Organizational Behavior Analysis: Skyline International Case Study

This essay examines the organizational behavior challenges faced by Skyline International, focusing on employee dissatisfaction stemming from organizational changes and ineffective communication. The essay delves into the concept of psychological contracts, highlighting their importance in fostering positive employer-employee relationships. It applies McGregor's Theory X and Y, suggesting a shift towards Theory Y principles to enhance employee engagement. Skinner's reinforcement theory is also discussed to create a positive work environment. The essay emphasizes the need for improved communication, fairness, and employee support. Recommendations include implementing situational leadership, providing clear business operation details, and initiating employee training programs. The second part of the essay focuses on effective business communication mechanisms, contrasting synchronous and asynchronous methods, and advocating for the adoption of synchronous communication. The essay recommends a common communication portal, an employee feedback mechanism, and periodical meetings between management and employees to improve communication and overall organizational effectiveness. The analysis draws upon several theories, including Herzberg's two-factor theory, to support the arguments. The goal is to improve employee satisfaction and engagement within Skyline International.

Running head: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Organizational behavior
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author name

1ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Essay: 1
Introduction
As discussed in the case study, Skyline international is facing the issue of employee
dissatisfaction. This is due to the reason that, in the initial stage of the operation, employees in
the Skyline international are motivated and engaged in their workplace. However, after the
turbulence in 2014, employees are becoming more stressful and are more resisting to the
strategic change of the organization. Thus, it can be said that, there is a need of positive
psychological contract between the employers and the employees. Psychological contract refers
to the informal and causal forms of relationship between the employers and employees, which
helps to creates positive impression and expectation among the employees regarding their
employers (Bal, Kooij and De Jong 2013).
This essay will discuss about how psychological contract can be integrated in Skyline
international and how it will help in converting the negative feedback of the employees in
positive form. Theories related with the management of the employees will also be used in this
essay in order to present the integration of the psychological contract in the organization.
McGregor theory X and Y
McGregor theory X and theory Y will be the most effective and proper theory that will be
applicable in integration of the psychological contract in the organization. According to this
theory, there are mainly two types of employees seen in the organization. One type of the
employees are considered as theory X (Mohamed and Nor 2013). This theory refers to the
employees who are not engaged in their workplace and are having negative impression in their
workplace. In addition, both positive and negative coercive factors are being used to motivate the

2ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
employees in their workplace. This theory also states that these employees also create resistance
to organizational change.
Figure: 1
McGregor’s theory X and theory Y
On the other hand, theory Y refers to the positive set of the employees who are more
engaged in their workplace and who are not in the need of authoritative style of leadership (Russ
2013). Moreover, these employees know to take responsibility in their workplace along with
meeting the goals and objectives of the organization effectively.
In the case of the Skyline International, the given elements of the employees can be more
relate to the theory X, which denotes more negative compared to the theory Y set of employees.
Thus, the psychological contract should be designed and integrated in the organization in such

3ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Fairness Communicati
on
Employee
support
Reinforcemen
t
Employer
Theory Y Set of
employees
Psychological
contract
way that, it will help in reducing the negativity of the employees along with converting them in
the set of theory Y.
Integration of the psychological contract
Figure: 2
Psychological contract for Skyline International
Skinner’s reinforcement theory will be applicable in integrating the psychological
contract in the organization (Skinner 2014). This is due to the reason that, Skinner’s
reinforcement theory states the positive and negative reinforcement according to the situation. It
is stated that positive reinforcement such as reward should be used for positive motivation of the
employees and punishment should be used for negative motivation of the employees. In the case

4ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
of the employees who are not engaged in the workplace, negative reinforcement will help in
maintaining their job performance. On the other hand, positive motivation in the further stage
will help in enhancing the impression of the employees along with increasing their loyalty to the
organization (Deci and Ryan 2014).
Communication is also one of the key components in psychological contract. In the case
of the Skyline International, it was discussed that, the communication process is ineffective and
incomplete in nature. For instance, employees of Skyline International were told that voluntary
retirement option will be provided to the interested ones. However, they are not being
communicated about the guidelines for the concept along the packages to be received. Thus, it is
creating negative impression and confusion among the employees. Communication process
should be made effective in order to reduce these issues.
Fairness should also be maintained in managing the employees. This will help in creating
the sense of equality among the employees in their workplace (Cohen 2015). Moreover,
employees should be given proper support by the upper level management. In the case study, it is
discussed that, employees are not having the support about how to cope up with the
organizational turbulence. Thus, they should be given support, which will enhance the
psychological contract between the employees and the employers (Lee and Jensen 2014).
Recommendations
 It is recommended that situational leadership should be incorporated by the Skyline
International. This is due to the reason that, with the help of the situational leadership,
upper level management will be able to adapt their approach their employees’

5ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
management on the basis of the situation. Thus, both the negative and positive
reinforcement can be used in the process.
 It is also recommended to the upper level management of Skyline International that they
should provide the details about the future course of their business operation with their
employees. This will help to reduce the confusion among the employees regarding their
future in the organization. Moreover, it will also enable the employees to prepare
themselves about how to cope up with the change in the organization. This will also
reduce the resistance from the side of the employees.
 It is also recommended that, upper level management of Skyline International should
initiate the training program for the employee. This is due to the reason that, Skyline
international is going through massive organizational change. It is important for the
employees to get equipped to the change in the organization. Thus, upper level
management should initiate training program for the employees to equip them in
accordance to the new environment.
Conclusion
This essay discussed about the integration of psychological contract in the Skyline
International. Theories such as McGregor theory X and Y and Skinner’s reinforcement theory
are being used in order to identify the elements to initiate psychological contract in the
organization. Some of the elements being identified are the communication process, support for
the employees, positive and negative reinforcement. Various recommendations are also being
discussed in this essay. It is expected that effective implementation of these recommendations
will help in enhancing the psychological contract in Skyline International.

6ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Essay: 2
Introduction
Effective business communication is one of the most important elements to be followed
by the contemporary business organizations. This is due to the reason that, in the current
scenario, feedback of the employees is also important for the upper level management in the
decision making process (Schullery 2013). In the case of Skyline International, it is identified
that, the communication process in the organization is mainly one way process rather the two
way process. Thus, it is important for the upper level management to initiate a process of
communication, which will not only ensure coordination among them but also with the
employees.
This essay will discuss about the different mechanisms of communication and the most
effective one, which will help in having proper system of communication in Skyline
International.
Importance of effective communication process
Effective process of communication is important for the contemporary business
organizations such as Skyline International. This is due to the reason that, the more effective and
efficient will be the process of communication, the more coordination will be there in between
the internal stakeholders. According to the McGregor two factors theory, there are mainly two
factors, motivators and hygiene, which determines the level of job satisfaction of the employees
(Damji et al. 2015). This theory states that, motivators are the factors, which enhance the level of
satisfaction among the employees such as recognition of the employees in their workplace,
career growth of them and sense of achievement of them (Bradler et al. 2016). Thus, these

7ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
factors can be initiated only with the help of the effective communication process. Employee
benefit activities driven by the organization can be transmitted to the employees only with the
help of the effective communication process.
Figure: 1
Herzberg’s two factors theory
This theory also stated that, among the hygiene factors, interpersonal relation is one of
the key factors to be maintained by the organization. Thus, having positive interpersonal relation
among the employees and other internal stakeholders can only is possible when the
communication process is effective.
Employee engagement
In the case study, it is stated that, employee are becoming more disengaged in the
workplace due to the reason that, they are not be communicated effectively and properly about
the change being going to happen in the organization. Thus, there is a direct relationship between
the employee engagement and effective communication process in the organization (Anitha
2014). The more effective will be the process of communication, the more helpful will be for the

8ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
upper level management of Skyline International to determine the feedback and issues of the
employees. If these issues can be mitigated effectively, then the employees will be more
motivated and engaged in their workplace. Thus, it is of urgent need for Dean and his managers
to determine different mechanisms of communication and initiate them in their organization.
Types of communication mechanisms
Communication mechanism is mainly two types, Synchronous communication and
asynchronous communication.
Figure: 2
Synchronous and asynchronous communication
Source: (Java J2ee Planet 2018)
Synchronous communication refers to the process of communication where multiple
parties or stakeholders can participate at once and they can interact with each other at a single
time. Thus, it helps in transmission of the particular message among all the related parties and
they all are aware about the development in the process (Berger and Iyengar 2013). On the other

9ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
hand, asynchronous communication is mainly what is practiced by Skyline International. This is
mainly one way process of communication and there is no surety for the sender of the particular
message to get any reply from the receiver. This is currently practiced in this organization, where
employees are having lots of queries to resolve but there is no effective communication initiate
from the upper level management.
Thus, from the above discussion, it can be conclude that Dean and his top management
team should adopt the Synchronous communication process in their organization and they should
involve the lower level employees also in the process also in order to gain their feedback or
opinion. The more will be gathering of the opinion from the side of the employees, the more will
be their engagement in the organization (Giesbers et al. 2014). Thus, it is recommended to the
Skyline International that they should initiate the process of synchronous communication
mechanism in order to have effective communication practices with the employees also.
Recommendations
 It is suggested to the upper level management of Skyline International that they should
built a common portal involving all of their internal stakeholders. The portal will act as a
communication platform between the stakeholders. Thus, involvement of the employees
along with the upper level management in the portal will help to involve all the parties
(Amah and Ahiauzu 2013). Moreover it will also help the human resource department in
communicating with all the key stakeholders effectively through the portal. Thus, the
issue of incomplete communication currently occurring in Skyline International can get
mitigated.

10ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
 Synchronous communication mechanism can also be implemented with the help of the
employee feedback mechanism. This is due to the reason that, with the help of the
effective employee feedback mechanism, the opinion and issues faced by the employees
can be gathered. Proper and effective fulfillment of those issues will help in enhancing
the loyalty of the employees in their workplace (Guillon and Cezanne 2014). Therefore, it
is another mode of implementing synchronous communication mechanism.
 It is also recommended that Skyline International should organize periodical meeting
between the upper level management and the employees. Moreover, it is to be seen that,
the communication should be directly between the upper level management and lower
level management without any middle level managers. This will help the upper level
management in directly communicating with the employees.
Conclusion
Thus, it can be concluded that, communication is one of the important steps in engaging
the employees. This is due to the reason that, the more effective will be the communication
process in the organization, the more positive will be the relationship between the internal
stakeholders. This essay also discussed about the types of communication mechanisms and
which will be the most effective for the Skyline International. It is recommended that,
synchronous communication mechanism will be more effective for them in communicating with
the lower level employees.

11ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Essay: 3
Introduction
In the current business scenario, rewarding the employee performance is much more
important due to the reason that, the competition is higher in the market and there are various
rival companies present in every sector to attract the right talents (Salleh et al., 2013). Thus, it is
important for the business organizations to reward their employees through different means in
order to retain them and to attract new talents. Rewarding employees can be of different types
ranging from annual salary increment to providence of bonus. On the other hand, appraisal is
also important due to the reason that, conducting appraisal will help to determine the
performance of the employees and rewarding them accordingly (Aggarwal & Thakur, 2013).
In the given case study, it is stated that, employees of Skyline International have not
received any salary increment for the last few years. Moreover, their current salary is also much
lower than that of their competing organizations in the market. It is causing dissatisfaction
among them and is causing decrease in the morale and motivation of them. Moreover, some of
the key talents of the Skyline International are also trying to change the organization.
This essay will discuss about the importance of conducting appraisals and rewarding
employee performance on a regular basis in order to retain these employees, which will in turn
help to maintain the competitiveness in terms of the skill sets of the human resources.
Importance of conducting employee appraisal
According to the Maslow’s need theory, there are some sorts of needs of the employees,
which should be met by the employers in order to further motivate them in their workplace. One