Mental Health Report: Personality Theories, Diagnosis, and Treatment

This report delves into the realm of mental health, commencing with an exploration of diverse personality theories, including psychoanalysis, psychosocial, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic models, alongside their implications. It then examines diagnostic criteria based on the five axes of the DSM-V, crucial for assessing and classifying mental health conditions. The report proceeds to define key concepts such as mental health and mental illness, differentiating between anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and personality disorders. It also discusses the significance of self-awareness as a therapeutic tool and analyzes public perceptions of mental health issues. Furthermore, it touches upon the role of liaison psychiatry and mental health nursing within the healthcare system, offering insights into the attitudes toward mental health disorders and the provision of care. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of mental health awareness programs and the role of educational institutions in shaping positive societal attitudes.

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Psychology: Mental Health
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Psychology: Mental Health
Theories of Personality Development
To explain human being, several personality theories have been developed. Many
theories of personality development explained human nature in their way. Some of these
theorists and their theoretical explanation are as below.
Psychoanalysis. The very first theory that is developed by the Sigmund Freud is known
as the psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic theory stressed the significance of the unconscious
mind to resolve hidden conflicts. In our society, this theory has a tremendous influence
concerning assessment and management perspective. Freud presented his psychoanalytical
theory on the idea of the unconscious mind (De Giorgio et al., 2015). According to Freud, mental
issues can be resolved by resolving the conflict of the unconscious mind. Psychoanalysis theory
explained that personality characteristics are most of the time is the reflection of the contents of
the unconscious part of the mind.
Psychosocial. Erik Erikson proposed the psychosocial theory of personality. He
explained the psychosocial theory is developed on the ego identity concept of a person (Zhang et
al., 2019). Erik Erikson worked on the psychosocial development of the personality, and he
explained eight stages from the infancy to adulthood. Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. shame
and doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Initiative, Identity vs. Confusion, Intimacy vs.
Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation are all the seven stages that are explained in the theory of
Erik Erikson. During each psychosocial stage of Erik Erikson, a person can also experience a
psychosocial crisis that can be positive and negative in its outcome(Lewis, & Wolberg, 2013).
Behavioural. B.F. Skinner first explained the behavioural nature of the person and
explained that the personality of the person is all depended on the environmental learning of

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things. These experience are most of the time related to the people with which they are
connected, reinforcement and some other laws that influence human nature (De Giorgio et al.,
2015). He explained many concepts that a person can learn from his/her environment. He
explained that children could learn from their environment by modelling in which children do the
same things as their adults do (Zhang et al., 2019). Reinforcement, punishment, imitation are all
come under the umbrella of the behaviour therapy in which behaviour therapist explained that
every person could learn from their environment through experience (Yalom, & Leszez, 2012).
Cognitive. Piaget proposed the cognitive theory of the development and explained that
all children have to go through these developmental changes for their cognitive development that
are sensorimotor, preoperational, and formal operational stages of development. Regardless of
cultural, environmental changes of the children, all children have to move through these
developmental changes that are a conscious process of the children. The sensorimotor stage is
the first stage of cognitive development in which the child learns through his senses by his
sensory activities. Preoperational stage followed by the sensorimotor stage. In the preoperational
stage, the symbolic ability is developed in which children able to animate the symbol with the
resemblance to the original symbols. The concrete operational stage is followed by the
preoperational stage that described the children are able to have concert things and able to
understand complex problems and concepts.
(Zhang et al., 2019).
Medical. The human developmental process also explained by the applications of the
medical knowledge that comes under the medical theory of human development. Under the
medical theories, causes of diseases explained in both levels general as well as the individual
level (Bergen et al., 2019). Medical researchers and physicians are both working under the

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medical theory in which one work on the causes of disease and other work on the identify
symptoms of a specific disease (Lewis, & Wolberg, 2013).
Humanistic model and approach. An American psychologist Abraham Maslow
presented a theory of personality that is called the humanistic psychology or humanism. Maslow
argues against the analytical approach of the personality because it depends on the abnormal
behaviour of a person. In this developmental theory, most of the time explained the normal and
healthy perspective of the personality (Lewis, & Wolberg, 2013). Maslow gives the concept of
the hierarchy of need in which he explained the human needs from the basic level to the highest
level of self-actualization of a person (McFarlane, 2016).
2- Diagnostic criteria according to the five axes of the DSM V on a client having mental
health problems or difficulty. When a person having mental illness psychiatric uses a manual
to diagnose the mental illness according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders-DSM V. The diagnosis under the five axial system is described as under (Yalom, &
Leszez, 2012). All the mental disorders will come under the axis I except personality and mental
retardation. Axis II explained all the personality disorders and mental retardation while in Axis
III, all medical conditions that are related to the physiology of the person will be included. When
a person has a mental disorder, he/she is facing a number of psychosocial problems that come
under Axis IV while under the Axis V Global Assessment of the functioning of the person. What
will be the treatment plan globally, the therapist using comes under the global assessment
(Lewis, & Wolberg, 2013)?
3. Concepts of Mental Health, Mental Illness
A person’s emotional, cognitive and behavioural state comes under the description of the
mental health. Mental health is described as the absence of mental illness. Mental illness is

