Psychology Report: HSC, Life Span Development, and Theories

This report delves into the realm of psychology, focusing on life span development and its associated theories. It begins by comparing theories of life span development, such as stage vs. open-ended and continuity vs. discontinuity, across different life stages including infancy, early childhood, adole...Read More

PSYCHOLOGY IN
HSC

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction................................................................................................................................................3
Task 1.........................................................................................................................................................3
1) Comparing theories of life span development..................................................................................3
2) Link between psychological theories and different life stages.........................................................4
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................................5
1) Social and biological factors that influence human behaviour.........................................................5
2) Importance of social roles in health and social care setting..............................................................5
Task 3A......................................................................................................................................................6
Task 3B.......................................................................................................................................................6
1) Role of psychological theories in understanding mental disorders...................................................6
2) Application of psychological principles affecting behaviour change in health and social care
setting....................................................................................................................................................7
3) Ways in which psychological theories can enhance the understanding of relationships in health
and social care.......................................................................................................................................7
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................8
References..................................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Psychology is an important aspect of working of health and social care industry (McGorry,
2010). By following varied psychological principles and concepts, functioning as well as overall
efficiency and effectiveness of the sector can be enhanced by great margins. The present report sheds
light on such theories with a view to develop understanding about different stages of life span
development. In addition to it, thorough discussion is made in relation to various social and biological
determinants of the human behaviour in this report.
TASK 1
1) Comparing theories of life span development
In order to get thorough understanding about different stages of life, authors and academicians
have developed various theories and principles (Jetten and et.al., 2012). Life span development
basically can be defined as an approach that consists of various stages and phases that need to be
undergone so that thorough and effective understanding about the life of an individual can be obtained.
According to numerous authors and academicians, stages of life span development and psychological
theories are linked with and depend on one another to a great extent. In the following paragraphs, two
such concepts have been compared in terms of stages of life span development. These stages are
infancy; early childhood; adolescence; early adulthood; and late adulthood/death. The two theories are
stage vs. open ended; and continuity vs. discontinuity (Pascoe and Richman, 2009).
In stage theory, there are certain phases and steps that have to be completed so that development
can be carried out in an efficient and effective manner. Those who follow this psychological theory
state that if these are not carried out properly, then there are very less chances that the individual might
be able to attain proper development. In this sense, it may not be wrong to say that these stages are 'pre-
planned' and ‘natural’; therefore, they cannot be avoided in any circumstances (Irving, 2011). Further,
if proper attention is not paid to follow these stages in their respective order, then it can have negative
impact on the concerned person and even may put their life in a very risky position. For instance, such
a situation could lead to hampering the growth of person in terms of mental and physical dexterity
thereby influencing them in a negative manner (Kinderman and Tai, 2009). But on the other hand, open
ended theory states that people do not have to follow the exact stages that are set out by others i.e. they
can modify these development stages as per their own liking and needs. Further, such theorists also
state that up to a certain age limit, people need to follow certain stages; otherwise their development
would be affected in a negative sense (Bradley, Curry and Devers, 2007).
The continuity theory of lifespan development describes that these stages are linked with one

another and they must be carried out in a particular continuity form. If this continuity breaks, then the
development process may be hampered in a negative manner (Kinman and Grant, 2011). But in
contrast, the discontinuity opines that it is not important for people that they follow these stages in a
prescribed manner, rather they can start at any point and end it anywhere as they like. This means that it
is not important for an individual to keep a link between these stages and they can take up any stage at
random, but they just have to manage the biological cycle of development (Stroebe, 2011).
1.1:Nature- nurture debate
Nature refers to the genetic set up of an individual. It is inclusive of the attributes such as traits,
capacities and abilities that a person takes or inherits from his or her parents. Therefore, any such factor
which is produced by predetermined unfolding of genetic data comes under nature. Various facets of
behaviour and attitude of individual are influenced by nature (Pascoe and Richman, 2009). In opposite
to this, nurture is is inclusive of the environmental factors that affects the role in shaping the behaviour.
The nature nurture debate is all about ascertaining out whether the process of development of an
individual is predisposed in his DNA or is the environment factor responsible for it. Nature
recommends that if a person is born with particular attributes, the nurture views shows that a person
behaves in a particular way due to experiences of his life. Thus the debate is whether the behaviour is
affected by genetics or the environment influences.
In argument to this, the personality is the outcome of characteristics that are inherited by
parents or the life experiences form it. The nature nurture debate puts major emphasis on the relative
attempt of environmental factors and genetic inheritance to the evolution of humans.
There are several genetic, environmental and social factors that affects the development of an
adolescent. The following social factors influence the development of adolescents:
 Positive peer groups provide several opportunities to the adolescents for developing social skills
and thus affect the development. However, ill habits such as drug and substance abuse, which
are learnt from peers, may negatively affects the development of adolescents.
 Strong bonds with family and friends promote better emotional and psychological development
of adolescents (Mojtabai, 2010).
 Family income also affects the development. Good income enables provision of nutritious food
to the adolescents which promotes their physical growth. However, poor financial conditions
may deprive adolescents from the necessary nutrients available for proper growth.
Environmental factors that affect the development of adolescents are the following:
 Deficiency of parental supervision is another environmental factor. When parents properly

