Psychology for Health and Social Care: Infancy and Theories

This report examines developmental psychology, specifically focusing on the infancy stage (ages 3-6) and its relevance to health and social care. It begins with definitions of developmental psychology and a justification for choosing the infancy stage, highlighting the importance of understanding children's psychology for professionals like orthodontists. The report delves into two key lifespan psychological theories: Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory, explaining the preoperational stage, and Erikson's Psychosocial Theory, focusing on the initiative vs. guilt stage. It then discusses human cognition, emotions, and behavior patterns specific to the infancy stage, including the impact of attachment styles and the handling of stranger anxiety. The report concludes with a review of recent research studies on children's mental health and patient responsibility for lifestyle changes, emphasizing the importance of adapting care to meet children's evolving needs and the challenges faced by healthcare professionals. The report provides a comprehensive overview of psychological theories, their application, and how they are relevant to the healthcare sector.

Psychology for health
and social care

Introduction
This project assessment has been covered into two tasks; 1 and 2. In first task the chosen life
stage is infancy which includes children age between 3 to 6 years. Different psychological
theories such as Piaget’ Cognitive development theory and Erikson’s psychological theories have
been discussed in Task 1. While in task 2; reflection based on the theories of Task 1 has been
done with explanation of roles and responsibilities carried by health care professionals.
Life stage as per interest and professional experience
Developmental psychology can be defined as a study which focuses on how human body and
mind-set specifically gets change over the course of life. In other words, developmental
psychology stage related with children, infants, adult development, adolescence, aging and
including the overall life span (Tyler, 2020).There are different range of theories that are applied
in order to develop adolescence, as this is the period during a person’s life expectancy where
most of the alterations takes place. Away with this, many developmental clinicians study has
showed that it is must for practitioners to consider a range of factors like social, biological,
emotional along with cognitive processes as well, because then only developmental psychology
can be understood in a detailed manner.
Including this, it has been found that there are basically three objectives of developmental
psychology and these are to depict, clarify, and to upgrade improvement. To portray
advancement it is important to concentrate both on regulating improvement as well as
idiographic developments. In spite of the fact that there are regular pathways of improvement
that people will follow.
Developmental psychology consist of different life stages and mostly these are divided among
three different groups (infant, elderly and adolescence).In this particular report, the life stage that
has been taken into consideration is infancy where the particular group which has been chosen
based on the interest and professional experience is Early Childhood (Ages 3-6).This is said to
be the age where young children focuses on recreation of the world and this stage can
specifically being described with one particular word and that is playfulness. It has been
analyzed to infant belonging to this particular age limit focuses on a particular element and they

take what is and join it with the is conceivable to mould occasions that have never been found
throughout the entire existence of the world. All things considered, they encapsulate the rule of
development and change that underlies each and every innovative demonstration that has
happened over the span of progress (Gazzillo and et. al., 2020)
In present context, the particular life stage is chosen because, for an orthodontist it is must to
understand the psychology of children because then only right decisions can be taken into
consideration in order to resolve the exam related issues or teething problems can easily be
resolved.
Lifespan psychological theories to the identified life-stage
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Jean Piaget was a representative Swiss analyst who viewed young people in the mid-20th
century. His concept of an academic or intellectual version of events, unveiled in 1936, is still
used today in some aspects of teaching and brain science. It focuses on children, from birth to
immaturity.
Piaget's stage theory reflects the psychological progress of children. Intellectual development
involves changes in the circle and psychological skills. According to Piaget's point of view,
initial psychological progression includes action-dependent measures and subsequent progress
towards changes in mental function.
The theory has been discussed based on infancy life stage (3 - 6 years):
According to Piaget; the age between 3 to 6 years has been considered as The Preoperational
Stage.
Major Characteristics and Developmental Changes:
 Children begin to think of a logo and understand how to use words and images to speak
to objects.
 Children at this stage are usually self-centered and find it difficult to see things from
others' perspectives.
 As they show signs of development with language and thinking, they will consider
nonetheless.