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usually referred to if there are any problematic behaviour seems in a person other than the
normal norms (Yalom, & Leszez, 2012).
Anxiety & anxiety-related disorders. Stress in some situation can be beneficial, but if
increased and interfere in daily tasks, it will lead towards anxiety. Normal feelings, nervousness
is not included in anxiety. It is related to the excessive fear of something (Su, Chou, Chang, &
Weng, 2010). Nearly 30% of an adult were suffering from anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders
are treatable, and by getting effective treatment, those people who have anxiety disorders can
live normally and productively (Shepherd et al., 2012).
Personal relationship, school work, as well as job performance, are affected by anxiety
disorders (Cuthbert, & Insel, 2013). Generalized anxiety disorders, social anxiety, specific
phobias, panic disorders are all considered under anxiety disorders (Tadros et al., 2013). Many
factors can lead a person to anxiety disorders. It can be genetic, social, environmental,
psychological or environment (Cuthbert, & Insel, 2013: Su, Chou, Chang, & Weng, 2010).
Schizophrenic & bipolar disorders. Schizophrenia is the psychotic disorder in which a
person loses control over reality and functional impairment. Schizophrenia and bipolar disorders
are responded insufficiently clinically. These psychological disorders have reoccurring episodes,
and in a number of patients have an inadequate level of functioning (Scheick, 2011: Ahmedani:
2011). Globally, both male and female effected by this disorder equally and have a prevalence
rate of approximately 0.7-1%. The onset of the patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders
is early adulthood, and they are on high risk of committing suicide. Schizophrenia is considered
as a brain disorder in which clients are thinking, feelings and perception are effected
(Kahanovitz, Sluss, & Russell, 2017). The schizophrenic patient experienced hallucinations,
mostly auditory and delusions (fixed false belief) (Palmiere, 2012). The symptoms of the

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schizophrenia comprised of four domains that are positive symptoms (psychotic symptoms like
hallucinations and delusion), negative symptoms (emotional problem, speech poverty, loss of
interest and drive etc.), cognitive symptoms (memory and attention deficits), and mood
symptoms (Su, Chou, Chang, & Weng, 2010: Cuthbert, & Insel, 2013). For the purpose of
diagnosis, DSM diagnostic and statistical manual and ICD-international statistical classification
of diseases and related health problems are used. In DSM-5 bipolar disorders have classifications
like bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder and bipolar otherwise specified. These all
classifications are defined as manic, hypomanic, depressive and mixed episodes (Parsonage &
Fossey, 2011: Marwaha, Goswami, & Vashist, 2017).
Personality disorders. Thoughts, feelings and behaviour make our personality, and we
behave in certain ways. The situation makes our different reaction pattern based on the feeling,
behaviour and thinking. Mostly we have the same set of pattern that described us as lively, shy,
selfish, introvert, extrovert etc. (Kratz, Heinrich, Schlauß, & Diefenbacher, 2015). Generally,
personality patterns do not change, but with the change of circumstances, it develops due to
experiences. In personality disorders, a person has a limited pattern of thinking, behaving and
attitude (Nogueira et al., 2013). People with personality disorders may find their believes and
attitude different from others. Due to a difference in beliefs and attitudes, mostly they avoid
other people and feel insecure problems (Wood, & Wand, 2014: Gilleard & Higgs, 2016). These
people behave differently and unpredictably. Personality disorders’ diagnosis applied when the
person faced problems without any sudden traumatic events and physical injury (Tadros et al.,
2013: (Hägele et al., 2016). Personality disorder makes the person difficult to make relationships
with others; that’s why these people feel scary with other people. The proper treatment makes