oversee an adolescent child, it leads to his maturation and development in all facets such as
physical and mental. However, deficiency of this supervision unfavorablly affects the growth
of adolescents.
 Existence of single parent at place is an environmental factor that may adversely affect the
growth of adolescent. It may make them feel loose at certain times thus touching their
psychological and emotional development.
Genetic factors affecting adolescent development are:
 There is a unique set of genetic instructions in every child. These have a strong effect on the
rate of growth in adolescence.
 Genes inherited from parents change the size of body parts and onset of growth occurrence
(Lee and Gramotnev, 2007).
1.2: Biological Theory
There are various kinds of psychological theories which are explained below: Psycho-dynamic theory: This theory is about the study of past experiences and incidents that
takes place in patient's life to understand his behaviour and mental processes. It is also called as
dynamic psychology. This theory is related to the psychological forces regarding to the past
experiences which affects the emotions and behaviour of mankind. This affects the adult stage
more for example, an adult's fear from water due to any past incident occurs in his life (Jetten
and et.al., 2012).
 Humanistic theory: This theory is about the study of human beliefs, morales, values and ethics.
It is a process of self-actualization which helps in finding weaknesses and strengths along with
the positivity towards life. The theory is related to the adult life stage for example, their views
related to their life, behaviour towards elders and other persons, bonding with family members
and many more (Haslam, 2009).
A biological theory of deviance suggests that a human being deviates from social norms
majorly. It is because of their biological make up. The primary concern of this theory is to pertains the
formal deviance. It is about using biological reasons to explicate criminality, though it can certainly
extend to informal abnormality.
The biological approach states that to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is
considered as an only approach in psychology that analyze thoughts, feelings, and attitude from a
biological and thus physical point of view. Therefore, all that is psychological is first physiological. All
thoughts, feeling & behaviour ultimately have a biological cause.

A biological perspective is relevant to the study of psychology in three ways:
1.Comparative method: Various species of animal can be studied and compared. This supports
in the search to understand human behaviour.
2.Physiology: The nervous system and hormones work, how the brain functions, how changes
in structure and/or function can affect behaviour (Posavac, 2012).. For example, we could ask
how prescribed drugs to treat depression affect behaviour through their interaction with the
nervous system.
3. Investigation of inheritance: An animal inherits from its parents, mechanisms of inheritance
(genetics). For example, we might want to know whether high intelligence is inherited from one
generation to the next.
The each and every factor that has been depicted above of these biological aspects shows the
comparative, the physiological (i.e. the brain) and the genetic, can help explain human behaviour.
2) Link between psychological theories and different life stages
Over the years, various theories that describe the stages of life span development have been
prepared. In this context, there are three main theories and concepts which are behavioural; cognitive;
psycho-dynamic; and humanistic (Davies and Faulkner, 2005). In the following paragraphs, link
between these theories and life stages is described and evaluated.
Behavioural theory of psychology is a highly preferred and very popular concept. It states that
human behaviour is something that can learn and unlearned easily. This facet can be directly with two
stages infancy and early childhood (Mojtabai, 2010). For a child, these form a time period wherein they
learn a lot of things about life such as walking, talking, manners, etc. by observing their parents and
other people in the society. So, it can be said that their behaviour is dependent upon the kind of their
upbringing. If attention was paid to ensure that they spent their time in a good and positive
environment, then it can be easily observed in their behaviour (Sayers and et.al., 2008). The same
concept can also be applied to the stage of adolescence. But when an individual enters the stage of
early adulthood and late adulthood/death, they are rarely affected by their surroundings. Rather their
behaviour is more rational in nature, i.e. they think before taking any action.
Cognitive theory was developed by Jean Piaget. According to it, children in their very first stage
such as infancy, childhood and adolescence possess an undeveloped approach to rationalization; but on
the other hand, those in stages of adulthood and late adulthood tend to be more rational and their
thinking process is more logical in nature (Glassman and Hadad, 2013). Therefore, it can be said that a
child may give wrong or inaccurate answer(s) to various questions, but such probability is very low in
adults. This is because; they would have undergone with a lot of conditioning and learning throughout

