Introduction to Research Methods: SPSS Analysis of Congruent Trails

This report presents an analysis of data related to congruent and incongruent trails using SPSS. The analysis includes descriptive statistics, t-tests, and correlation analysis to determine relationships between variables. The results indicate a rejection of the null hypothesis, suggesting no relationship between congruent and incongruent trails. However, a strong correlation was found between the two variables. The discussion section explores these findings in the context of psychological theories of congruence and incongruence, and the test's implications. The report also identifies limitations and suggests areas for further research, including experimental studies and consideration of additional theoretical elements. The report concludes by emphasizing the need to analyze how test outcomes and theory relate to each other and what changes are required.

SPSS
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Table of Contents
RESULTS........................................................................................................................................3
DISCUSSION..................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................9
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RESULTS
Descriptive statistics
Statistics
congruenttrails incongruenttrails
N Valid 18 18
Missing 0 0
Mean 868.5556 1011.7778
Median 873.0000 941.0000
Mode 550.00a 651.00a
Std. Deviation 163.17267 215.38244
Range 635.00 784.00
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
Interpretation – it is analysed from table that the mean of congruent trails is 868.55 and of
incongruent is 1011.77. besides that, median of congruent is 873 and of other is 941. Moreover,
the mode is 550 and 651 respectively. in addition, the SD of congruent is 163 that means group
variable differ from mean value. likewise, in incongruent one SD is 215 so here the difference is
high between group variables. at last range are 635 and 784 respectively.
T test
One-Sample Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
congruenttrails 18 868.5556 163.17267 38.46017
incongruenttrails 18 1011.7778 215.38244 50.76613
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
congruenttrails 22.583 17 .000 868.55556 787.4117
incongruenttrails 19.930 17 .000 1011.77778 904.6706
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One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Upper
congruenttrails 949.6994
incongruenttrails 1118.8849
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=congruenttrails incongruenttrails
/STATISTICS=STDDEV RANGE MEAN MEDIAN MODE
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Interpretation – From above table it is found that the significant value obtained is P= .000
which is less than P= 0.05. it means that null hypothesis is rejected. so, there is no relationship
between congruent and incongruent trails in game. this means theory of congruent and
incongruent is not related to one another.
Correlation
Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation N
congruenttrails 868.5556 163.17267 18
incongruenttrails 1011.7778 215.38244 18
Correlations
congruenttrails incongruenttrails
congruenttrails
Pearson Correlation 1 .816**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 18 18
incongruenttrails
Pearson Correlation .816** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 18 18
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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Interpretation- By analysing above table it is stated that there is strong relation between two
variables that are congruent and incongruent trials. this is because the significant value obtained
is P= .816 that is more than P= 0.05. so, there is high correlation between them. it means that
congruent trials are dependent on incongruent one. besides, any change in congruent one will
affect on incongruent trail.
DISCUSSION
It has been analysed from the test results that there is no relationship between congruence
and incongruence theory. The congruence in psychology can be used to describe a state in which
a person's ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar. However, the researcher
felt that it was rare for a complete state of congruence to exist and that all people experience a
certain amount of incongruence. The test has helped in knowing that human brain took certain
seconds to identify the colour in which font was been written. It has also been analysed that there
appears to be a relation between intelligence and other variable. The results were being predicted
by the theory which has been used to derive the results. It has also been analysed that congruence
can be taken as the experience which has been felt by the human during the time of analysing
some results related to the test. On the other hand, the incongruence theory in psychology can
suggest and provide information that human brain can go through unpleasant feeling when
experiencing something. In this theory the perceived self can be defined as that how an
individual seeks himself and how they desire to seek. It is based on how the view of others can
affect their decision making (Humberg et.al., (2019).
Both of these theories has explained the psychology pattern of human behaviour really
firmly. Incongruence basically means that they have a feeling of something lacking which needs
to be filled up. In this theory the human behaviour is not aligned with the actions. The correlation
theory is also being used in the present test. In this the correlation provides the information about
the inter connecters of the variables. In the incongruence theory the human is unaware of the
patterns which are been followed by them while on the other hand in congruence theory the
human is all aware about the decisions and patterns that has been followed by them. This will
help the human in self-actualising (Carlson Jr, Nelson & Schultz, (2018). The test has also
provided the information that the participants in the test was interested. It has also been analysed
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that there were various issues in the presentation of stimuli which needs to be solved out in
further testing as it can provide inappropriate results. It has also been analysed that there was no
Ext ravenous variable which were been taken during the time of testing. These are not the
independent variable and can also affect the result of the variable. These variables can have the
effect on the independent variable and can provide miss-appropriate results. These variables can
also do the manipulation of the independent variable so there were no these type of variable
which were taken during the time of test was been done. They were not being taken and also they
were not being used in the test.
thus, it is discussed from above that significant value obtained is P= .000 that is less than
P= 0.05. so, null hypothesis is rejected and there is no relationship between congruent and
incongruent trails. but on other hand, there is strong correlation between both variables as P
value is P= .816. thus, there has need to analyse how test outcomes and theory is related to each
other and what changes is required in it. there are other ways in which congruent and
incongruent trail are done and there exist correlation between variables.
the further research can be done by considering some more elements of theory. It can
include experimental study as well. it will help in generating better outcomes and analysing data
in effective way.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Atzil-Slonim, D. & Rafaeli, E. (2018). Emotional congruence between clients and therapists and
its effect on treatment outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(1), 51.
Carlson Jr, J. D., Nelson, C., & Schultz, D. (2018). Values and Behavior Congruence in the NFL.
Humberg, S., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2019). Response surface analysis in personality and
social psychology: Checklist and clarifications for the case of congruence
hypotheses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(3), 409-419.
Rubel, J. A. & Lutz, W. (2018). Congruence of therapeutic bond perceptions and its relation to
treatment outcome: Within-and between-dyad effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 86(4), 341
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APPENDIX
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