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these people cope with these social situations in which they are uncomfortable (Cuthbert, &
Insel, 2013).
4. Self-awareness as a Therapeutic Tool
Self-awareness is the basic tool to know about self and for the development of therapeutic
relationship as well. To know about yourself is not an easy task (Lake & Turner, 2017). When a
person does some kind of conscious effort, then it will lead to a conscious awareness of oneself.
In nursing education and nursing care, there is more emphasis on educating them on the
importance of self-awareness (McFarlane, 2016). A person’s cognitive exploration about himself
using thoughts, feelings, behaviours values and feedback from others is contributed in the self-
awareness (Malone, Liu, Vaillant, Rentz, & Waldinger, 2016). It is important to know how a
person’s self-awareness contributed to a person’s feelings and thoughts. Self-awareness is most
important in treating persons (Clifford et al., 2015). It can influence not only on the personal
growth of a person but also improve the performance and managing oneself (Thompson, &
Young-Saleme 2015).
5. Opinion and Attitude to work with Mental Health Disorders
With the increase in awareness, mental illness is an important reason for the morbidity in
all over the world. More than 25% of the population is affected by mental and behavioural
disorders. The attitude of the people about mentally healthy and mentally ill people will be
changed positively by educating them about mental illness problems (Wood, & Wand, 2014).
People have drawn a mental framework about the behaviour of the mental illness that can be
changed by the proper guidance to the public. Every rank of society has its own perception about
the mental illness and behaviour of the mentally ill people (Di Giorgio et al., 2015: De Sousa,
2011). There should be proper mental health awareness programs should be introduced to change

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the people's attitude and the perception of the people. For this purpose, educational institutes are
the best place to aware the people about mental health issues, and they can give a positive
influence on society (Sampson, 2013).
6. Perception of General Population about Mental Health Problems
Mental health is more important to look over for living a healthy life. Unfortunately the
mental health affects adversely to the physical health of the people, and generally, people are not
caring about their mental health problems. Mental ill people feel difficulties in carrying out their
regular social, personal, and occupations tasks, as a result, becomes dependent on other people.
According to recent data, people with mental health issues die 10-17 years earlier as compared to
mentally healthy people (Hägele et al., 2016: Travers, 2013). Nearly 8-10% people who attended
the medical emergency were those who consumed the overdose of drug and alcohol, whereas
approximately up to 20% patients were admitted due to delirium and dementia (Ryan, 2013).
Self-harm is considered another major reason for the increasing ratio of patients into the hospital
emergency ward (Travers, 2013).
7. Liaison psychiatric – Mental Health Nursing
The psychiatrists are the enthusiastic teams to deal with the mentally unstable people,
those who come in general hospital emergencies or the medical wards. This team is provided
complete assessment and treatment plans for mentally unhealthy peoples (Mental Health
Taskforce, 2016). The UK-United Kingdom have a specialized area of mental health nursing that
is known as Liaison mental health nursing (Hägele et al., 2016).
In the general health services on an emergency basis, this field is more established and mostly
working with the psychological problem (Elisei et al., 2013). This program is not under any kind
of training in the UK (Tadros et al., 2013). Liaison mental health nursing constrains its

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recognition as a specialty in the UK. With the increase in mental health issues among patient, the
licensed mental health nurses focusing on research-based practices to facilitate their patients
(Shepherd et al., 2012: Tadros et al., 2013). The nursing process is implemented for the National
Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses by test plans in NCSBN-National Council
of State Boards of Nursing (Gessler, & Ferron, 2012).
8-Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Roles, Past, Present, & Future.
The assessment process, diagnosis and outcome identification are the core process that is
related to the nursing skills to treat the client. The assessment referred to as the record of the
client, whereas diagnosis is identifying the need of the client and selecting goals according to the
need. Outcome identification is establishing norms according to the outcome of the client’s
problem (Shepherd et al., 2012). By caring for the client, to achieve a specific goal, the planning
strategy is the primary step. Nursing care is the dynamic and systematic process in which these
all steps were followed for making any king of decisions and solving the specific problems
(Gessler, & Ferron, 2012). This process is to continue until the client results in any change in
physical and behavioural responses. Diagnoses are the main part of the nursing process.
Diagnosis referred to describe the actual health problem to the client that identifies the human
responses. In some states, under the Nurse Practice act legally professional nurse responsible for
the identification of the diagnosis (Tadros et al., 2013: Su, Chou, Chang, & Weng, 2010:
McFarlane, 2016).
9. Appropriate solutions to ethical and legal, cultural & economic issues related to
intervening in client systems with chronic and complex alterations in psychological
functioning.