their life. It may be safe to say that these individuals would be in ease and comfort while dealing with
various problems and situations in comparison to children. Psycho-dynamic theory was developed by
Sigmund Freud and is considered to be not only a very popular approach, but also a widely used one
and effective as well. It states that aspects such as behaviour, thinking, reactions, etc. are affected by
unconscious motives of an individual (Shapiro, Brown and Biegel, 2007). In contrast to it, the
humanistic theory states that people regardless of the stage that they may be in have a tendency to
develop themselves as well as the society they are a part of. Further, they pay a lot of attention to
personal growth and development.
TASK 2
1) Social and biological factors that influence human behaviour
Family education - In case of Sam, his family was not so educated so as to understand the issues being
faced by him. Hence they found it difficult to understand his problematic behaviour (Perakyla, 2008).
No one was aware about the meaning of neuro-degenerative disease that can be related with the
symptoms such as problems with language, disorientation, mood swings, etc. (McLeod, 2007). Hence
they were not able to provide him the needed support. Since Sam's family was not able to understand
his condition in a proper manner, it may be safe to assume that behaviour of the society towards him
was not good and proper. They mistook his behaviour is his intentional attempts to hurt people. He had
a very bad memory, meaning that he could not remember things for a long duration of time (Posavac,
2012).
Environment – The lack of support from peers, family members as well as friends further made te
situation difficult for him. This resulted in the development of a very bad situation for him where
people hurt and influenced him in a negative manner. Furthermore, the cultural norms are not in favour
of people who are suffering from Alzheimer's (Sheldon, 2011).
biological factors - In a similar manner, biological factors have a crucial role in determining the
behaviour of individuals. These factors have a very crucial role to play in the process of determining
behaviour of people. It should be understood that people behave in different situations on basis of
skills, abilities and talents that they possess (Director and Director, 2013). This phenomenon can be
explained through the example that Sam who is suffering from Alzheimer's had great difficulties in
interacting with people; moreover, he used to behave in a different manner than that of the normal
individuals.

2) Importance of social roles in health and social care setting
In delivering effective health and social care services to individuals such as Sam, different
social roles and norms have a very critical role to play. It has been observed on many occasions that
such roles are important as they help in gaining thorough understanding for individuals and thus,
provide them effective care so that their health related problems can be solved (Lee and Gramotnev,
2007). In the given case study, Sam is suffering from a major disease which needs proper care and
treatments for recovery. Various members such as family, friends, doctors, nurses, social workers, etc
plays very important role in recovery and betterment of Sam's condition. With the support of these
people Sam is able to see positive part of his life which brings hope in him for recovery and strength to
fight with the disorder. By organising various activities and games of his interest, health care
organisation can help Sam in diverting his mind (Polson and Richardson, 2013). There are various
kinds of roles which have a central part in the process of delivering effective health care services to
individuals. One of them can be better understood through the concept of conformity. It is termed to be
a type of social influence which involves a change in the belief or behaviour with a purpose of 'fitting
in' a group or special kind of setting. With the help of social influence and concept of conformity, it
becomes easy for the doctors and other health practitioners to bring the changes in Sam's behaviour.
Polite behaviour with love and care leads to built good relations with doctors and nurses which results
to understand him more closely and properly. In essence, conformity can be defined to be a process of
yielding to group pressure (Allen, 2014). It is all about understanding the fact that being a part of group
requires an individual to adhere with group working. In this regard, the healthcare professional is
required to work as per the majority opinion even if they do not agree with the entire group idea.
In the same way, group cohesiveness is how the healthcare professionals coordinate with each other.
For example, the doctors have to coordinate with care assistants, nurses, social workers, dieticians as
well as psychiatrists for bringing the improvement in Sam's health as well as his behaviour (Moule and
Hek, 2011). The idea of group cohesiveness is particularly essential in multidisciplinary team where
condition of patient can only be improved when there is proper coordination between involved
members (Rigby, 2011).
TASK 3A
3.1
Define stress
Psychological stress refers to emotional as well as physiological reactions that are experienced

