Psychology Module Report: Analysis of Decision Making Theories

This report provides an analysis of decision-making theories, drawing from several articles that explore different facets of the subject. It delves into the concept of rationality, contrasting philosophical and economic perspectives, and examining how individual values and beliefs influence decision-making processes. The report further examines ethical frameworks, particularly deontological and utilitarian theories, and their impact on human behavior and social procedures. Additionally, it discusses the measurement of values and the impact of factors like knowledge, personality, and cultural biases on risk perception. The report synthesizes these varied perspectives to offer a comprehensive understanding of the psychological complexities underlying decision-making.

Running head: DECISION MAKING
Decision Making
Student’s name:
University name:
Author’s note:

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Article 3.3
Two Camps of Rationality
Helmut Jungerman
In this article, rationality is not all about genuine psychology; however, it is about concept of
philosophy and economics. This is related to the values and beliefs of individuals with logical
and concerned reasoning. The individual has rational behaviour in most of the time, however, in
decision-making process, individually behaves with a normative yardstick. In cognitive
psychology in perception, it can be stated as consistent. In making use of actual human language,
one must follow the yardstick of rationality. In cognitive behaviour, the psychology of thinking
is all about human deductive reasoning. In the psychology of judgement and decision,
differentiated approaches come into mind and it makes the human beings essentially puzzled
with the incorrect notion of thought. In this regard, bounded rationality is important with ability
to make concept of complicated thinking. However, author accepted the fact that biases and
heuristics judgement is not made clear. Above all, irrational judgment still comes in mind of the
human beings that may come with assumption and behaviouristic theory. The core of the
thinking is about the conceptual with the thought. One can illustrate rationality with the basic
idea of self-interested behaviour; one can understand the fact that rationality may come from
background thinking of a person with the assumption of a thing. In this regard, the author stated
that assumption is important to make the cognitive mechanism. One can argue that preferences
of human beings change over time that can anticipate the future over time. Moreover,

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preferences can come from experiences also. The author concluded that the pessimistic thesis
and optimistic antithesis both can be argued with this.
Article 4.3
Neutral, Omnipartial rule-making
In this article, author talks about the deontological theory and utilitarian theory of ethics and that
is related to the psychology of human beings. When one utilizes the term 'great', one may say
about advantage of a general goodness that is a law of the universe; similarly as certain Math
laws have all the earmarks of being. In the event that this is valid, at that point people can,
hypothetically, at any rate, find target realities about the universe. Normative ethics (NE),
otherwise known as Prescriptive Ethics, prompt us on regardless of whether an activity is
ethically great or terrible, for instance, getting a fetus removal. As the name recommends, it
endorses. Subsequently, Normative Ethics is more concrete, handy. Normative ethics is not to be
mistaken for Descriptive morals (otherwise known as Comparative Ethics), which manages the
experimental investigative investigation of individuals' convictions about profound quality. The
author showed his view about philosophical tradition with a view about Immanuel Kant and his
view of ethics. Kantian philosophy is about help rightness and wrong does not depend on the
concept of a bigger aspect of life; however, it should be based on the principles or morality of
mankind. Moral laws are all about the philosophy of mankind with decision-making capability of
human beings. The social procedure sometimes based on the philosophy with the law-making
capability of impartiality. The moral decision is all about the reasoning of the human mind that
public decision is all about the moral issue. The author concludes that it makes the real choices
about human beings with the moral viewpoint.

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Article 5.1
Knowing what you want: Measuring Labile Values
It can be stated that individuals are having a relatively limited primary values, which
produces an answer regarding a particular value question that is largely an exercise reference.
The influence of the elicitor regarding the aspect of defining the options as well as consequences
will not be ending with the enumeration. After evoking the concepts, they are required to be
provided with labels. In a world, having limited hard standard of evaluation, like symbolic
interpretations might be considered being very essential. Even though the abortion factors are
remaining constant, individuals might be vacillating in their behaviour as they will be attaching
and detaching the label of ‘murder’. The value related to a dollar might be changing immensely
when it is regarded as ‘discretionary funds’, public funds, or ‘windows’ as well as orphan’s
funds.
Post the structuring of the problem, there needs to occur the selection of the measurement
units. It is not very tough for the construction of alternatives whose relative desirability will be
changing when the assessment criteria will be undergoing any of the following shifts such as
from profit to regret, from maximization to satisfaction, from the fair price to the price that needs
to be paid, from final position of the asset to the changing scenarios relating to the positioning of
the asset, from the price that will be paid for avoiding a crisis regarding the price that will be
getting paid for accepting it, from the saving of lives to the loss of lives as well as from the

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beneficial ratios regarding expenses in respect of the differences within expenses as well as
benefits.
Article 6.1
Theories of Risk Perception
In respect of theories of risk perception, it can be stated that there are various factors of
risk such as knowledge, personality, political orientation, as well as cultural biases. In respect of
the knowledge factor, it can be stated that one measure of knowledge that is required to be
utilized is the individual report of the individual of acknowledging the amount of information he
or she is possessing in respect of the particular technological aspects. Another measure is
associated with the aspect of individual report related to the level education. The most effective
way of addressing certain psychological scenario is associated with self-ratings. For the
avoidance of probable discrepancies based only on knowledge that is individually reported, there
is the requirement for developing a measure relating to the perceptual precision depending upon
the distinctions within public as well as expert decisions relating to annual casualties in relation
to eight technological aspects, such as contraceptives, nuclear power, diagnostic X rays, motor
vehicles and so on. In respect of personality, it can be stated that there is the requirement of
exploring the correlations within the personality traits as well as perceptions of risks. In respect
of testing the association between risk perceptions as well as the global views that does the
justification of the hierarchy, individualism as well as egalitarianism, there is the requirement for
developing new measures for the assessment of self-support regarding three cultural biases.

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