Research Report: Selective Attention and Methodology - PSY020C162S

This research report delves into the methodologies employed in psychology, specifically focusing on the topic of selective attention. It explores both quantitative and qualitative research techniques, including questionnaires and in-depth interviews, for data collection and analysis. The research design incorporates descriptive and experimental approaches, utilizing ANOVA for data determination. A literature review examines the transformation of individuals through training and guided initiation, drawing connections to leadership, technology, and personal development. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of age, maturity, and guided initiation in shaping behavior and achieving desired outcomes. This document is available on Desklib, where students can find a wealth of resources, including past papers and solved assignments.

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Research Question: Research Methodology in Psychology
Abstract
Transformation of a person involves him or her embracing new teachings and guidelines. The
motivation of an individual towards a new direction in behavior requires a series of step by step
teachings and training. Many leaders address their followers to impart knowledge that will help
in transforming their subjects in a way desired by their leaders (Späth et al Pg. 52). Military
institutions turn young men and ladies into soldiers that can be relied upon for defense by a
country.
Research Methods
The most common methods used in a research to collect and analyze data are through
quantitative and qualitative techniques. This study will mix both techniques achieve the end
result. According to Zikmund et.al. (2013, p.134), “quantitative business research can be defined
as business research that addresses research objectives through empirical assessments that
involve numerical measurement and analysis approaches. Qualitative research is more apt to
stand on its own in the sense that it requires less interpretation”. In other words, incorporating
both techniques will help to triangulate the data and samples collected through cross validation.

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For example, in this study, questionnaires (quantitative) will be used to gather data and market
statistics, which can be back up with in depth selected interviews (qualitative).
Data Collection and Sampling
In any research project, the data collection process is a major challenge. Possibly it’s the
only way to interact with the public to access their opinions. This research will use primary and
secondary methods to gather and retrieve information for the study. By collecting these two
types of data, the researcher can get a clearer picture of study competitors, along with finding
answering to the study’s questions of the target, market, marketing strategies and brand
positioning. The information gathered will also be useful to formulate a SWOT analysis.
Research Design
The design of a research project is very important and is needed to facilitate the smooth
sailing of several research operations. According to Kothari (2004, p.31), “a research design is
the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to
combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. In fact, the research
design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint
for the collection, measurement and analysis of data”. The framework for this research,
Descriptive and Experimental design will be applied in the study. The rationale behind
implementing Descriptive design is to find answers to the research questions like what, when,
where, who, how and why. (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2014). For example, in order for customers to
purchase the new iPhone X from Digicel, customers may be asked what their package
preferences are. Whilst, descriptive design answers the study’s structured questions, the
experimental design is the conceptual framework in which the researcher can test the hypothesis.

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In the design phase of the research the researchers need to choose ANOVA for determination
and analysis of the data owing to the method’s ease of use. ANOVA also helps remove with
replication of information. The method also works out based on randomness property
Literature Review
An instruction pertaining protection is administered to transform individuals in steps
before finally becoming good soldiers. “Training applies to all other institutions that impart
knowledge that is meant to change people in required states by the trainer” (Kuhlthau, Carol,
Leslie and Ann pg,23). The practice involves diligence and mastery in the related skills. The
trainees get oriented before they enroll for training. Trainees first get informed of the importance
of taking the training. During the practice, they are made to think and behave in a certain way
distinct from other forms of exercise offered to others in other fields. Preparations usually are
meant to prepare people for essential tasks in future. For instance, the governments undertake to
train some of its citizens in a variety of ways in transforming them into useful people to
accomplish crucial tasks for the nation. The guided initiations into different courses as people
take different pieces of training influence their lives as their perceptions of even minor matters in
experience vary widely.
‘How I remade GE’ an article by Jeffrey R. Immelt 2018, explains how people by
assuming different roles in life transform their lives. He states that CEO has different
assignments to accomplish for the company in various levels, others have a good time in
managing momentum through a stable economy, while others are the founders and they take
upon themselves the role of building their firms. Though they are all CEOs, the tasks they

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perform in their companies cannot be-be the same in their daily activities. The roles they assume
as CEOs define their leadership, they do not sanction matters the same way (Kuhlthau, Carol,
Leslie and Ann ). The founders are real custodians who own the firms. Unlike to the CEOs who
happen to get already economically stable companies, pioneer CEOs have a strong sense of
belonging and can rarely indulge in malpractices. The current state of the economy of the firm
portrays the devotion and diligence of the founder CEO.
Also, specialization and division of labor as a company get also organized a form of
guided initiation; individual workers get transformed from their previous roles to acquire new
roles and positions. A worker who is well acquainted with his/her new parts performs his/her
characters more efficiently than those new workers in the particular departments (Brandner,
Susanne et al, Pg.86). Transforming workers about what is that they can do the best is of value to
the company, as a person should be placed in a position in which he does the best for the firm to
produce with efficiency. Newly learned skills can be challenging in carrying duties. Such
employees need to be retrained to enable them adequately suit their positions in performing the
substantial roles. This is an implication that orderly and transparent information to guide the
transformation of a person assuming new functions is critical.
In his article, Jeffrey admits that as the days go by human beings embrace new ways of
doing things to make their lives more comfortable. Borrowing of technology in the production of
goods, mobility and generally in their lives defines people's way of life. Technology is now the
critical author determining every days' activities and the ability in accomplishing important
matters. Getting used to a certain way of life that is due to technological change has seen shifts
in characters. In the absence of technology, the individuals had to carry out some tasks with
hands, and life hardships forced people to work so hard in executing tasks. Slowly different