by individuals when they confront a situation that demands for coping in the absence of resources. In
the case study, Karen is suffering from stress due to poor economic condition of house along with the
carelessness of husband towards the responsibilities of family. Her daughter and son are also suffering
from various disorders which is also a major reason behind the Karen's stress (VanVactor, 2013).
Define type of stress
Acute stress – it is the one that comes on account of demands as well as pressure seen in recent past as
well as anticipated future. According to this, the demands for better recovery of children and pressure
of office work leads to create acute stress in Karen's life.
Chronic stress - It is the one that comes when the person is not able to come out of a miserable
situation. Here, the individual then gives up search for solution. For example, stress when a person is
suffering from cancer. Karen's family is suffering from various issues, her husband is a gambler and
spent all money in useless means which leads to improper care of her children. All these issues makes
her to take chronic stress and she founds herself in a situation of what to do or what not to do (Sheehan
and Griffiths, 2011).
Marriage stress – This stress may occur on account of the ups and downs observed in marriage. For
example, there can be issues with the spouse as well as a situation of divorce which may lead to stress.
Karen's husband is irresponsible, careless and does not support Karen in fighting with the various
situations and helping her to overcome. Her married life is going well which makes he to take stress
regarding to her marriage and she started thinking that her husband will leave her (McGorry, 2010).
Work related stress –Presence of being overworked, no salary hike, and lack of promotion can be major
reason that may lead to work related stress. All the issues and problems in Karen's life distract her mid
from her work which results to decline in the performance and position. This create work related stress
and she started thinking that company will fire her soon due to poor performance (Porcelli and Sonino,
2007).
Theory of stress
General adaptation syndrome, or GAS, is a term used to describe the body's short-term and long-term
reactions to stress.
Stage 1: Alarm Reaction -

The first stage of GAS consists of an alarm reaction. This is the immediate reaction that the
stress or indicates. As this is the initial phase of stress, the body of the stressor undergoes a change
which is known as fight response towards the stress. This responsiveness in some cases also reduces
the immune power of the immune system. This in return makes the person weak and prone to diseases.
In Karen's condition was when she found that her children are suffering from disorders and her husband
is a gambler who does not pay attention to his family for improvement (Irving, 2011).
Stage 2: Stage of Resistance-
This stage is also known as the stage of adoption wherein the stressor starts to adapt instead of
resisting changing. These changes reduce the effects on the stressor. For example, if the stressor starts
to starve due to anorexia the person will fill weak and will reduce amount of physical activity. This
happens due the fact that the body starts to use the conserved energy brought in by anorexia. In this
case the stressor ability to take in more nutrients for the body also increases. In relate to this, Karen
starts taking various stresses as the situation is going worse instead of any improvement. Karen losing
attention from her work, she starts over thinking which later suffers her from headache, sleeping
problems, etc (Posavac, 2012).
Stage 3: Stage of Exhaustion -
In this stage the stressor might gradually loose consciousness. Patients prone to long term stress
are prone to heart attacks and several infections due to low immune power. For example, A person with
a hectic and stressful job may experience stress which will result in high/low blood pressure in the
person that might lead to heart attack. As per this stage, Karen starts losing her consciousness which
makes her to think that her husband will leave her and company will fire her (Glassman and Hadad,
2013).
LO 3.2 The way in which psychological theories relate to behaviour disturbances
The behaviour disturbances as observed by Karen was with respect to the condition of her husband. He
was addicted to alcoholism as well as gambling. The lifestyle of her husband made Karen behave in a
negative manner towards all. Huband's careless behaviour towards the family and habit of alchol and
gambling leads to poor economic condition. Husband thinks that he is ot capable enough to support his
family and cannot help in recovering the conditions of his children and this thoughtprocess makes him
to drink more. His negative thoughts makes him to join bad company which results to gambling (Allen,
2014). One of the best ways to understand eating disorder is through cognitive behavioural theory. It

