious
mind to understand patients and answers in their healing of pain the main focus of this approach
is on past experience and development of the patient. This approach is first one to identify the
links between the thoughts feelings and the past experiences. For this approach there is need of
trained expert that could analysed their patients this analysis is related to the present situation
behaviour thoughts in order to start finish the relationship between clients present and the past.
The psychodynamic counselling is completely based on the assumption of Freud’s that a true
1

knowledge of a person and their problem is possible through understanding the three levels of
the mind conscious level, subconscious and unconscious level that contains of different areas of
human mind.
Role played by counsellor in the Psychodynamic counselling
In the psychodynamic approach The counsellor takes a therapy that is frequent or long-term
which is also known as cycle analysis in its most classic form which is a lengthy process of 2-5
sessions per week for the various years it is most director form of counselling in which The
counsellor through a therapy is to increase the ability of the patient to exercise greater conscious
controls over their life (Abrahams and Rohleder, 2021). In this counsellor has a role of
increasing the patient to explore their feeling emotions and thoughts. In this approach the
counsellor use different psychodynamic techniques and tactics in order to detect and digest the
facts of the patient which provides with an awareness of unconscious and conscious urges
accessing memories and the issues of transference.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL COUNSELLING –
History of Cognitive Behavioural counselling
The cognitive behavioural approach of counselling is a form of psychotherapy that it has
its roots in 1950 and 60s when the psychiatrist and psychologist was starting the use of
psychotherapeutic interventions on the basis of principle of learning theory. In the early 1960's
there was huge appearance of behavioural therapy in the important publications. Also in 1963 the
first scientific journal was published which was devoted on the behaviour therapy and later in
1970 the psychologist try to combine behaviour therapy with the cognitive treatments which has
the means to change negative pattern of thinking of patient and information processing.
Cognitive Behavioural counselling
The cognitive behaviour therapy also known as a CBT is a grounded counselling approach
in which there is supposition that emotive disorders in human are maintain by cognitive factors
and the psychological dealings for them clue to changes in these factors through cognitive
behaviour techniques (Flückiger and et. al., 2021). Both combination of cognitive and
behavioural approach psychology focuses on how applying thoughts and behaviours dictates its
feelings in a particular situation is identified by the cognitive behavioural approach of
psychology in which the main principles of this therapy are mental health disorders that involve
2

information processing mechanism. These approach behaviours a better identified and
understood by exploiting their true functions.
Role played by counsellor in the Cognitive Behavioural counselling
Cognitive behaviour approach to counselling The counsellor laser important and active role
in supporting the client to pin point present problems there by emphasizing on important areas
proposing and rehearsing the particular cognitive and behaviour techniques by effectively
planning the assignments for home thereby revaluating the past experience during the
counselling. In this counsellor assume the role of educator guide teaching the client about
cognitive approach to develop and understand the problem. In this The counsellor functions as a
guided that an enables the client to gather the understanding that will help them to cope better
with their problems and process the identified information and also acts as a catalyst to promote
positive experience outside of the counselling in order to improve the client adaptive skills
(Lorenzo-Luaces and et. al., 2021). In the cognitive behaviour counselling the relationship
between the client and the counsellor which is the therapeutic is often termed as a collaborative
empiricism.
HUMANISTIC COUNSELLING –
History of Humanistic counselling
Development of the beginning of humanistic psychology approach is stressed from the
early middle ages when the psychology of humanism was born. Modern humanistic approach to
counselling was inmost in mid 1950 as a psychological thinking was dominated under 2
philosophy behaviourism and psychoanalysis. There for the United approach of counselling is
also referred as a third person psychology after the psychoanalysis and Behaviourism. The theory
has lengthened its stimulus throughout the 1970 and 1980 as its influence was unspoken in three
major areas. Humanism was mostly developed in the late 1950 as transient response some
psychologist table to review some limitations into the other two theories there in 1957 to 1958
Abraham Maslow and Clark was to cars met with the psychologist and shared their vision of
establishment of a professional association that emphasizes on the positive humanistic approach
(Ralph and Cooper, 2022).
3

Humanistic counselling
As per the humanistic counselling approach it is based on the assumption that people
already possess skills and capabilities it is the needed to flourish. As per this approach which
increases the creativity, humility, empathy, curiosity, intuition and altruism. Gymnastic
counselling was first developed call Rogers and was later termed as client centre therapy as it
helps client to reach the full potential as a human being. Approach studies the entire person and
uniqueness of each person it is a perspective that emphasizes by looking at the overall
personality of a person with the extension assumption that people have a free well and are
increased in motivated to achieve their potential and self actualization.
Role played by counsellor in the Humanistic counselling
In the humanistic approach to counseling the counselors have a rule to work with the
assumption that problems are not caused by life events themselves but how a person experience
them in the humanistic therapy the council has a role to focus on entire person by encouraging a
person to think more about their responsibilities and feelings for their actions there by motivating
a person to focus on helping them to attend the potential rather than highlighting their problems.
In this or counselor has a role to identify the goals and potential solutions of the problems (Elliott
and et. al., 2021). Councilors’ cannot be completely non-direct as it has to be non judgment till
for accepting the environment that could provide a positive response to the clients in order to
increase their feelings of acceptance and value.
CONCLUSION
Report concludes that all the three counselling theories that is humanistic, cognitive behaviour
and psychodynamic approach to counselling helps a person to deal with their complicated
thoughts feelings emotions and to drive there unconscious mindset to behave with the cognitive
factors in order to resolve the problem with the humanistic approach. From the Psychodynamic
theory it is clear that it has effectiveness for both long and short term psychodynamic treatment.
The humanistic approach is a client centred therapy where the main motto is to promote and
motivate a safe climate for the client to experience the acceptance openness and unconditional
positive regards.
4

References:
Books and Journals
Abbass, A and et. al., 2021. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for functional somatic
disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of within-treatment effects. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research, 145, p.110473.
Abrahams, D. and Rohleder, P., 2021. A Clinical Guide to Psychodynamic Psychotherapy.
Routledge.
Elliott, R and et. al., 2021. Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies: Updated review
. Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change, p.421.
Flückiger, C and et. al., 2021. Exploring change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized
anxiety disorder—A two-arms ABAB crossed-therapist randomized clinical
implementation trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(5), p.454.
Gone, J.P., 2021. Decolonization as methodological innovation in counseling psychology:
Method, power, and process in reclaiming American Indian therapeutic
traditions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(3), p.259.
Lorenzo-Luaces, L and et. al., 2021. Personalized medicine and cognitive behavioral therapies
for depression: Small effects, big problems, and bigger data. International Journal of
Cognitive Therapy, 14(1), pp.59-85.
Ralph, S. and Cooper, M., 2022. Brief humanistic counselling with an adolescent client
experiencing obsessive compulsive difficulties: A theory‐building case
study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research.
5