Psychology, Health, and Social Care: Report on Theories and Factors

This report delves into the realm of psychology within health and social care, examining the various psychological theories relevant to lifespan development, including Piaget's theory, continuity/discontinuity approaches, and Freud's theory. It explores the impact of biological and social factors on human behavior, highlighting genetic influences and the significance of social environments. The report also emphasizes the importance of social roles in health and social care settings, discussing how social workers and care providers contribute to patient well-being. Furthermore, it analyzes the application of psychological theories to individuals experiencing elevated levels of stress, considering stressors at different life stages and potential coping mechanisms. Overall, the report provides a comprehensive overview of psychological concepts within the context of health and social care, offering insights into human behavior and well-being.

Psychology Health and Social
Care

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Different types of psychological theories.........................................................................1
1.2 Description on the various psychological theory in relation to the age related to the
specific stages of life..............................................................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Description of the biological and social factors which work as to influence the human
behaviour................................................................................................................................3
2.2 Importance of the social roles of Social and health care setting......................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1 Analysing the application of psychological theories to individuals experiencing elevated
levels of stress.........................................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
The concept of psychology is very important for human beings when it concerns with
frequent changes in behaviour of human. At each and every stage of human life there are
changes in thoughts and these are due to situation that are faced. It is stage of life when aging
makes a person go through the process of human development. In this report, it identifies the
behaviour of humans at every stage of life (Hansson, 2017). Further, it covers mind levels of
human is development at every stage because they learn new thing in his whole life. It also
discusses about the disorder and health of human being. Lastly, it also covers the factors that
play important role in human life.
TASK 1
1.1 Different types of psychological theories
At each stage of life, there are different types of changes that takes place, and all these
are significantly important for personality development. At each and every level, one is able to
develop their understanding. There are six stages that are included in life-span development
which are: Infancy, early childhood, childhood, middle age, younger age and adolescence.
There are so many changes in behaviour identified from childhood to adulthood. In this report,
below are given some of the psychological theories related to lifespan development:
Piaget Theory- This theory is useful for the development such as cognitive and their life
perspectives. With this theory it enables to identifying the real meaning of life (Courtin, 2017).
Apart from this, they can also determine the internal and external factor that negatively affects
human life. As per the nature and nurture that need to be provided to students should be
appropriate. Parents are supposed to understand their children and provide them appropriate
support so that they grow in positive direction.
Continuity and discontinuity approach: In accordance with continuity approach, it can
be stated that older adults will usually maintain same type of behaviour, activities and
relationships as all these has been done by them in their early days. Apart from this, this theory is
considered to be tone of the theory. On the other hand, Discontinuity approach is selected so that
causal elicits effects of interventions by cut-off threshold above or below which an intervention
is assigned.
Idiographic and nomothetic approaches: Both these are terms that are described by
Kantian in order to describe two of the distinct approaches to knowledge. Each of these are
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corresponding to diverse intellectual tendency. Further, each one corresponding to various
branch academe.
Activity and passivity approaches: This is considered to be the implicit theory of aging.
More specifically, proposes for successful aging occurs when older adults stay active and
maintain social interactions. Passive approach enables to make analysis of power systems and to
derive controllers is presented.
Maturation: This is considered to be the process through which a person changes, grow
and develop in their life.
Sigmund Freud theory- This theory is very important as it enables to suggest the
behaviour and personality of an individual. Sometimes, the person’s unconscious mind can also
affect their behaviour. This is a type of theory that is related with single person.
Erickson Psychological theory- This theory is related to all human being in which it
states that importance should be given to social interaction. In other words, the theory increases
the importance towards getting social. Further, it provides the details of person and their
behaviour towards the society.
Contextual theory- This theory enables to determine the initial factors like psychology of
a person.
Abraham Maslow's theory- This theory is totally depended upon the human ability to
think and the perception that are carried out. The person also have the ability to make their own
decision as per the perception that are carried out by them.