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devices made such works easier to help humans lead a better life. Apparently, the current
generation is not so much used to manual works; technology has made work easier and guided
many aspects of life. This is to mean changes in the way of life of societies in the wake of
technologies has successfully altered people's lives (Kuhlthau, Carol, Leslie and Ann ).
Guided Initiation links the person’s present character to his or her master. Through
guided initiation humans can be changed. Depending on the type of guidelines offered, the
person under instruction can become to behave as expected by the source of the teachings.
Initiating a person into something like profession might need time to have the person
transformed. Some matters can involve disconnecting oneself from the rest. In her journals,
Racheal Lockwood 2018 states that people often detach themselves from their health and
financial practices to achieve something desired.
We desire in us propels towards behaving in a particular manner to attain specific targets
set in our minds. We are therefore psychologically constrained to act in a certain way. A person
can even deviate from his addictions and his cherished practices. To hit a set goal, some things
need to accomplish. These are the things that could be well known to the person in question. The
essential factors or values that one need to uphold to his/her thoughts and imaginations come
true. Such costs or factors will act as the guidelines constraining a human and hence initiating
him or her into a specific practice or behavior.
For personal guided transformation, a person has to identify and relate his/her current
status to his or her coveted status envisaged status. What is needed to be done is then determined
by the person. The normal desired state could be having cash power to afford some situation,
perhaps to make life more comfortable now or shortly. Such matters will prompt the person to

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start listening to what savings and investment entails. The longing for a better life in future will
then act as a push towards achieving the admired standards in life. Such forces then lay down a
foundation for the change of behavior of a person.
“Some people do suffer from trauma from a happening in the past”. Such a traumatizing
event could be rape, robbery on their beloved ones or murder. Such occurrences can transform
people, changing their views towards some things in life (Kläy et al, Pg.18).
“We often take love for granted, but we should know that love is the priceless treasure we
should cherish. But how to nurture love? ”I have heard people say that the quickest way to
receive love is to give it; The fastest way to lose respect is to hold it firmly in your hand, and the
best way to keep love is to give it wings. It is essential for us to learn to love is the first lesson in
life. Only when you know how to love will you become the real man in the world. Love brings
us warmth. In the terrible cold, love brings us light, when life becomes hard and dark. When we
are tired and want to give up, love brings confidence to our survival (Valsiner and Jaan Pg.78).
Love is a praiseworthy word; love is beyond life and death. This is the love in my eyes.
Conclusion
Behavior is similar to character modeling. Behavior calls for esteemed dedication by the
trainer and trainee to achieve the best results. In the case of nurturing an individual through
guided initiation, one critical factor of consideration in all the cases is age and maturity.

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Different age levels determine maturity and direction one takes in a bid to attain desired results.
There is no way one would imagine otherwise from the standard guidelines if timeline as a factor
of determination is a point of focus (De Stefani, Elwys, and Lorenza pg 56). Transformation of a
person involves him or her embracing new teachings and directives. The motivation of an
individual towards a new direction in behavior requires a series of step by step teachings and
training. Guided initiation breeds on the knowledge that human beings conform to the
happenings in the environment.
Works Cited
Beeghley, Leonard. What Does Your Wife Do?: Gender and the Transformation of Family Life.
Routledge, 2018.
Brandner, Susanne, et al. "Symptomization and triggering processes: Ovarian cancer patients'
narratives on pre-diagnostic sensation experiences and the initiation of healthcare
seeking." Social Science & Medicine 119 (2014): 123-130.
Cavanna, Andrea E., and Michael R. Trimble. "The precuneus: a review of its functional
anatomy and behavioural correlates." Brain 129.3 (2006): 564-583.
De Stefani, Elwys, and Lorenza Mondada. "Reorganizing mobile formations: When “guided”
participants initiate reorientations in guided tours." Space and Culture 17.2 (2014): 157-
175.

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Driver J. (2001). A selective review of selective attention research from the past century. British
Journal of Psychology, 92, 53-78. (pp.53-62);
Kläy, Andreas, Anne B. Zimmermann, and Flurina Schneider. "Rethinking science for
sustainable development: Reflexive interaction for a paradigm transformation." Futures
65 (2015): 72-85.
Kuhlthau, Carol C., Leslie K. Maniotes, and Ann K. Caspari. Guided inquiry: Learning in the
21st century: Learning in the 21st century. ABC-CLIO, 2015.
Lavie, Nilli. "Distracted and confused?: Selective attention under load." Trends in cognitive
sciences 9.2 (2005): 75-82.
Lamme, Victor AF. "Why visual attention and awareness are different." Trends in cognitive
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Späth, Mona, et al. "Entraining with another person’s speech rhythm: Evidence from healthy
speakers and individuals with Parkinson’s disease." Clinical linguistics & phonetics 30.1
(2016): 68-85.
Valsiner, Jaan. A guided science: History of psychology in the mirror of its making. Routledge,
2017.
Vuilleumier, Patrik. "How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention." Trends in
cognitive sciences 9.12 (2005): 585-594.