CPY2219 Research Proposal: Attitude's Impact on Behavioral Outcomes

This research proposal outlines a non-experimental cross-sectional study investigating the influence of attitudes on behavioral outcomes. The study aims to address three key research questions: whether attitude accessibility and stability affect behavioral outcomes, and whether attitude influences human behavioral decisions. The proposal includes a literature review, problem statement, research questions, and hypotheses. The methodology section details the research design, sampling (random sampling of 30 participants), and data collection methods (structured interviews with closed-ended questions). Data analysis will be performed using linear regression and ANOVA. The proposal also addresses ethical considerations, a timeline, and contingency plans. The study's implications and references are also provided, offering a comprehensive framework for the proposed research. This research seeks to determine how attitude impacts behavior.

RUNNING HEAD: PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY
Name of Student
Name of University
Author note

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The influence of attitude on behavioral outcome
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND AND BREIEF LITERATURE REVIEW
Behavior plays a very important role in daily performance of lives. Our mindset play a very
critical role in planning of our actions and behaviors. The mindset is a state of mental
attitude, which is comprised of perceived perspectives of the world. The attitudes (Schafer,
2019) determine the behavioral construction in a person in a predetermined way. A number
of various attitude expressions occurs in form of behaviors (Zipf, 2016). There are multiple
factors that affect human behaviors are accessibility, attitudes stability. There exist a core
relation between the behavioral planning, sensory information and the mental attitude
constructed out of experiences.
There are perspectives in theory that specifies attitudes guide behaviors. The
perspectives are formed out of behavioral and perceptual conditioning. Memory play a
critical part in exhibition and production of learned behavior. Decaying or persistence of a
memory helps development of a certain attitude towards world and life. Attitude affects
behavior by activating experiences from memory system. Attitudes are very accessible when
constituted by semantic experience.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Memories become accessible people are very motivated in order attitude object. It can
be assumed that both personal involvement and direct experience influence attitude patterns.
Cognitive learning increases the complexity of attitudes to construct a future behavior.
Factors like attitude accessibility and attitude stability are extremely important in prediction
of future behaviors - has not been studied properly earlier and this becomes the focus of this
proposed study.

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2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
According to the problem statement, three research questions can be derived which are as
follows:-
Does attitude accessibility affects behavioral outcomes?
Does attitude stability affects behavioral outcomes?
Does attitude affect human behavioral decision?
3. HYPOTHESES
In this research, the dependent variable is behavior and independent variable is attitude. The
two hypotheses based on the variables are as follows:-
H0= Attitude does not influence and affects behavior.
H1= Attitude affects human behavior.
4. METHOD
4.1Design
The proposed study uses a non-experimental cross sectional study.
Non-experimental research (Blalock, 2018) is research that lacks the manipulation of
an ‘independent variable’, ‘random assignment’ of the participants in conditions or in ‘orders
of conditions’, or ‘both’. A ‘non-experimental research’ is preferred when a research
question denotes a ‘causal relationship’ but the ‘independent variables’ cannot be in any
manner, ‘manipulated’, the subjects are ‘randomly’ distributed to situations or the ‘orders of
conditions’. The design is the research approach that reflects the aim and purpose of the
research in a very veracious way. The proposed research uses a non- experimental approach
with a ‘cross sectional study’.

