Psychology for HSC: Theories, Case Studies, and Human Behavior Report

This psychology report examines various psychological theories, including those of Freud and Erickson, and compares psychodynamic and cognitive approaches to understanding human development. It explores the implications of these theories across the lifespan, focusing on behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, and humanistic perspectives. The report further investigates the influence of social and biological factors on human behavior, including the nature vs. nurture debate, and their relevance to health and social care. A case study of Gemma, a young girl with a communication challenge, is analyzed to demonstrate the application of these factors. The report also discusses the significance of social roles in addressing challenges like Gemma's, and applies psychological theories to additional case studies involving individuals of different ages. It then analyzes these theories in relation to mental disorders and behavior change, concluding with a discussion on enhancing relationships within the context of health and social care. The report provides a detailed analysis of psychological principles and their practical applications.

Psychology for HSC

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Comparison of Theories of Life Span Development.............................................................3
1.2 Psychological theories and their implications on Life span of Human Development...........4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Social and biological factors of human behavior...................................................................5
2.2 Significance of social roles to overcome Gemma's disease...................................................6
TASK 3 (a).......................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Psychological theories application on given case studies......................................................7
3.2 Relationship of psychological theories with case scenarios..................................................8
TASK 3B.........................................................................................................................................8
3B.1 Analysis of Psychological theories in relation with Mental Disorders...............................8
3B.2 Evaluation of Psychological principles affecting behavior change....................................9
3B.3 Analysis on Psychological theories in relation to enhancement of relationships in HSC...9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
As it has been seen in the recent times that people are more focused towards their health
and safety. Thus in order to build that environment in relation to that people are more of like
having the responsibilities and duties. As the Health and social care sector have been coming to
rise it is important for professionals to examine the people in such a manner that it does not harm
them and their needs are full filled also(Barrick, Mount and Li, 2013). The present report is
undertaken in order to make an understanding of the psychology of the person in relation to
health and social care. Thus for this purpose different psychological theories have been
undertaken so that reader of the report will find it easy to interpret various points from it and
further can carry a research in relation to the subject matter (Ajzen, 2015).
TASK 1
1.1 Comparison of Theories of Life Span Development
As in order to understand the behavior or perceptions of the people in relation to their
health and safety measures (Ajzen, 2015). There are various experts who have given their
precious comments on the life span development plans with respect to the study of different
individuals and their psychology. Thus what this facilitates is that by having the knowledge of
how an individual thinks it is important for the professionals to foster and improve the care
techniques for them in order to keep the health standards on(Stephens, Graham and Clough,
2013). Thus in this series different theories have been given among which two are mentioned
above.
 Erickson v/s Freud: Sigmund Freud in his theory has said that development in a
children happens in stages, which he termed them as Psycho sexual stages and following
it Erickson also has given the stages and named them as "psycho social stages", which
was pretty in similarity to the Freud theories. Erickson's theory main focus was on the
issues and tasks which are being met at specific ages(Maynard, 2013). On the other hand
Freud laid his emphasis on the psycho sexual energy or libido. Both of them made and
emphasis to show that in both personality develops but among the two better was
Erickson's one. As Freud theory focus was on sexual pleasure and when failure occurs
then it might lead to personality disorders (Ajzen, 2015).

