Psychology Essay: Research Methods, Reliability, Validity, and Ethics

This essay delves into several core aspects of psychological research. It begins by highlighting the importance of the scientific method in answering research questions, emphasizing its reliance on logical reasoning and empirical evidence. The essay then explores the best practices for designing interview studies, underscoring the need for structured approaches to analyze participant responses. Further, it discusses the crucial principles of reliability and validity in psychological measurement, explaining their significance in ensuring the accuracy and consistency of research findings. Finally, the essay addresses the ethical considerations involved in conducting research with Australian indigenous populations, emphasizing the need for informed consent, respect for cultural sensitivities, and the protection of participants' rights and privacy. The essay overall provides a comprehensive overview of key methodological and ethical considerations within the field of psychology.

Essay
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
1. Scientific method provide best way to answer the question....................................................3
2. Best design of interview study.................................................................................................4
3. Why are reliability and validity such important principle in psychological measurement?....5
4. Main ethical issues in conducting research with Australian indigenous populations.............7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9
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INTRODUCTION
Psychological is defined as getting affected at the physical level or related to mental
imbalance or a certain impacts are created at mental or emotional level. This report will discuss
different aspects associated with the physiological areas associated with the human being.
Henceforth, report will emphasis over the scientific approach and method to assess a respective
statements over the human behaviour. This research will discuss about the design of an interview
and the ways to study such a design. Furthermore, aim of the study is to understand the concept
of reliability and validity under the psychological measurement. This study will also understand
the main issues in order to conduct the research.
MAIN BODY
1. Scientific method provide best way to answer the question
Answering question is an art. In order to answer the certain question heer can be two
possible ways or approaches that can either be scientific or non scientific. Scientific method of
answering a question is about to create logical reasoning and understanding about the topic and
then to answer the question in the best way possible. This technique or method involve
answering questions on the basis of logical reasoning comprises with facts and figures over the
topic of study (Feng and et.al., 2019). This method of answering the question allow the reader
and student to address all different aspects associated with the topic and based on the analysis the
whole situation. This method allow to establish the relationship between nature of the aspects ad
also to establish facts and figure in order to generate the best level of information over the topic
of study. Scientific method is all conclusive and based on the detailed knowledge and
understanding about the topic of study. Answering question is only significant if it is based on
conclusive evidences and associated with certain level of assumptions drafted and designed to
justify the end results scientifically.
The statement that is scientific method provides the best way to answer questions, casual
relationship in nature and test the effectiveness of the treatment. This statement can be stated as
completely true in respect to the scientific method of answering the question of study. This
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statement clearly reflect that there are two different methods and manner of answering the
question that is one is scientific and the other one is non-scientific. Under the non scientific
technique questions are addressed with support of some conclusive assumptions and the manner
to report the answer. This involve assumptions over the question and topic with general
conclusive manner and answer all the questions (Rahier, 2020). This technique makes study
assumptions based and answer questions based on the individual perceptions developed with
support of such assumptions over the study. This can clearly stated that the scientific manner
involve establishing the nature between the factor involve in the study and answer all the
questions in the best way possible. Facts clearly state that any answer designed under the
scientific manner or method can be challenged by the professionals whereas in case of answering
question under the non scientific technique answer cannot be challenged by the professionals. As
the answer under the non scientific technique are more like assumption based that can be
challenges easily by the professionals.
2. Best design of interview study
Designing study is about to make a schedule in such manner that all topic could have
been covered within the stipulated time frame. This is about to on the basis of the needs and
requirements of the study level needed to be coverd design the best study plan that can match up
with the requirements associated with the study plan (Eliason and Streed Jr, 2017). Interview
study is denoted as studying and research about the answers given in ascertain interview so that
thoughts and understanding or knowledge of the person of who interview has been taken could
have been analysed and assess. This is about to study the mindset of the person that has given the
respective interview. Designing study is all about segregating the entire study into different parts.
Under this elements and parts are segregated on the basis of the needs and requirements of the
interview process or the interview that require to study. This involves segregating the interview
research into different factors and aspects and based on the facts conduct the study in a
conclusive manner.
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Designing interview study is very simple as it involves segregating each question at
different level and study all questions has been asked in the interview round. This is the best
possible way or technique to study a interview round. Further the scientific manner is to
segregate the topic of interview question cover into different segment ad study each individual
segment of the interview. This is the best and most effective way to study the interview round.
Designing interview is all about study the life of the person off whom the interview
require to be taken. Further design question based on the objectives and aim of the interview
round to deliver the overall objectives of the interview process (Steege and Rainbow, 2017).
Covering the different events of the life of the person of whom the interview require to be taken
is a part of the interview study or preparation of the interview process. The whole interview
round cover different feature associated with the person of whom the interview has been taken
such as childhood, education, upbringing, family status, economic condition, life challenges and
the achievement segment of the individual. All these aspects are the best way of taking or
preparing for the interview study.
3. Why are reliability and validity such important principle in psychological measurement?
Reliability refers to the consistency of better measurement. In context of psychologists, it
would be consider different type of consistency such as over time (test-retest reliability), across
item (internal consistency) and different researchers etc.
Whenever, researchers have been measured the construct that can assume to be maintain a
proper time intervals. Then score they can obtain to maintain consistent across time. As per
consideration of situation of research analysis. For example- Researcher will focus on the
conducting an investigation on Australian indigenous populations, identify their ethical, cultural,
tradition in proper manner. Scholar will focus on the gathering a relevant information or data
related to the research topic. So as, it is an essential aspect to check the reliability and validity
within principle in psychological measurement (Clark & Watson, 2019). Test-retest reliability is
basically extent to which identifies the case. Clearly, a measure that produce highly in-consistent
score over time.