was Karen's daughter who was diagnosed with Bulimia as she had eating disorders. One of the main
reasons behind such behaviour can be like issues of anxiety, lack of attention from parents, tension, etc.
Majority of times she was either alone at home or was with her father who did not pay any attention to
her. Because of this reason, she did not eat properly or did not had access to proper and healthy food.
Further, there was no one who could observe her eating habits as well. Humanistic psychological
theory is helpful in the condition of Karen's husband. She needs to motivate him which brings
confidence and increase the morale and values of her husband. The morale, ethics and positivity leads
to bring hope and he founds himself in a better condition. This also makes him to leave alcohol and
other meaningless activities which are harming him and his family as well. This theory also helps
Karen in bringing her lost confidence and positiveness towards life which helps in reducing her stress
and worries (Mojtabai, 2010).
TASK 3B
1) Role of psychological theories in understanding mental disorders
Depression: It is a major issue which is faced by various people in every stage of life more preferably
in adult stage. It is a state of low mood which results to affect the thoughts ad behaviour of
individual and makes him/ her to take stress, feel guilty, sad, hopeless, etc. Through the help of
various psychological theories and concepts much better and thorough understanding of the varied
mental disorders can be done (Haslam, 2009). The pshyco dyamic theory has been found to play a
crucial role towards assessing the overall tendency of depression that is faced by people and Karen
in the case study. It has played a better role in comparison to other mechanistic theories whose
major emphasis has been on aetiology of depression as well as on the factors that make them
vulnerable towards suffering from it. This theory in majority of the cases can play a crucial role to
assess the depression that has been faced by Karen (Nolen-Hoeksema and Rector, 2007). This
approach does not lay emphasis on the process of depression but is likely to provide valuable
insight towards what has been the origin of such tendencies in the patient. This may help in
providing depression specific guidance to the health care professionals. Hence, this theory is likely
to aid in finding out the major reason behind depression so as to help the health care professionals
towards developing care strategies for the vulnerable masses (Thoits, 2011).
Studies have shown that through psycho dyanmic theory, that is, a much better and improved
understanding of reason(s) behind a person's depression can be understood. This is mainly because of
the reason that it does not consider depression to be a result of evolution in the characteristics of human
beings but can also arise out of guilt, shame or perceived rejection (Umberson and Montez, 2010). In

this sense, it may not be wrong to say that through the help of this theory, there are much better chances
for the mental health nurses to understand the main cause behind a patient's depression and then to find
the ways through which it can be resolved.
2) Application of psychological principles affecting behaviour change in health and social care setting
The various support for people suffering from schizophrenia are as follows. Emotional Support: Patients need emotional support for fighting with schizophrenia. This
support gives them confidence, motivates them and feel them happy. Not only family and
friends but doctors, nurses and other staff members needs to give them emotional support which
results to create good relations among them. Sometimes this emotional support makes patient
weak which affects his health (Smith, 2013).
 Care Support: By proper love and care, health-care organisations can bring improvement in the
patient's condition suffering from schizophrenia. Proper care and treatments leads to fast
recovery and betterment. Extra care of a particular person sometimes creates negative
environment as other thinks that health-care firm is not caring them him which leads to negative
image (Helping a person with schizophrenia. 2015).
Psychological principle such as humanistic perspective can be taken into account. Mental health
is very important for every individual. It is because it is a way that can help them to lead an effective
life and also accomplish their goals and objectives. There are a wide variety of ways through which a
patient who is suffering from mental illness can be improved by great margins and also enable them to
fulfil their dreams and goals (Marlatt, 2011). One of the approaches through which mental health
nursing can help to bring about a behavioural change in an individual is that of humanistic theory. It
states that behaviour of any person is related to the way in which they see themselves i.e. their inner
feelings and self image. In this context, it may not be wrong to say that to change and improve the
behaviour of a mental health patient is to provide them regular counselling so as to alter the image that
they have developed for themselves over a period of time (Umberson and Montez, 2010). In this
regard, the concerned individual has to understand that they are very unique and have the power needed
to lead a much better life than what they may be leading currently.
Humanistic approach states that an individual is responsible for his own happiness and possess
the right amount as well as type of abilities that can make them happy. In this sense, it can be said that
using the humanistic theory would enable the counsellor to put a lot of focus and pay substantial
amount of attention to the individuals which would provide them much better feelings and then work to