The basis of speech enhancement may have been laid down at an earlier stage, but speech
enhancement is one of the important symptoms at the stage of preoperative progression. At this
stage, children learn through playing pictures but struggle with logic and other people's
perspectives. They also constantly strive to understand the potential of consistency.
Comparison to other stages:
The Concrete Operational Stage (Adolescent)
At this stage, more children become less attentive and start thinking about how others think and
feel. Children of strong working age begin to realize that their ideas are new to them and that not
everyone else basically shares their thoughts, feelings and opinions.
The Formal Operational Stage (old age)
The final stage of Piaget's thinking involves an extension of philosophy, the ability to use
sensitive thinking and an understanding of conceptual ideas. Now, individuals will be equipped
to see different possible answers to problems and consider their surroundings in general.
Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory
Erikson has maintained that character which he creates in predetermined demand through eight
stages of psychosocial advancement, from beginner to adult. At each stage, the individual
encounters a psychosocial crisis that can have a positive or negative effect on character
development.
According to the theory, the effective completion of each level proves a strong character and
achieves basic excellence. Basic ethics are specific traits that the insider can use to determine the
emergencies that arise. The inability to complete a level effectively can lead to a decrease in the
ability to complete other levels and thus a more unpleasant character and sense of self. These
levels, however, can be effectively resolved in the not too distant future.
The selected stage is infancy and Erikson considered this stage as Initiative vs. Guilt:
Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. At
the level of anti-crime activity, young people defend themselves more often through coordination
games and other forms of social cooperation. During this period the essential part is to involve
the child in regular cooperation with other young people in the school. At the center of this phase

is play, as it allows young people to explore their interpersonal skills through the beginning of
the exercises.
Comparison to other stages:
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
During this phase, young people seek a sense of self and individual character through a
fascinating exploration of individual qualities, affirmations and goals. In adolescence, the
transition from adolescence to adulthood is usually important. Young people are becoming freer
and starting to take a group in the future in terms of calls, contacts, families, accommodation and
so on. The individual must have a place with the public and be relevant.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Old-age)
At this stage, the large class focuses on forming a close, accepting connections with others.
Staying away from closeness, boring responsibilities, and connections can encourage
disconnection, delusion, and disrespect here and there. Achieving this level promotes a modesty
of respect.
Human cognition, emotions, and behavior patterns specific to the
identified life stage
The life stage on which the whole report is relying on is infant where the particular group that
has been taken into consideration is early childhood from the age group of 3 to 6 years. In
present context, it has been analyzed that a kid's behavior or emotions directly stays link with a
situation where they are viewed as unique exchanges that include different feeling related
segments (e.g., expressive conduct, physiological designing, activity inclinations, objectives and
intentions, social and physical settings, evaluations and experiential inclination) that change after
some time as the youngster develops and because of changing natural collaborations.
Enthusiastic improvement reflects social experience, including the social setting. On the other
hand if it is talked about human cognition then the particular life stage from the year of 3 to 6
years is considered to be crucial phase where developmental psychology plays an important role.
This is considered to be the phase where emotions are specifically being expressed by infancy
children with their expressions and also they try there level best to communicate as well, because

from the starting age of 2.5 years are healthy kid starts using group of words through which their
parents can easily understand what exactly they are looking for or and so on.
Including this, if it is talk about impact of attachment styles on emotional development of the
infant stage, then it can be said that attachment is divided to create in four phases.1 In the
principal stage, aimlessly arranging and motioning to children. In present context it can be said
that child appears "tuned" to certain frequencies of signs from nature. These signs are generally
of human source (for example the sound of voices). During the subsequent stage, most likely
first by smell and afterward by sight, the infant creates inclination for at least one parental
figures the period of situating and motioning to one or a few explicit people. Not until the baby
can show dynamic connection conduct, for example, effectively looking for vicinity to and
following the connection figure, does the new-born child enters the third stage, the period of
connection legitimate remaining close to a particular individual by methods for flagging and
development. Youngsters enter the fourth period of the objective amended association when they
can envision the parent or guardian's arrangements and recognitions and fit their own
arrangements and exercises as indicated by these. They also admires others at this stage and tries
their level best to copy others, which is considered to be the human tendency in this life stage
(Begdache and et. al., 2020).
When it comes to handle stranger anxiety, which is specifically being considered as a disease in
present health science, many health care professionals stated that approximately 1 out of 50
children has this type of tendency which may result into to negative outcomes like depression
and so on. It is the responsibility of caregivers like parents and guardians to take full
responsibility of handling the overall anxiety that children 3 to 6 years may feel. At the time of
fixing teeth with the help of dental braces, it is mast for the parents to support children dealing
with dental issues to develop effective relations with orthodontist. Therefore, it can easily be said
that behaviour patterns and human cognition along with emotions of infant it is something that is
important to understand because then only effective outcomes can easily be brought in a much
effective and efficient manner.
Recent research studies in health and social care
Research Topics