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Validity refers to the extent in which identifies the scores form measurement in which
represent the variables. It has been already consider as one of the important factor that they can
take into account- reliability. In order to measure the good test-retest reliability within
psychological measurement. Within research study, it is extremely reliable but have no specific
aspect of validity.
On the basis of creating a situation in regards of gathered relevant information or data from
different sources. At that time, reliability and validity plays an important role in which test the
poor psychometric properties. In context of psychological measurement, reliability and validity
is mainly supports to test the accurate information. If the study fulfill its predicted aims and
hypothesis. It must ensure that generate accurate result or outcome. This is because when it can
possible to handle extraneous variables in proper manner.
On the other hand, validity in psychological testing, which means that rarely used
because it is not all about the sophisticated is validity. It may provide the better appearance of
measure and what it has supported to measure. But it is actually measures. A researcher might
have asking the researcher which identify the poor psychological test, its purpose to represent
clear, even to people who are becoming unfamiliar with psychometrics.
As per discussion, it has been summarized that reliability and validity be important in
particular situation and it might be consequence of using test with poor psychometric properties.
During research analysis, when researcher has been conducting the psychometric tests, in case if
it is identified in poor manner. Afterwards, it is directly impact on the reliability of scores
obtained (Mohajan, 2017). During research study, It has been increased the chance of human
errors, which is possible and interpretation or scoring that would be influenced by attitude of
researcher towards test taker. As per consideration of Psychological test reliability, it can easily
overcome test length, and improve its reliability. However, researcher must be well-acquainted
through principle of validity and reliability. It means that check the actual parameters, criteria to
evaluate the potential assessment by research participants on the basis of cultural, age and
populations.
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4. Main ethical issues in conducting research with Australian indigenous populations
When conducting the research with Australian indigenous populations consent should be
sought from both local community as well as individual participants. The primary aim is to
search or summaries the different methods of seeking consent for research investigation with
Australian indigenous populations.
Ethical Issues-
Informed consent is one of the major ethical issue identified at the time of research study.
According to participants of Indigenous populations, it means that everyone participate,
voluntarily, intelligently and in a clear way to manifest in proper manner.
Informed consent is one of the best way in which Indigenous people right to autonomy is
protected or secure. In order to define the ability for self-determination in action on the basis of
personal plan conducted by researcher (Ingham-Broomfield, 2017). Free and other kind of
informed consent which needs to be incorporate an introduction to the research study.
Sometimes, it is an essential aspect to understand the physical harm or discomfort, increases an
invasion of security or privacy. It may have developed a threat in term of dignity. This kind of
ethical issue which needs to be analysed its overall impacts on the research investigation.
How such research can be conducted ethically and in cultural responsive ways.
Usually, researcher can be conducted ethically and in cultural responsive manner. it
means that uses an ethical principle of beneficence which may refer to maintain the professional
development. An efficient and significant way to done research in better ways, promote the
welfare of research participants. In context of ethical and cultural, Researcher may have a face
such kind of difficulties to predict when creating hypothesis especially in qualitative research on
the basis of respondent such as Australian Indigenous community.
When researcher is always tries to learn about the tradition, culture, history of
participants but it may have required to deal with sensitive information. A researcher must be
consider all kind of possible consequence of research and also balance certain risks with
proportionate advantage or benefit. On the other hand, the issue or problem of confidentiality
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which means that closely establish a connection with a proper rights, respect for dignity of every
participant at the time of research study (Claw & et.al., 2018). Through this way, researcher has
been tried to conduct the research and also consider an appropriate theory, which focus on the
best interest of all involved, happiness of society is a greater importance. Additionally, it implies
a result and uses a proper moral duty what is really matters.
During research analysis, Researcher is always concerned about ethical and cultural
issue. Because these are becoming consider as important criteria’s, which may affect the overall
study patterns. Sometimes, it may arises conflict among participant members in regards of
informed consent, dignity of respects. These kind of complex situation has been occurred but
after implementing suitable ethical considerations as principle, which may overcome ethical or
cultural issue in research study.
CONCLUSION
Physiological study is classified into scientific and non scientific. Scientific answering
method is to make conclusive evidence based on facts and figures. Non scientific answering
process is more based on assumptions. Interview study is about to segregate the topic of
interview and study each topic at the individual level.
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REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Clark, L.A. & Watson, D. (2019). Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective
measuring instruments. Psychological assessment. 31(12). p.1412.
Claw, K.G. & et.al., (2018). A framework for enhancing ethical genomic research with
Indigenous communities. Nature communications. 9(1). pp.1-7.
Eliason, M. J. and Streed Jr, C. G., 2017. Choosing “something else” as a sexual identity:
Evaluating response options on the National Health Interview Survey. LGBT health. 4(5).
pp.376-379.
Feng, Z. and et.al., 2019. Formation of biological condensates via phase separation:
Characteristics, analytical methods, and physiological implications. Journal of Biological
Chemistry. 294(40). pp.14823-14835.
Ingham-Broomfield, R., (2017). A nurses' guide to ethical considerations and the process for
ethical approval of nursing research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The.
35(1). pp.40-47.
Mohajan, H.K., (2017). Two criteria for good measurements in research: Validity and
reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series. 17(4). pp.59-82.
Rahier, A., 2020. Assessing the feasibility of a therapy package application on reducing
psychological and physiological stress in men: a pilot study (Master's thesis).
Steege, L. M. and Rainbow, J. G., 2017. Fatigue in hospital nurses—‘Supernurse’culture is a
barrier to addressing problems: A qualitative interview study. International Journal of
Nursing Studies. 67. pp.20-28.
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