 Psycho dynamic v/s Cognitive: As both this theory is concerned under psychodynamic
approach behavior of people is not learned rather it is forced by unconscious. on the other
hand in cognitive approach the behavior of people is learned as under cognitive theory it
is said that information is processed and mental changes. Pyschodynamic approach is
regarded as unscientific because it cannot be measured or manipulated while in cognitive
approach it is a scientific approach because this is of the opinion that brain is similar to ac
computer where information can be manipulated(Chen, 2013).
1.2 Psychological theories and their implications on Life span of Human Development
Thus many experts who by studying different individuals have framed different
psychological theory which directly deals with the mindsets of the people and thus these theories
have also showed the relationship between the outcomes of different negative and positive
aspects of psychology (Ajzen, 2015). Thus different theories which are given by experts are:
1. Behavioral Theory: Behavioral theory deals with the behavior of persons and this theory
deals with the research over different type of behavior of people. Behavioral theory deals
with the change in the behavior of the persons as the continuous change in the behavior
of persons helps in knowing whither in which condition or situation a particular
individual react in which manner thus this is the best basic and common study of the
psychology(Panter-Brick, 2014).
2. Cognitive Theory: A cognitive theory basically focuses on how our brain process the
information and for this purpose research is done not in the real life rather it is done in the
laboratory (Ajzen, 2015). This approach implicates that the mental disorders related to
cognitive can be learned and so can be unlearned. Here in cognitive theory people are
examined on the basis of three traits and that are there understanding, diagnose and
solving the problems.
3. Psycho dynamic Theory: Here in Psycho dynamic theory it is said that prolonged
thinking which has no use can affect the health of the individual by creation of
psychological problems and abnormal behavior(Gergen and Gergen, 2014). Thus this
particular approach deals with the three parts of mind which are conscious, preconscious
and unconscious. here the personality was also divided into three components that is ID,

Ego and Superego. Conscious are the ideas or perceptions or thoughts and unconscious
are the wishes and desires which is formed in childhood (Ajzen, 2015).
4. Humanistic Theory: Humanistic approach is the study of the person at whole as the
researcher researching on the individual not only sees them with the eyes of of observer,
rather they are viewed as the person actually performing the activities or
behaving(Gergen and Gergen, 2014). Thus approach is among the third force in
psychology after psychoanalysis and behaviorism. A humanistic theory of understanding
the people is deterministic.
TASK 2
2.1 Social and biological factors of human behavior
Human behavior includes attitude, perception, individual personality that impacts on its
psychology and his nature to deal with people of society. In this regard, different factors as
personal abilities, socio-economic environment and so on. Therefore, various kinds of ethics,
socialism, behavior and manner to deal with society's people are impacted on social and cultural
environment. In this regard, in a family, there is behavior of family members is different in
regards of their experiences and environment. Thus, human behavior is based on their
psychologies and individual interest towards any particular thing (Akers, 2013). However,
human nature is varies to varies from people to people. Including this, they behave differently at
several places that impacts on their social ethics as well positive and negative perception for
towards society and culture. It influence health and social care for human development as well
providing them good quality features for sociology and positive environment. Including this,
biological determinants are composition of natural or environmental contributions that is related
to providing healthy and positive atmosphere through supportive nature of society (Ajzen, 2015).
Along with this, it is determined that human psychology and their behavior are improved through
various substances that affect on society and cultural environment effectively.
Nature vs. Nurture controversy:- There is difference between nature and nurture in
psychology. However, nature is considered as behavior of any individual including his attitude
and perception towards any particular thing. While, on the other hand, nurture is influenced by
external environmental factors involves care from companion and family for any individual.