Charles Darwin theory- This theory is based on the inheritance that is focused on
individual behaviour (Kaljee, 2017). This is adopted for survival and promotion human survival.
This can be applied for individual aspect as well.
1.2 Description on the various psychological theory in relation to the age related to the specific
stages of life
Covered in PPT
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TASK 2
2.1 Description of the biological and social factors which work as to influence the human
behaviour
For some individuals, the genetic and character and roles reflect upon behaviour. This is
in regard to different type of situation and things that are being faced. There are frequent changes
identified at each level of life span (Boyd, Bee and Johnson, 2014). As per the situation that are
faced affects physically, mentally and emotionally. Further, it also has impact on psychology or
behaviour of a person. Below given are different factors that influence and affect the human
behaviour:
Biological Factor- The biological factor is very important factor when it describes
human behaviour and it is natural thing that happens to genetic changes. In most of the cases,
they have attractive personality, physical appearance, etc. all these are depended upon the
inheritance. With the help of this factor, person behaviour gets totally changed according to their
genies.
There are different type of genetics that can predispose to certain diseases. In this context,
it can have small or large effects on likelihood of developing some particular disease. With this
respect, it includes BRCA2 or BRCA1 genes that can increase risk of a person to develop breast
ovarian and cancer.
Social Factor- Social factors affect their whole society because the person learns new
things and gain knowledge through community (Reblin, 2018). The human learn lot of think
from their family and friends, all these have high impact on changes that taken place in
behaviour. These changes can be positive and negative impact of the teaching that are given by
others. However, it depends upon the perception that are carried out by individuals.
From a person to grow, it is required to have a healthy environment in which child have
strong interaction and relationship with their parents. Child do not have proper understanding
regarding what is right and what is wrong. However, they get to develop through observing and
teachings that are provided to them. Both environmental and biological factors has equal impact
on individuals. Individuals who are not provided with healthy environment, then they develop
bad habits that cannot be changed. Similarly, with appropriate support is not provided, then it
becomes difficult to survive in effective manner. Development of brain is possible when child
get to develop their learning and understanding. There are diseases like Parkinson’s caused due
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to lack of dopamine in the brain. There are other reasons due to which mental development of
child gets affected. One of the reason is due to smoking habit among mothers at the time of
pregnancy. Further, it also requires a mother to have appropriate attachment with their child as it
contributes effectively towards child development.
2.2 Importance of the social roles of Social and health care setting
Individuals can get influenced with number of ways but the preference of people is
considered to be the set of role of our expectation. For example, when there are 10 people and
are given a situation, then the solution to it will be different (Brett, Staniszewska and Suleman,
2014). Changes in answers come due to perception that are carried out. For each of the social
situation, it makes it to have a proper behaviour that is certain for some of the situation. Roles
related to social is considered to be a condition in which many people are involved and they all
work together.
In situations when any of the family member is sick or ill, then they are required to have
or get social help. Within health care, there are social workers who aim at delivering health
related services to people in need (Buunk, Gibbons and Buunk, 2013). There are conditions in
which patients do not have the capability to take decisions regarding their treatment. In this
context, care providers, family member and friends make sure that they provide support so that
combined decisions are made for the patient. In social and health care setting, it is important for
patients to get adequate information regarding the issues that are faced by them. These are
effective enough to make sure that patients select the most appropriate solution or treatment as
per their preferences. Further, it is essential that social workers continuously develop appropriate
services as per the changing behaviour that are made up by individuals. They have the capability
to improve lives of individuals and families in all type of critical condition (Moule and Hek,
2011). Social workers prefer people to understand or anticipate their lives and provide them
suggestion by which their lives can be improved. All have faith on social workers and they know
that they will be helpful in all type of crucial condition. Apart from this, below given are some of
the importance for social roles of social and health care setting:
Social roles: In order to effectively in health and social care, it is the responsibility to
make sure that all the patients are provided with information in relation with the issue or problem
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that are faced by them. However, it is seen that care providers who are not sure about the roles
that needs to be played can cause serious problem for patients.
