Psychology Essay: Human Behavior, Theories, and Public Services

This essay delves into the realm of psychology, examining two core theories: Erikson's stage of psychosocial development and Piaget's cognitive theory. It explores the similarities and differences between these theories in explaining human behavior, along with the concept of group influence and its impact on individual behavior. The essay further investigates the consequences of prejudice and discrimination and highlights the relevance of psychological theories and social influences within public services. Task 2 of the essay analyzes real-world crime, identifying causal factors such as alcoholism, poverty, and lack of education, applying psychological perspectives to individuals in the public sector, and exploring theories of criminal behavior like Rational Choice theory and Biosocial cause theory. The essay also discusses the application of psychological perspectives within public services to reduce criminal behavior and improve overall societal well-being. Finally, the essay addresses how psychological perspectives are applied to the work of a range of public services.

PSYCHOLOGY

Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1 Two approaches (theories) used in psychology........................................................................1
M1 Similarities and difference between theories of explaining human behaviour.....................2
Define research into Group influence and how the human behaviour is affected.......................2
Consequences of prejudices and discrimination..........................................................................3
Relevance of psychological theories and social influences on public services...........................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
Essay 1.............................................................................................................................................3
Analysis of real world crime and applying psychological theory and identifying casual factors
affecting occurrence of crimes.....................................................................................................6
Application of psychological perspective for individuals in public sector..................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
ESSAY 2..........................................................................................................................................6
Application of Psychological perspective over a team in public services...................................6
Applying psychology in public services to reduce criminal behaviour.......................................7
How psychological perspective is applied to the work of a range of public services.................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Psychology is the mental conditioning and state of mind that indicates the behaviour and
attitude of an individual person. It helps in identifying the mental and emotional need of an
individual that will help in improving overall persona of an individual. A negative or adverse
psychology will lead to criminal behaviour that will impact the well being in the society. Various
behaviour are been taken in consideration that influences the human behaviour. The report will
cover the details of psychology with the consequences of various prejudices and discrimination.
Also, the psychological factors leading to criminal activities are discussed with psychological
perspectives applied to people in public services. Other than this, the psychological perspectives
applied within the organisation and public behaviour to reduce the criminal behaviour within
society.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
1 Two approaches (theories) used in psychology
Effective theories are been taken in consideration by an individual or a person in order to
have an interactive behaviour or attitude. The two major psychological behaviour theories that
are taken in consideration are:
Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development: This theory states that there are certain
stages which impacts and influence the psychological development of an individual. These
stages are:
 Stage 1: Trust v/s Mistrust
 Stage 2: Autonomy v/s Shame and doubt
 Stage 3: Initiative v/s guilt
 Stage 4: Industry v/s Inferiority
 Stage 5: Identity V/s Confusion
 Stage 6: Intimacy V/s Isolation
 Stage 7: Generativity v/s Stagnation
 Stage 8: Integrity v/s Despair
Piaget Cognitive theory: This will help in proper planning of the cognitive theory which
will help in proper planning of the psychological development that will help in developing the
1

psychological ideology of children's and help in improving their intelligence and behaviour. It
classifies the individual's life in 4 stages.
 Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 2 years.
 Pre operational stage: Age 2 years to 7 years.
 Concrete operational Stage: Age 7 to 11 years.
 Formal operational stage: Age 12 and up.
M1 Similarities and difference between theories of explaining human behaviour
Both the theories that are been discussed above will influence the psychological factors
which will help in proper planning of the human behaviour and traits. The major similarities
between both the theories is that they lay emphasis on the conceptual setting and development of
psychological or a thinking over the age. Both theories lay emphasis on the life stages and how
the psychology of an individual develops.
On the other hand, the major difference between both the theory is that the psychosocial
theory focuses on Psychosexual attributes of an individual person on the other hand, the Piaget
theory of Psychological development emphasises on the development of intelligence and
thinking of an individual.
Define research into Group influence and how the human behaviour is affected
Research in Group influence can be termed as the effective planning of the operations
which will help in proper planning of the psychological understanding and ideology of a person.
The group behavior is the way people react to a situation or condition in a large or small group.
This will help in proper planning of the operations which will help in effective handling of the
services that will lead to carrying out of the activities of the action plan that will improve their
performance.
It will influence the factors like companionship, survival and security, affiliation status,
power and control over the individual as well as team achievements. The inhibiting of the team
traits and qualities will impact the individual behavior and will mold their behavior to a greater
extent. A positive group attribute will lead to the growth in the skill set of the individual. On the
other hand, a negative team attribute will help in carrying out of psychological measure's leading
to conflicts and acts of violence.
2