Social factors:- It includes people lifestyle, behavior, attitude and perception towards
sociology and environment. In accordance to this, society and community's behavior and changes
in their interest impact on human behavior. Likewise, all determinants related to human behavior
and culture affects on environment and development. Thus, social factors impacts on human
behavior to live in society and contacting with other people.
Biological factors:- These are external factors that affects human behavior. It includes
nutrition, genetics and environmental factors for improving people sociology as well reducing
diseases. Therefore, by providing care and creating positive environment, physical and mental
development of an individual is possible. Thus, biological factors impact on human nature and
thinking for behaving in society and community.
There is a case story presented for Gemma and related to health and social environment.
Under this case scenario, it is recognized that Gemma is 5 years old happy girl child who does
not speak yet. Through initial assessment, it is identified that she is not facing with any serious
diagnostic problem. Therefore, she requires only happy and healthy environment to overcome
her disease (Curtin and McGarty, 2016). In accordance to this, it is needed for her family to
create social and healthy environment, contacting her with society and community that will be
suitable for Gemma to reduce her disease. However, by making positive and applying social and
biological factors for healthcare effectively. Thus, healthcare staff and Gemma's family's
dedication can work out to supporting her to speak up as well understanding towards her needs
and requirements only (Ajzen, 2015). Hence, by using social and biological factors, Gemma's
problem can be solved out. It will be helpful for development and reducing the problem.
In context of society, both social and biological factors are important for an individual's
development. It is related with creating positive and healthy environment of society for
improvements. Through this determinants, physical and mental development of an individual is
possible as well healthy relationship among people can be achieved. Hence, human behavior
affcets through social biological factors for proper growth and reducing disease effectively.
2.2 Significance of social roles to overcome Gemma's disease
Social roles:- Society and community plays crucial role in individual's growth. It is
necessary for creating positive and friendly environment to reduce problems. For this purpose,
family members and companion play effective role for improving skills and balancing

individual's behavior. However, social role consists of behavior, rights, obligations, beliefs that
affects human behavior and his environment to live in society. Thus, social roles are significant
for proper development and reducing disease of an individual.
Social and biological factors are liable for creating positive and healthy environment that
leads to develop human psychology and tendency for improving skills and reducing their
diseases effectively. In this regard, Gemma's case study is related to providing her effective
atmosphere as well working on to make her speak up. However, healthcare staff and her family
can create positive atmosphere to overcome her disease therefore she can be frank more as well
she will try for speak. In this process, social and healthcare sector can improve her disease that
will be work out effectively (De Grandis and et.al., 2016). Therefore, social roles can play
significant role through creating positive and developing environment there will be appropriate
for Gemma's growth and effective for speaking up. Including this, healthcare staff and family's
awareness that is useful for improving efficiencies as well increasing quality features for positive
environment. In accordance to this, biological factors such as nutrition, creating environment is
effective for implementing healthcare facilities. It influences positive and healthcare sector also
useful for social development and cultural growth for effectiveness and increasing efficiencies at
high level (Ajzen, 2015).
In this regard, social roles are important for increasing society's culture and its
effectiveness for Gemma's improvement as through creating positive and healthy environment of
society effectively. Therefore, it is required to increase sociology and growing environment that
is useful for caring each individual of society as well making plans for reducing problems occur
in country's effectiveness. However, in case of Gemma, healthcare staff and her family can
create environment according to her well wishes and requirements, therefore she can play and
live her life more happily (Ford, Scholz and Lu, 2015). In accordance to this, social awareness
and development can be achieved effectively that impacts on society's development efficiently.
TASK 3 (A)
3.1 Psychological theories application on given case studies
According to given case studies of Pet and Jennifer, there are different age group people
stories presented (Ajzen, 2015). However, pet is eight years' old student whose father does not
involve in his life. In this regard, he involved in TV, online games at most therefore, his behavior

get impacted by his nature. However, his teacher swears as well his relationship with other
students and staff is affected. Therefore, it is required to him to create positive and friendly
environment so he can open up very easily as well can behave effectively with his friends and
staff. In this regard, his family and school teachers should focus on his behavior and must create
effective plan for reducing his numeracy task problem (Millner and et.al., 2015). Moreover,
through this friendly environment, he can build up his own personality same as learning attitude
would be improved. In this regard, applying psychological theories are significant for
development of Pet and his abilities. Thus, social roles and society's awareness regarding
creating friendly environment develops personality of an individual as well make them feel
positive. In addition to this, the other case story related to Jennifer also presents requirement of
social needs for effective human behavior and also remains useful for caring society's old aged
people and positiveness. However, it is able to social welfare and improving their psychologies
in respect of human behavior. It is effective for applying psychological theories for social justice
and feeling them important to achieve effective bonding among family members (Pedras and
Pereira, 2014).
Thus, through applying psychological theories, effective social growth and positive
environment can be gained effectively. In accordance to this, human behavior and proper
development can be achieved through this system. In case of Pet, it is needed for his family and
school related friends as well teachers to create positive environment for him therefore he can
learn effectively as well will be able to improve his skills. Therefore, creating atmosphere
according to feeling him positive and expressing his opinions will be effective for his
development. It will also influenced on his behavior with friends and teachers. However,
efficiencies of students can be grown at high level that is useful for their development and
increasing their abilities for perform at school and home (Ajzen, 2015).
Stress:- It is considered as feeling of pressure and reaction towards tension. It affects
human body and emerges different diseases like blood pressure, decreasing immunity system,
rapid heart pulse and so on. Therefore, body's nervous system get fluctuated due to stress.
Causes of stress:- Stress occurs due to tension related to personal and professional life
issues such as; loss of job, death of any close one, moving and injuries due to chronic illness etc.