Obedience: There are different type of health related issues that are faced by people. In
order to make sure they overcome them in effective manner, it requires to work as a team so that
with combined efforts the problems can be solved. However, in situations of conflicts it becomes
difficult to work together.
Sick role behaviour: This can be determined as an activity that is undertaken by people
who are sick. The type of behaviour carried out by individuals at this time is different. They fail
to perform any type of activity and these requires appropriate support so that they are able to
overcome their sickness.
Health Belief Model: This is a psychological model that focus on predicting and
explaining health behaviours. This is done by focusing on beliefs and attitudes of individuals.
TASK 3
3.1 Analysing the application of psychological theories to individuals experiencing elevated
levels of stress
Stress can be determined as a condition in which individuals fail to manage their work in
appropriate manner. It is identified that some of the people are able to handle them with
medication, time management, etc. All these are effective enough to make sure that rate of stress
can be reduced in effective manner. There are different type of issues problems or situations
raised due to which stress occurs and this has reverse impact on behaviour. Mental stage and
behaviour of a person gets changed because of stress (Sheldon, 2011). Some of the conditions
due to which stress is developed can be due to dissatisfaction, workload, studying, or it can be
due to some physical issues, etc. Below are given condition of stress that are caused at different
levels or stages of life:
Stress at early childhood: There are various factors of which a child can get stressed.
Children observe or learn from their parents or friends and so when they frequently witness any
type of violence, abuse, etc. then it can create stress among children. When these types of
conditions are frequent, then this can cause a child to face mental as well as behavioural changes
(Moorhead, Hazlett and Hoving, 2013). The type of perception that are carried out by
individuals will be different. There will be some of them whose behaviour do not change even
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when they witness abuse or violence. However, there will be some of them who may face
immediate changes in their behaviour.
Stress during Adulthood: When a person grows older, there are many responsibilities
that are to be taken care of. This is considered to be the stage in which individual faced various
type of conditions like anxiety, depression, etc. (Hansson, 2017). Adult identifies their goals in
life and aim at meeting up the expectations that others develop upon them. Further, there are
various relationships that also need to be maintained. When these types of aspects are not
properly considered, then it causes the person to face stress.
Old age: When a person grows older, then it causes stressful situation. There are certain
set of expectation that individuals have like care, support, etc. A person becomes weaker
physically and sometime mentally also (Morgan, 2017). When the rate of support provided to
them is not appropriate, then it causes serious issue and it increases stress.
Apart from this, there are psychological stress that is causes due to different reasons like
work-related, illness, chronic illness, bereavement, loss, etc.
Further, there are theories related with stress. In this context, Selye’s model of stress
consist of three of the stages that are included which are: Alarm, resistance and exhaustion. All
these need to be properly managed and controlled so that at initial stage itself these can be
eliminated.
When stress is not properly handled, then it causes serious health related issues like heart attack,
stroke, diabetes, etc.
In order to overcome such type of condition, there are cost involved in which workers are
provided with training so as to make workers to manage stress.
3.2 Description on the theories which is related to the behaviour disturbance
Disturbance related with behaviour is considered to be one of the major issue that require
to take appropriate steps. When these are proper taken in to consideration, then there are many
related problems that can arise like deficit disorder, unstable attention, autistic spectrum disorder
and invisible vision (Manners, 2017). All these types of issues are explained below:
Autistic spectrum disorder: This is also called pervasion development theories. This
considered in to major problem as it has hazardous impact on development and growth of child.
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Other than this, there are other problems like social behaviour, communication, interaction, etc.
(O’Driscoll, 2017). All these problems can be only be resolved, then appropriate support and
care provided to individuals in which they are able to overcome the condition in an effective
way.