the best of their capabilities (McGorry, 2010).
3) Ways in which psychological theories can enhance the understanding of relationships in health and
social care
Another important theory of psychology is that of cognitive behavioural therapy which states
that human brains are computers as they possess a large variety of information as well as store and
retrieve it whenever needed., to make a treatment effective it is imperative that there exists a positive
relation between patient and the doctor (Marlatt, 2011). In this context, a cognitive behavioural theory
can be very helpful and effective mainly because of the reason that it would enable both doctor as well
as the patient to coordinate with one another and to work for a common goal. During the case, it was
observed that Peter, a mental health nurse was finding it very difficult to interact with patients that are
suffering from depression. Herein, to use the cognitive approach, Peter should try to communicate
more with the patients to gain understanding regarding the reasons behind their depression and such a
mental condition (Pascoe and Richman, 2009).
By constant interaction between himself and the patient(s), Peter would be able to effectively
identify as well as understand the main reason(s) behind their depression and thus, it creates a mutual
understanding and positive rapport amongst them. This in turn will help in providing the best and most
effective treatment to patients as well as would support to improve their mental condition substantially
(Irving, 2011). Main reason because of which this theory would be of great use to Peter is that it would
enable him to interact with the patient on a constant basis and thus, provide the best and effective care
to them. In this context, it may not be wrong to say that through Cognitive Behavioural Therapy,
mental health nurses can help Peter to work efficiently and effectively. Through the use of this theory,
relationship in health and social care industry can be enhanced by great margins and thus, ensures that
demand of care service users is fulfilled to the greatest extent possible (Lee and Gramotnev, 2007).
what kind of psychological support is available for a person suffering from Schizophrenia.
Apart from treatment of patients with psychotic drugs, psychological support is helpful for the
patient. Various support available are-
Psychotherapy- This is general therapy use for the patients to lower the effects of the disorder. This
includes sharing of thoughts ,feelings and behaviour with a psychiatrist/psychologist.
Training in Social skills- As the person cuts himself/herself from social circle it is important to talk to
him/her about the importance of social lives. These skills motivate the patient and generates confidence
to involve in the society (Irving, 2011).

Vocational Counselling- these are services provided to develop the the vocational skills and abilities in
the patient. This helps in generating productiveness from the patient.
job training
Self-help Groups- These are voluntary associated group that lets the patient to involve with people who
share the same objective to overcome the mental illness. These groups help in building emotional well-
being of the patient (Thoits, 2011).
CONCLUSION
Psychology has a very important role to play in health and social care industry so as to become
able to provide highly effective and efficient services through which demand of service users can be
fulfilled to a great extent. During present study, it was observed that there are a large number of such
theories and principles that have a direct relationship with different stages of life span development. It
is crucially important that a thorough and effective understanding about the same is to be obtained and
put In a good use.
PLEASE IN GENERAL DO NOT FORGET THE REFERENCES AND TO PUT THE WEBSITE
USE ( WWW.....)
Thank you!