Consequences of prejudices and discrimination
The psychological prejudices and discriminations that are associated with the behaviour
or treatment of an individual over a team. This will lead to setting up of the operations and
policies which will lead to setting up of activities which will lead to their equal treatment which
will help in proper planning of behavioural attributes of an individual. Following or practising
any sort of prejudices and discrimination. This will impact the behaviour of an individual which
will, impact the thinking process and attitude of an individual to a greater extent.
Relevance of psychological theories and social influences on public services
The Psychological theories and social influencing factors that are been carried out on the public
level that will help the public services and in proper planning of the operations in an effective
manner. This will help in improving the rectification measures of the organization and this will
lead to setting up of the measures which will help in improving quality of services or reformation
measurers to improve psychological behavior of the criminals.
TASK 2
Essay 1
Psychology will play a very deep and crucial role in carrying out of the well being and
other operations that are taken within the organization. This will help in carrying out of the
activities and operations which are been carried out by the firm. This will help in carrying out of
the operations which will help in proper assessment of their psychological factors that influence
a person to commit out a crime towards society (Paloutzian, 2016). Crimes are more or less
based on the intention or psychological factors which will influence the behavior of an
individual. As a poor and criminal psychology will lead to certain heinous activities which will
impact the individual's life and well being of society.
Various factor prevails that will impact the criminal activities and such practices will
impact the occurrence of crimes to a greater extent (Howitt, 2016). Some major factors that
contribute to the criminal activities are:
Alcoholism: This is one of the primary cause of crimes in the society, the high
consumption of alcohol nullify the logical thinking and mental stability of a person (Helgeson,
2016). The personal behavior of an individual turn out to be ridicules towards others and thus,
leads to conflicts and crimes. Over consumption of alcohol will also impact the health
conditioning of a person affecting their well being and leading to the heinous crimes by an
3

individual. It will also inhibit a good ability to work or perform one's duties or crimes which will
affect their health and psychological behavior to a greater level.
Poverty: This is also an effective factor which drives an individual towards the lanes of
crimes. Lack of proper financial resources and inability to meet ones' and family needs forces a
person to take up the crimes. Majority of crimes like theft, burglary or murders are caused due to
lack of money and hence, it is a major physical or psychological factor that will influence
occurrence of crimes. This will also influence the social structuring and handling of the measures
which will help in meeting up of their personal and social needs leading to increase in crime
rates in society.
Lack of education: In the under developed and developing countries, then lack of
education is a major factor that leads to rise in crime rates in society. This will impact the
mentality to decide and choose among ethically right and wrong affecting their well being. This
will also lead the individual to face the dilemmas and adverse impact on the personal behavior or
understating. Hence, the proper management of the educational measures are required to be
taken by the organization which will help in setting up of proper social hierarchy which will lead
to reduction in crime rate in society (Gregory, 2015).
Absence of self esteem: The lack of proper self esteem and recognition sometimes leads
an individual to commit out crimes. The insult or constantly being ridiculed is the major factor
that will impact the behavior of an individual, filling out the mind with vengeance and make
them commit out the crime which will lead to occurrence of any criminal case. The criminals in
such a case will perform the crime in order to gain recognition or being famous. In such case, to
avoid this condition, proper and equalized care and treatment will be performed which will
influence the overall reduction in crime rates.
Social circumstances: Sometimes, the social circumstances and conditions which are
been faced by an individual are the factors which will influence the behavior and well being of
an individual within the society. This will help in proper planning of the services and meeting up
of their needs or requirements. Rough childhood, poor living condition, exposure to social
barriers which will influence the nature, mindset and well being of people or an individual.
Adverse social conditions can make an individual person to develop hatred towards society,
which is required to be avoided for lower crime rate (Wood and Rünger, 2016).
4