Addictive behaviour: In accordance with this stage, individuals do not have proper sense
of knowledge. People get confused to take up appropriate decision between what is wrong and
right. Apart from this, there are some of the inclusive like work, physical addiction, eating, sex,
etc. can have harmful impact on person’s mind (Courtin and Knapp, 2017). Through effective
communication, it is possible to overcome the situation. This can be done through involvement
of family member, developing strong relationship, etc. There are situations in which individuals
do not have proper understanding in order to overcome the situation. All these can be effectively
done when sharing if information and condition is done. With the experience that others have are
helpful enough to make people solve their issues efficiently.
Attention deficit disorder: These are the factors that can cause or create huge problem.
These are generally found or faced by teenagers and children. Individuals focus on getting
attention from people who are around them (Kaljee, 2017). They aim at conducting activities
which will make them different from others and all these just to get attention.
In order to study the behavioural disturbance, there are some of the theories that related with it
like Twin studies. This is a type of study that is focused on considering the twins as they are
valuable source of information for psychological and health research. Further, it also includes
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of mental disorder that are used by psychiatrists and clinicians inn
order to diagnose psychiatric illness.
3.3 Define the understanding of the mental health disorders
Covered in PPT
3.4 Description on the evaluation of the principles which are affecting the behaviour changes of
the person
According to Reblin, (2018) there are different steps can be taken into consideration that
can help in impact on mental and physical abilities can be solved in appropriate manner. For this
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respect, there are certain theories that are can be implemented. Some of the theories are as
follows:
Environmental theory: Buunk, Gibbons and Buunk, (2013) elucidated that for a person
who has mood swings fail to focus and perform with their full efficiency when any type of task is
being given to them. Appropriate steps are needed to be taken steps so that he/she may not get
distracted easily. This is a condition in which one can harm themselves and others mind.
Different type of cognitive rules can cause the behaviour of a person to change and this way,
they are able to behave in positive manner. All these sorts of conditions are required to be
controlled.
Learning theory: Brett, Staniszewska and Suleman, (2014) elaborated that this is an
effective theory that enables to learn and apply on new things. This theory consists of different
activities when applying enables to develop and promote life in effective manner. In order to
perform any type of work, it is required to have certain set of skills and capabilities. All the areas
in which development are to be made can be identified and steps can be enhance them in
appropriate manner. Researchers argued that learning theory can help in enhancing the learning
behaviour of individuals. Learning is never ending process in which individuals are required to
make time to time updating for the skills and capabilities that they possess. When step by step
consideration are made, then it make a person understand the problems that are faced by them
and this way the issue faced by handled in effective manner.
 Behaviour change: Behavioural change theories are attempts to explain why behaviours
change. These theories cite environmental, personal, and behavioural characteristics as
the major factors in behavioural determination.
 Health promotion: Health promotion enables people to increase control over their own
health.
 Care strategies: Care strategies are the strategies formulated by the healthcare
professionals in order to provide care to the healthcare seekers. These strategies must be
precise and efficient in order to enhance the quality of care of healthcare seekers.
 Avoidance therapy: Avoidance coping refers to choosing your behaviour based on trying
to avoid or escape particular thoughts or feelings.
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 Cognitive dissonance: Cognitive dissonance is the state of having inconsistent thoughts,
beliefs or attitudes especially as relating to behavioural decision and attitude change.
ABS model of behaviour change
3.5 Description on the theories of the Psychological and its understanding in manner to health
and social care
When psychological treatment is provided to a person, then it becomes favourable
enough to make them work with their full efficiency (Reeves, Lewin and Zwarenstein, 2011).
There are theories that can be applied through which mental illness or its rate can be reduced.
With this respect, there are two of theories that can be used which are human behaviour through
life cycle and other one is human mental process. Both these theories are effective enough to
make people learn many things to live a healthy life. Apart from this, the theories also help to
make sure that depth of relation with family member, friends, etc. People will get to or learn
towards developing their skills and capabilities and to clearly understand regarding relationships.