Due to emotional problem and work related problems as poor management, working under
dangerous conditions human body get impacted negatively.
Types of stress:- There are different kinds of stress, some of them can be expressed as:- Acute stress:- This kind of stress emerges due to facing any new challenge, conflict in
family or at workplace, response on fights and so on. These stressful situations covers
under acute stress that obtains mental health issues. Episodic stress:- This term of stress obtains because of human behavior like; short
tempered, irritable, anxious. However, negative health issues are generated due to this
stress also disturbs environment and human behavior.
 Chronic stress:- If any problem does not solve out easily and takes long time period then
chronic stress occurs. It includes poverty, family issues, unhappy married life and so.
Benefit of psychological implication of stress using GAS:-
Under this theory, study of human psychology is created by which different ideas are
created for handling pressure. In this way, varieties of tips are obtained for reducing stress and
behaving in stress. It is beneficial for creating positive and friendly environment as well
behaving in society nicely.
Psychological for stress avoid/reduction:- Stress can be handled by following on tips
expressed below:-
 Take care of self and eating healthy food.
 Connect socially and living in stress free environment
 Determining solutions and prepare scheduled list to be followed on.
 Live in space as take a break with work.
 Avoid drugs and alcohol.
Discussion and recommendation:- Stress is negative feeling that impacts on human
body negatively. It occurs various health issues and conflicts in relationship also disturbs
environment. The causes behind stress are several such as family issues, work life problems and
so.
It is suggested for stressed people to handle in their own way as they can. It is required
for them to live in a friendly and happy environment and take a break with work load for a while.

In this regard, it will be suitable for them to eat healthy food and avoid alcohol for happy and
positive life.
Rationalization Denial projection transfer of formation cognitive reappraisal
Rationalization is a human behavior that is related with individual attitude and behavior
towards stress and tension. It involves behavior of an individual as cool, calm and proper to
handle any situation. However, for this ideal behavior to manage pressure rationally. It is state of
mind at which, person remains calm and cool in situation of stress. Therefore, all through
rationale behavior, any situation is handled effectively and intelligently.
3.2 Relationship of psychological theories with case scenarios
Psychological theories are crucial for effective human tendency and improving their
skills for ideal behavior. In this process, it is needed to apply different kinds of psychological
theories for social awareness and creating positive atmosphere that is linked with personality
development as well friendly behavior. In addition to this, psychological theories are interlinked
with Pet and Jennifer stories that affects on their perception and tendency to behave in a group or
society (Ajzen, 2015). However, various kinds of problems can be solved out through this
process that is useful for growth and feeling them prior for effective psychology and presenting
positiveness that affects on dealing with people as well remains able for social welfare. In this
regard, various kinds of social roles as support from healthcare staff and family can be achieved
effectively (Swartz, 2014). Thus, positiveness towards social behavior and human perception
can be achieved that is valuable for implementing psychological theories. Through case scenario
of Pet, a story is presented related to his behavior with school friends and family. It is needed to
play role model of society and school for developing his personality. Including this,
psychological theory is related to gaining their interest towards human behavior that affects
society's welfare and development for human psychologies as well creating positive and effective
environment through applying psychological factors. In addition to this, positive perception
towards human behavior and services can be gained effectively. However, psychologies and
social welfare is to gained effectively that impacts on social justice and group behavior (Akers,
2013). Hence, it is determined that psychological factors are interrelated with creating friendly
environment as well value for all family members presence. It is good for personality