Substance abuse: In the present social scenario, this is the major factor that impacts then
occurrence of crimes and threat towards well being of people which will influence the positive
behavior of a person towards the society. Consumption of drugs and its habit may lead to
psychologically impact the wellness of people. This will help in carrying out of services that will
lead to setting up of the operations that supports the rise in setting up of the improvement
measures for the criminals. Government must look after the proper banning over the
consumption and selling up of the drugs which will influence the behavior or well being of
people in society.
All these factors or attributes will influence the execution of the crimes within the
society. Proper carrying out of the operations and planning up of factors which will influence the
growth measures which will lead to setting up of effective growth and improvement measures
which will affect the monitoring and controlling up of the crime rates within the society. All
these factors will influence the execution of criminal activities within the society (McDougall,
2015).
Various theories are applied and interpreted which will impact the overall operations and
execution of work practices within the organisation. 3 major theories of criminal behaviour are:
Rational Choice theory: This is based on the factor that will help in proper controlling
of the logical judgement of costing and rewarding. It consists of the rewards or punishments
related to crime, higher the intensity of crime, bigger the scale of punishment. It is based on the
individual's mindset to decide the punishment on the extent of these crimes etc. to identify,
whether the crime is worth it or not. It is based on the reasonable and logical thinking which will
influence the human nature and intensity of crime. It also covers the emotional concept of crime
along with logical thinking.
Biosocial cause theory: This includes the mental physical or emotional measures which
are been carried out by an individual to have the fundamental exposure to social and biological
crimes. It focuses on rehabilitation and improvement measures which are been carried out by the
organisation which will help in proper planning of crime control activities. The biological or
psycho physical factors are the attributes that are been carried out by the organisation which will
influence the occurrence of crime (Aron, 2017). This theory focuses on the root cause of crime
and this will help in proper planning of the operations which will help in have a good monitoring
5

and controlling of the operations which are been carried out by the organisation. It will also help
in controlling the conflicts causing the occurrence of crime.
Analysis of real world crime and applying psychological theory and identifying casual factors
affecting occurrence of crimes
Real world crime factors like murder or theft can be carried out by the organisation which
leads an individual to carrying out of crimes. There are certain psychological factors which
causes the occurrence of the crime. Some major casual factors like ego, jealousy or hate and
components of behavioural theory of psychology which will contribute in developing a negative
impact on the operations by the organisation which will drive an individual to commit out such
heinous crimes. The psychological perspective of an individual is required to be looked after in
order to find out the details of his nature or criminal mentality. All these attributes will lead to
setting up of the targets which will help in guiding the people in public services to see through
controlling of crime (Sternberg and Sternberg, 2016).
Application of psychological perspective for individuals in public sector
The psychological perspective for individuals in public sector will help in proper
planning of the preventive measures that are required to be monitored and controlling of the
services which will help in proper handling of the crimes within the organisation. The
individuals working in public services like policemen will look after the proper planning of the
psychological perspective in order to gain a positive understanding related to the root cause of
crimes or the factors which leads to driving up of the monitoring of crime rates in society and
having a decent control over it.
TASK 3
ESSAY 2
Application of Psychological perspective over a team in public services
The application of psychological perspective of a team that is operating in public services
will lead to help in carrying out of the team perspective that will influence the carrying out of
monitoring actions which will influence the controlling and monitoring of the crimes within
society. The teams of police and health care service provider will look after the providing of the
psychological or emotional support which will influence the proper planning of the services and
thus, improves the quality of services which will lead to setting up of operations and handling the
6