Main part of the psychological aspects are required to be considered so that human life are
effectively understood (Boyd, Bee and Johnson, 2014). In day to day operation to be conducted
in effective manner, there are required to have suitable understanding regarding the steps that
should be considered so that one is able to overcome the situation and decision on best solution
for the same.
 In order to enhance the working within the healthcare service it is essential and important
for the workers, healthcare provider’s needs to work in collaborative and collective
manner. They needs to coordinate with each other so that the experience of care seeker
can be enhanced.
 Workers at health and social care sector can utilise team work theory proposed by
researcher in order to enhance team work in the health and social care organisation.
These theories can help the workers and healthcare professionals to enhance collaborative
working in the organisation.
 Social psychological theories can be very helpful to the workers and healthcare providers
working in the sector. These theories can help in increasing understanding and cognitive
behaviour of both patients and other worker.
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 Patients beliefs are important and needs to be take care of in order to enhance their
healthcare experience.
 From psychological and social theories, the healthcare professionals can know more
about the perception of patients and also provide quality care to the patients. For
example, a patient with dementia needs to be provide different kind of treatment. They
have different psychology and healthcare professional needs to understand his
psychology and provide treatment accordingly.
CONCLUSION
From childhood, individuals are able to frame up their characteristic with the help of
observation. When the type of teaching that given by parent or friends are not positive, then it
can have life long change identified in behaviour as an adult. It is required to have proper support
from the side of parents in all the difficulties that are faced. When people are not able to get help,
then to overcome the situation can make them diseased mentally or physically. Further, decisions
should be taken combined specially, when there are many options given and one do not have the
knowledge to select most appropriate one. Through support from other, it enables to make
individuals overcome the problems faced and appropriate decision can be taken.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Hansson, J. (2017). Action research for multi-level facilitation of improvement in health and
social care: Development of a change facilitation approach for a local R&D unit. Action
Research, 15(4), pp.339-356.
Morgan, H. M. (2017). We need to talk about purpose: a critical interpretive synthesis of health
and social care professionals’ approaches to self‐management support for people with
long‐term conditions. Health Expectations, 20(2), pp.243-259.
Manners, R.A. (2017). Professional dominance: The social structure of medical care. Routledge.
O’Driscoll, M. (2017). The effects of mindfulness-based interventions for health and social care
undergraduate students–a systematic review of the literature. Psychology, health &
medicine, 22(7), pp.851-865.
Courtin, E., and Knapp, M. (2017). Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping
review. Health & social care in the community, 25(3), pp.799-812.
Kaljee, L. (2017). A randomized-control trial for the teachers’ diploma programme on
psychosocial care, support and protection in Zambian government primary
schools. Psychology, health & medicine, 22(4), pp.381-392.
Reblin, M. (2018). Support and negation of colorectal cancer risk prevention behaviours:
analysis of spousal discussions. Psychology, health & medicine, 23(5), pp.548-554.
Reeves, S., Lewin, S., and Zwarenstein, M. (2011). Interprofessional teamwork for health and
social care (Vol. 8). John Wiley & Sons.
Boyd, D. R., Bee, H. L., and Johnson, P. A. (2014). Lifespan development. Pearson.
Brett, J., Staniszewska, S., and Suleman, R. (2014). Mapping the impact of patient and public
involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review. Health
Expectations, 17(5), pp.637-650.
Buunk, B. P., Gibbons, F. X., and Buunk, A. eds. (2013). Health, coping, and well-being:
Perspectives from social comparison theory. Psychology Press.
Moule, P., and Hek, G. (2011). Making sense of research: an introduction for health and social
care practitioners. Sage.
Sheldon, B. (2011). Cognitive-behavioural therapy: Research and practice in health and social
care. Routledge.
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Moorhead, S. A., Hazlett, D. E. and Hoving, C., (2013). A new dimension of health care:
systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health
communication. Journal of medical Internet research, 15(4).
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