1. Children and young people’s mental health
Research Aim:
This report looks at one created by eight associations dedicated to working with young people
with psychological wellbeing and passionate issues, to find out how these associations work to
ensure that their administrations deliver what young people need, especially different in the list
of things available. The report also aims to show, in general terms, what the area can deliberately
offer.
Sample size:
Total 32 young people were interviewed having duration between 45 to 90 minutes.
Outcome of the research:
Young people said they needed a wide range of care, support, advice and data to meet their
psychological needs and their passionate needs for success. They focused on young people with
different needs - as one young man put it, "everyone is special" - and these needs can change
over time, so the benefits should be flexible and change to help these developments fully help
young people.
2. The dilemma of patient responsibility for lifestyle change: Perceptions among primary
care physicians and nurses
Research Aim:
To explore physicians’ and nurses’ about the work of patients and specialists in the management
of lifestyle-related diseases and their risk factors.
Sample Size:
Total 220 Physicians and nurses who working in primary healthcare has been selected as a
sample to study on this topic.
Outcome of the research:
A majority agreed that a major obstacle to managing patients' lifestyle choices is changing their
desires. Lack of patient information was seen as a less consistent end. Self-care was effectively
supported. While the majority of both physicians and treating physicians agreed that providing

data, motivating, and supporting patients in lifestyle changes is critical to their actions, it is not
only a few more thought they had appropriate handling skills life counseling.
3. Patient and provider perspectives on reducing risk of harm in primary health care: a
qualitative questionnaire study in Sweden
Research Aim:
To examine how the patients who had occurred were critically injured and how essential
providers and study leaders understood the explanations behind the injuries and plausible
outcomes to reduce the risk of misconduct.
Sample Size:
Total 22 patients facing preventable harm in primary health care were selected as a sample for
this research.
Research outcome:
The three classes identified as important to well-being were continuity of care, communication
and competence. With these shortcomings, it was believed that the risks would be more
significant and consolidating these could reduce the risk. The main problem for the patient was
the omission of experience, as it was not adequately studied. The bigger argument was for
critical thinking providers and practice leaders with no improvement in care.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Piaget stressed the general intellectual change and Erikson's idea leads us to
anticipate the development of an important factor, dependent on the child's social encounter with
nature. Piaget's hypothesis emphasized the line of normality, while Erikson supported the line of
social development. The intellectual development of a child during adolescence, which includes
the ability to construct, for example, anticipation, language, jargon and arithmetic, begins in the
second in adolescence. Incorporating both of their ideas into a youth focus and elementary
school is important for the intellectual turn of youth events.

TASK 2
Reflection on psychological theories
Piaget’s theory
As a dental specialist working with children, I can identify some of the ways in which Piaget's
psychological advancement can influence (and especially promote) the dental practice, the first
of which comes from the testimonial basics between learning and promotion. It is important to
remember that individual pieces of intimate learning do not need to be about developing young
people. I’ve seen these ramifications usually bombarded in orthodontist practice where some
children follow the solution and find it from me without understanding logic; they just stick to it
as a guide from the dental professional. Either way, it is clear to me that patients have learned in
a limited way, but not in a broader sense.
Piaget’s theory not only provides language for describing such issues in orthodontic learning, but
also provides tools with which they can maintain a strategic pace from them. What is especially
necessary for me depends on the thought of the tooth hole. As a precautionary measure they were
revealed to young people to stay away from the pit in their tooth; patients appear to be listening
appropriately. As new specific management meetings emerge, these meetings are either replaced
by standard plans or plans are modified to accommodate the experience. A dental expert who is
aware of these findings may be able to manage meetings in a way that produces a complex and
substantive plan.
Erikson theory
I accept that there are a number of things that I have chosen to draw from Erikson's concept of
progress and apply to my version of events. For each stage of my progress, I had the choice of
finding images between his idea and what happened to me. I think the unique subtleties it
provides in these every-level clarifications are far from difficult to identify. I find it is his intense
clarification of the core issues and encounters that I have to face in turn. Also, there are
appropriate fights at all levels associated with it. For example, there would be no close links in
managing children. It is an extraordinary pattern, at the same time, that it separates the numbers
into the best age-related collections. One drawback I see in this view is that social differences