needs as per the requirements of a criminal or individual with criminal mentality (Feldman,
2016).
These teams will also look after the proper planning of the services and carrying out of
measures which will help in improving quality of performance of an individual in an effective
way. The negative perspective and mentality or hatred towards others in society will be reduced
to some extent. In order to have a good monitoring or idea about the reformation measure’s that
are undertaken within the organization will lead to setting up of the goals and effective measures
which will help in proper planning of improvement in their psychological understanding and
execution of growth measures within society in an effective way (Wickens and et.al., 2015).
These teams will also look after the proper management of biological or habitual criminals for
maintaining peace in society. Their suitable rehabilitation and improvement is been facilitated
which will help in controlling growth of crime rates in society. This measures will also lead the
public service providers like police or health staff to carry out growth measures and leading to up
lifting of their mentality to appositive level.
Applying psychology in public services to reduce criminal behaviour
The psychological factors of growth will be carried out by the individual or public service
that will help in setting up of proper action plan which will lead to setting up of growth measures
which will help in reducing criminal behaviour within society (Piaget, 2015). They will
undertake various reforms which will help the teams and public service providers to carry out the
growth measures. The reforms like providing them proper source of income in order to reduce
their poverty, giving suitable education to enhance their ethical understanding and behaviour, if
they are ill or suffering from an ailment, they will see through proper handling of criminal
behaviour measures which will help in enhancing the quality of their living and providing the
criminals with a proper recognition, respect and reformation in society.
Different psychological theories and sociological measures will be carried out within
organisation which will help in enhancing the quality of their reformation measures which are
been carried out by public service provides (Card, 2018). The reduction of criminal behaviour
will directly improve the quality of living within society by controlling the crime rate. All these
measures will influence the core understanding, raise the level of positivity within the society
and reduce criminal behaviour of an individual.
7

How psychological perspective is applied to the work of a range of public services
The application of different psychological perspective will lead to improve the role and
performance of various public service measures which will help in enhancing the quality of
psychological criminal reforms that are been carried out by organisation to enhance the
performance level to a greater extent. As the psychological perspective or the general mind set of
people within society will be improved, the crime rates will deplete to a gradual level,
automatically. Also, the extent of reform measures will be increased in order to make the
services and operations more efficient.
All these measures and operations which are undertaken by public services for improving
psychological health and setting up of proper criminal reform measures. All these activities will
also improve their perspective towards people in a positive manner (Thibaut, 2017). Enhancing
the quality also supports resolution of effective interpersonal conflicts, misunderstanding, ego
clashes and grudges which may lead to occurrence of a crime in society. All these measures will
lead to setting up of psychological reforms. As the accessibility of range of public services is
quite wide, it will be beneficial for meeting the improvement measures of criminal behaviour to a
greater extent.
CONCLUSION
Based on the evaluation and assessment that is been carried out, this can be said that proper
management of psychology will help in leading the reformation process to a higher level in an
effective way. All these measures will also support a rise in positive understanding of operations.
Effective approaches and theories of psychology is been evaluated with assessment of human
behaviour and consequences led by prejudices and discrimination on the relevancy of public
services. Other than this, factors leading to rise in criminal activities are been discussed with
regard to psychological theories and casual factors. Besides this, impact of psychological
perspective on the individual and team performance is analysed with assessment of the
implementation of psychological theories in reduction of criminal behaviour and crime rates. The
application of these psychological perspective to range of public services is also been evaluated.
8

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Aron, A., 2017. Study Guide and Computer Workbook for Statistics for Psychology. Statistics, 27, p.15.
Card, S.K., 2018. The psychology of human-computer interaction. CRC Press.
Feldman, R.S., 2016. Understanding psychology.
Gregory, R.L., 2015. Eye and brain: The psychology of seeing(Vol. 38). Princeton university press.
Helgeson, V., 2016. Psychology of gender. Routledge.
Howitt, D., 2016. Introduction to qualitative research methods in psychology. Pearson UK.
McDougall, W., 2015. An introduction to social psychology. Psychology Press.
Paloutzian, R.F., 2016. Invitation to the psychology of religion. Guilford Publications.
Piaget, J., 2015. Structuralism (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press.
Sternberg, R.J. and Sternberg, K., 2016. Cognitive psychology. Nelson Education.
Thibaut, J.W., 2017. The social psychology of groups. Routledge.
Wickens, C.D and et.al., 2015. Engineering psychology & human performance. Psychology Press.
Wood, W. and Rünger, D., 2016. Psychology of habit. Annual review of psychology, 67, pp.289-314.
9