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With the help of different therapies, all kind of mental disorders can be treated.
Psychotherapy helped people deal with their mental health illness. When a therapist deliberately
create a scenario in which they are in a professional relationship with the patients (Thompson, &
Young-Saleme 2015). The relationship between the therapist and the client is emotional, and the
objective of the psychotherapy is to remove the existent symptoms of the client by treating their
disturbed behaviour (Alberdi-Sudupe et al., 2011). Psychotherapy is a kind of treatment that
considered as a helping process, psychoeducation the clients, and gives them guidance about
their problems and coping strategies (Thompson, & Young-Saleme 2015).
10. Discuss the importance of psychoeducation for patients, their families, as well as
decision-makers and practitioners
Therapist first role in treating the clients to provide valid information and educating them
about their problems. The collaboration between the therapist and client, to resolve the
conflicting issues known as psychoeducation (McFarlane, 2016: Carter, Moles, Krass, &
Kritikos, 2016: College of Public Health: 2019). Studies resulted that when a person gains good
and accurate information about his or her problem, then they can easily and effectively cope with
their problems (George, 2010). It will also help and understand the patient and their family
members about nature the problem and treatment plans of the therapist (McFarlane, 2016: NHS
Diabetes Prevention Programme, 2018). How genetics and environment can play an important
role in the development of mental illness are all included in the psychoeducation of the people
(Gov.UK, 2019). Patient’s family play an important role in the improvement of the person when
they get psychoeducation about the person’s problem (Thompson, & Young-Saleme 2015).
Family intervention with the psychoeducation also lowered down the relapse rate in most of the
mental illnesses and its effectiveness on the reduction is estimated as 50-60% (McFarlane, 2016).

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11. Principle of counselling in Psychiatric & Community Health Nursing.
Community health nurses are working according to the principals of counselling in
psychiatry. Counselling procedure will be different for a different mental disorder. Talking
therapy is one of the best therapy that comes under the influence of counselling techniques. With
the help of talking therapy, community nurses relax the patients that are disturbed according to
the emotional imbalance. Expressions, thoughts and emotions will be considered to be the target
of the counselling under the community health nurses (Yalom, & Leszez, 2012).
12. Development and application of appropriate professional attitudes, communication and
problem-solving skills.
When the person uses facts, knowledge, data to solve their problems, then it comes under
critical thinking or the problem-solving approach. It will be the professional attitude of a nurse to
teach the problem-solving approach to the mentally ill people because these are the person who
is unable to solve their problems and become mentally sick (Zhang et al., 2019). If they are able
to do things according to facts, knowledge, then they can manage themselves very well. It will
become under the professional responsibility to manage a person according to their need and
then give them techniques so that he/she able to solve his/her problems critically (George,
2010).
13. Research-based programs of care for chronically mentally ill through the client system
There are many researchers conducted to improve mental health problems. PCORI
funded many research projects to test people with serious mental health problems (Wood, &
Wand, 2014: Oyibo, Adaji, & Vassileva, 2018). The one project is too strong the peer
relationship and then peer helped the peer in treating the mental health issues (Sampson, 2013:
Ministry of Health, 2019). Studies indicated that peer relationship increased the improvement in

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the mental health illness. Another research was conducted on the integrated approach to improve
the mental health conditions of the persons. It was also an effective treatment strategy where
people could able to get treatment of the mental health issue as well as their physical issues
(Nogueira, Lagarto, Cerejeira, Renca, & Firmino, 2013: McFarlane, 2016).
14. How the Beginner Researcher Select Sampling
The beginner researcher would select the sample from the targeted population through sampling
technique. For example, if the researcher is interested in investigating the relationship between
mental health problem and function dependency among older people. The elderly population
would be selected from the community through sampling technique. For a beginner researcher,
the convenient and purposive sampling technique is an easier way to collect the data from the
population.
15. Data Collection Method and apply to Proposed Research
The research measures are mandatory for data collection purpose. For example, if the researcher
is interested in studying the relationship between mental health and functional dependency
among the elderly population, so they will have to choose the standardized toll with high validity
and reliability. Then they can apply the finding of the prosed research to the general population.
16. Hypothesis and its type with sampling
There are two types of hypothesis, i.e. directional or non-directional hypothesis. The directional
hypothesis provides the direction of the hypothesis, such as mentally healthy elderly people
would have a less functional dependency. N contrast the non-directional hypothesis considered
two-tailed such as there would be a strong relationship between mentally healthy elderly people
and mental health.
17. Sampling Design and Tool Selection