and tensions can make it difficult for some people to identify with his hypothesis. Some of these
problems may be sexually explicit in many societies. Some societies will have certain standards
for what women can and cannot do. According to a Planned Parenthood article, “What are sexual
orientation and generalization jobs?”Women in some societies need a lean physique and a
generally energetic appearance. This goes against a couple of Erikson's points because it requires
a self-examining view. I find it's a question of how the gaps in her thinking are progressing. In
the end, I had the choice to draw a relationship with my life from his ideas, but I understand why
there would have been some differences.
I think Erikson’s theory of development is very useful for developmental psychology. In the
article "Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development," he reveals that "there is a mental
problem that must be effectively solved together for a child to be a strong and balanced adult." I
accept this to be true because all of us we have to face the problems in our life that affect our
turn of events. While similar to what I have outlined above, there are situations where young
people don't go against all the infallible issues Erikson refers to, this fills their eyes in a precious
rule for children to compare their lives and their lives. I have seen quality results from my
meeting with my people who support his theory and believe that I am useful for representative
brain science.
In task 1; I have discussed on various research topics which covers study on people’s mental
health; patient responsibility for lifestyle change; and perspectives on reducing risk of harm in
primary health care. As it can be seen clearly that besides difference in these topics; the common
thing is these all research topics are psychology of patient and how young people takes
importance of health. The reason behind choosing these topics are my interest in understanding
human psychology and as a dentist my responsibility is to convey right message regarding proper
care of tooth; it is important to understand their psychology.
Role as a health care professional in applying the learnt psychological perspectives
Health experts play a fundamental and critical role in improving access and quality human
services to the public. They offer basic types of care that promote well-being, prevent disease,
and provide a channel of social insurance management to individuals, families, and networks that
rely on the essential approach to medical services. Tools to improve the attributes and skills of
fitness experts will be critical to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

Health professionals and health care institutions have important roles to play in thinking about
the displaced persons, both at the time of the illness. 100 years earlier, countless people were
born and brought home; most are currently bred and biting the dust in an emergency clinic. The
widespread view of clinics as bureaucratic and incompetent foundations gives individuals the
feeling that the psychosocial needs to kick people in medical clinics are not frequent enough, that
families do not receive normal support in ‘understanding and changing to death, and that the end
with respect for sympathy is lost in an unusual world that is in an innovative situation.
Short- and long-range care is provided by a large group of health care providers, from specialists
and health professionals to individual careers and assistants. Medical service providers can
become an integral part of an individual's life and present for most businesses. Social workers
spend a lot of time in hospital care paying attention to the needs of wilting, while those involved
in childbirth assistance accompany women through the work cycle.
Health care providers accept the work of teachers as mere healers. Dentists train patients on the
best daily brushing and brushing techniques to remove tooth decay and gum disease. Physical
counselors provide patients with plans and tools that they can use to avoid further injury.
Nutritionist’s help patients formulate good dietary examples and guide patients for their intensive
forest demolition topics.
An entire cadre of health care professionals operates the facilities that offer health care services
to the community. They use chairs, cost representatives, receptionists and leaders to keep
activities going for their clinical staff and patients. Medical service providers in the organization
ensure that laws and regulations are adhered to and guarantees to pay for understanding are met.
They keep important medical records and securely protect patients.
Psychological perspectives
Unlike behaviors, cognitive psychologists assume that your behavior is governed by your desires
and emotions. Psychologist Jean Piaget would argue that you definitely remember things that
depend on what you know. In the same way, you take care of issues that are based on your
memory of what happened to you.
So with this approach, we move away from individuals as tools of choice and immerse ourselves
again in thoughts and feelings. How you engage depends on the indoor tours and there is a lot

more concern for people. Interestingly, your desires for an upcoming meeting will affect the way
you feel and behave while you are there and will overshadow your memory the night after you
return.
Humanistic psychologists assume that you fundamentally accept and are motivated to understand
your maximum potential. Analysts in this field focus on how you can satisfy yourself by meeting
your needs and goals. Renowned humanitarian therapist Carl Rogers called his patients' clients
and offered a strong field where clients could build the experience into their emotions.
In contrast to the behavioral approach, the humanistic approach works on individual
empowerment. Whether you are right or not, from a broader perspective, you are persuaded to be
the best person you can be. All your decisions come from trying to improve your life. That way,
in case you are looking to cut down on your daily wine consumption, a humanitarian counselor
would be powerful and long-lasting but won't give you the courage to stop or try to figure out
why you're drinking anyway.
Behavioral psychologists accept that external ecological developments affect your behavior and
that you may be willing to engage in a particular way. Porters such as B.F. Skinner. They assume
that you learn through the arrangement of fortifications and control.
The behavioral approach is really effective successful when you do not care less than one thinks,
as long as you get the right behavior. The influence of these assumptions affects us always and
throughout our lives, affecting everything from why we adhere to the principles of the street
when we act on how to advertising agencies bring missions together to force us to buy their
products.
Relate learning to health and social care practice
I learn about how children react and communicate with changes in their ages and what are their
psychological at different life stages. These module help me in predicting right treatment related
to tooth decay of child and help me in dealing with children mindset for following my
instructions. For example; it helps me to understand the child when he comes to a dental office
and know his anxiety as it is cleared up. Only then can we understand the young person and the
parent and can we provide appropriate treatment. To build strong communication with young
people and advocates, basic knowledge is needed. Teenagers and especially healthcare