development of Pet and improving psychological tendency of old people of the society (Ajzen,
2015).
Mental disorder:- it is mental health issue that affects human behavior, psychology,
suffering and different diseases. It is disturbance and mental illness in which disorder of
decisions and behavior of an individual appears. It occurs due to unstable mind, dynamics in
behavior, mood and personality. Some mental disorders are as; clinical depression, bipolar
disorder, dementia etc.
Types of mental disorder:- There are different kinds of mental disorder presents can be
expressed as:- Anger:- Reaction towards stress and intolerance of mistake occurs anger that hamper
human body. This affects conflicts and more complex situations to handle personal and
professional life. Personality changes:- It is one of the type of mental illness occurs due to changes in
behavior, belief and many other things.
 Depression:- It emerges due to thinking on any issues deeply and sadly. However, it
affects human body negatively and different diseases occur as BP and unstable mind.
Psychological theory about schizophrenia and its influences:- Schizophrenia is a
chronic mental disorder that impacts human behavior, emotions. It has three kinds as; positive,
negative and cognitive. It usually affects from 16 to 30 years old age people. This issue occurs
because of poor executive functioning, trouble focusing and so on.
Conclusion and link with case study:- Mental disorder is a health issue that affects
human body negatively. The present case study is related to Jenifer case that related to his
unnatural behavior as of his loneliness that increases depression and his behavior with other
people. It is needed to create positive environment for Jenifer and emerging positive feelings.
Thus, he will behave nicely and feel happy with his group and companion.
Phobia:- It is disease that occurs due to fear of any particular thing. It created because of
any individual's incident with any situation and negative mind set towards the thing. Therefore,
phobia is obtained cause of fear of any individual thing and negative perception.

Anxiety disorder:- It emerges because of stress and mental disorder. It impacts on
human behavior and relationship with other people. Anxiety disclosure is a state where negative
reaction towards stress is obtained.
Neurosis:- It is symbol of mental illness involving anxiety, obsessive behavior towards
any stress. It occurs mental disorder and dynamics personality and belief of any individual.
Psychosis:- It is a state where condition of mind is constant as well negative towards any
specific tool. In this disease, patient get loss of reality as he behaves like to lost the things, any
person and event.
TASK 3B
3B.1 Analysis of Psychological theories in relation with Mental Disorders
As discussed about the different psychological theories in relation with different people's
perception it is important for the professionals to analyze the theories in relation to mental
disorders. As far as behavioral theory is concerned it is important to undertake and examine the
frequent change in behaviors as some people tend to have the practice of loosing the moral early
thus it is important they need to be taken care of as it is the case of health of the person (Khan,
2014). Further cognitive theory says that brain process the information and thus in this sort of
theory the mental disorders related to cognitive can be learned and so can be unlearned. As in
cognitive theory it is important for the professionals to make the knowledge of the positions of
the mind of the individual as this will make them to analyze the position of the people and
further make the move to improve health of the people(Wallerstein, 2014). Thus psycho dynamic
approach deals with the three parts of mind which are conscious, precociousness and
unconscious. here the personality was also divided into three components that is ID, Ego and
Superego. Thus it is important for the an appropriate examination and analysis should be taken
into account so that the human behavior can be understood without any biases and further steps
can be taken effectively (Ajzen, 2015).
Fraud/Erickson:-
Cognitive:- It is syudy of analyzing huamn emotional state as his mental and emotional
stability. It also involves his attitude and manner to handle any situation and his thinking
emotionally.