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In sociological sciences, a ‘cross-sectional study’ (Page et al., 2016) or cross-sectional
analysis also known as transverse study or prevalence study is an ‘observational study’ type
that scrutinize ‘data’ from ‘population’, from a ‘representative subset’ at particular ‘point of
time’. The ‘cross-sectional data’ - in subject like economics and in ‘cross-sectional studies’
particularly - comprise ‘cross-sectional regression’ usage, to ‘sort out’ an ‘existence’ and the
‘magnitude’ in effects of the ‘independent variables’ upon the ‘dependent variable of
interest’ at a specific ‘point of time’. They contradict in ‘series analysis’, the ‘behavior’ of
‘one’ or ‘more data’ masses, is marked out along with time. Cross-sectional studies can be
descriptive studies. The prevalence risk ratio is an important aspect of the study. The cross
sectional study can be used to explain population features like illness prevalence and they
should aid the relationship between cause and the effect.
4.2Sampling – random sampling
‘Random sampling’ is a method of ‘selecting a sample’ from some definite population
to deduce certain inferences from population (Emerson, 2015). Random sampling has another
name that is - probability sampling. The cardinal types of random sampling happens to be –
‘simple random sampling’, ‘cluster sampling’, ‘stratified sampling’ (Humm, 2017),
multistage sampling. Simple random sampling is a simplest approach and this sampling
method shall be used in the study.
30 participants will be chosen in age group of 22 to 60 years.
4.3 Data collection
Structured interviews with closed ended questions shall be used in the proposed study.
Each participant will go through two sets of assessment – attitude and behavioral. These
assessments will be taken through a series of question asked by the interviewer to which the
interviewees will be answering.

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4.4 Data analysis
In this study, we will be using linear regression and ANOVA as quantitative data analysis
method.
In statistics and research, the linear regression is linear approach taken to model the
‘relationship’ between scalar ‘dependent variable’ and explanatory or’ independent
variables’. In cases there is only one independent variable, it is simple linear regression.
Multiple correlation is when there is more than one. In linear regression (Austin &
Steyerberg, 2015), modeling of relationships through using ‘linear predictor functions’ whose
‘unidentified model parameters’ are ‘projected data’. These models are ‘linear models’. The
conditional mean is provided as response to the explanatory predictors.
IMPLICATIONS
For performing the research, the ethical implications will be taken into consideration.
The researchers will adhere to the ethical guidelines while performing the study. A consent
will be taken from all the participants regarding their voluntary participation and the
participants shall retain the will of withdrawing from the research at any point of time if they
feel so. The research resources will be equally distributed amongst the participants without
any bias. Any form of personal bias of a researcher towards any subject will be strictly
prohibited. Any research bias of any sort will be eliminated. The data and results will be
shared with the participants in an ethical way. The validity and reliability of the research will
be measured as well.
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Topic
selection 
Collection of
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Review of
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Data
interpretation
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Complete
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CONTIGENCY PLAN
If the suitable participants are not found for the research, a different sampling method
can be used. In case of any risks or shortcoming, the correct measures to mitigate the same,
will be taken immediately. The budget structure and the workforce will be revised and
replaced, if needed so that requirements of the research is met in either way.

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References
Austin, P. C., & Steyerberg, E. W. (2015). The number of subjects per variable required in
linear regression analyses. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 68(6), 627-636.
Blalock Jr, H. M. (2018). Causal inferences in nonexperimental research. UNC Press Books.
Emerson, R. W. (2015). Convenience sampling, random sampling, and snowball sampling:
How does sampling affect the validity of research?. Journal of Visual Impairment &
Blindness, 109(2), 164-168.
Humm, J. M., McCown, J. W., Scheick, B. K., & Clark, J. D. (2017). Spatially explicit
population estimates for black bears based on cluster sampling. The Journal of
Wildlife Management, 81(7), 1187-1201.
Humm, J. M., McCown, J. W., Scheick, B. K., & Clark, J. D. (2017). Spatially explicit
population estimates for black bears based on cluster sampling. The Journal of
Wildlife Management, 81(7), 1187-1201.
Page, M. J., Shamseer, L., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Sampson, M., Tricco, A. C., ... &
Moher, D. (2016). Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews
of biomedical research: a cross-sectional study. PLoS medicine, 13(5), e1002028.
Schafer, R. (2019). The analytic attitude. Routledge.
Zipf, G. K. (2016). Human behavior and the principle of least effort: An introduction to
human ecology. Ravenio Books.