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Irving, L., 2011. Health Care for Women: Psychological, Social and Behavioural Influences. Journal of
Health Psychology. 4(2). pp. 273-274.
Kinman, G. and Grant, L., 2011. Exploring stress resilience in trainee social workers: The role of
emotional and social competencies. British Journal of Social Work. 41(2). pp. 261-275.
McGorry, P. D., 2010. Clinical staging: a heuristic and practical strategy for new research and better
health and social outcomes for psychotic and related mood disorders. Canadian journal of
psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie. 55(8). pp. 486-497.
Mojtabai, R., 2010. Mental illness stigma and willingness to seek mental health care in the European
Union. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 45(7). pp. 705-712.
Perakyla, A., 2008. Authority and Accountability: The Delivery of Diagnosis in Primary Health Care.
Social Psychology Quarterly. 61(4). pp. 301.
Posavac, E., 2012. Inhouse Health-Care Program Evaluators: Their Role and Training. Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin. 8(1). pp. 159-167.
Rigby, M., 2011. Social care informatics as an essential part of holistic health care: a call for action.
International journal of medical informatics. 80(8). pp. 544-554.
Thoits, P. A., 2011. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal
of Health and Social Behavior. 52(2). pp. 145-161.
Umberson, D. and Montez, J. K., 2010. Social relationships and health a flashpoint for health policy.
Journal of health and social behavior. 51(1). pp. 54-66.
Glassman, W. and Hadad, M., 2013. Approaches to Psychology. 6Th ed. Maidenhead: McGraw Hill.
Jetten, J. and et. al., 2012. The social cure: Identity, health and well-being. Psychology Press.
Marlatt, G. A., 2011. Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors. Guilford
Press.
Moule, P. and Hek, G., 2011. Making sense of research: an introduction for health and social care
practitioners. Sage.
Stroebe, W., 2011. Social psychology and health. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Sayers, S. L. and et. al., 2008. Social support and self-care of patients with heart failure. Annals of
Behavioral Medicine. 35(1). pp. 70-79.
Sheldon, B., 2011. Cognitive-behavioural therapy: Research and practice in health and social care.
Routledge.
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W. and Biegel, G. M., 2007. Teaching self-care to caregivers: effects of
mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and
Education in Professional Psychology. 1(2). pp. 105.
Haslam, S. A., 2009. Social identity, health and well‐being: an emerging agenda for applied
psychology. Applied Psychology. 58(1). pp. 1-23.
Director, C. J. A. and Director, H. C. J. A., 2013. Measuring health and medical outcomes. Routledge.

Pascoe, E. A. and Richman, L., 2009. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review.
Psychological bulletin. 135(4). pp. 531.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Rector, N. A., 2007. Abnormal psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Bradley, E. H., Curry, L. A. and Devers, K. J., 2007. Qualitative data analysis for health services
research: developing taxonomy, themes, and theory. Health services research. 42(4). pp. 1758-
1772.
Umberson, D. and Montez, J. K., 2010. Social relationships and health a flashpoint for health policy.
Journal of health and social behavior. 51(1). pp. 54-66.
Lee, C. and Gramotnev, H., 2007. Transitions into and out of caregiving: Health and social
characteristics of mid-age Australian women. Psychology and Health. 22(2). pp. 193-209.
Polson, M. C., and Richardson, J. J., 2013. Foundations of intelligent tutoring systems. Psychology
Press.
Porcelli, P. And Sonino, N., 2007. Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions: A New
Classification for DSM-V. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers.
Sheehan, M. and Griffiths, J., 2011. Understanding the context of workplace health management as it
relates to workplace bullying. International Journal of Workplace Health Management. 4(1).
pp.5–12.
VanVactor, J., 2013. Leveraging the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) model as a health care
logistics support strategy. Leadership in Health Services. 26(2). pp.95 – 10.
Wills, T. A. and Ainette, M. G., 2012. 20 Social Networks and Social Support. Handbook of health
psychology, 465.
Online
Kinderman, P. and Tai, S., 2009. Psychological health and well-being: A new ethos for mental health.
[pdf]. Available through:
<http://www.bps.org.uk/sites/default/files/images/psychological_health_and_well-being_-
_a_new_ethos_for_mental_health.pdf>. [Accessed on 29th October 2015].
McLeod, S., 2007. Psychology Perspectives. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.simplypsychology.org/perspective.html>. [Accessed on 29th October 2015].
Allen, R., 2014. The Role of the Social Worker in Adult Mental Health Services. [pdf]. Available
through: <http://www.tcsw.org.uk/uploadedFiles/TheCollege/Policy/MH%20Launch
%20Document%20April%202014.pdf>. [Accessed on 29th October 2015].
Davies, S. and Faulkner, M., 2005. Social support in the healthcare setting: the role of volunteers.
[Online]. Available through: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15717905>. [Accessed on
29th October 2015].
Helping a person with schizophrenia. 2015. [Online]. Available Through:

<http://www.helpguide.org/articles/schizophrenia/helping-a-person-with-schizophrenia.htm>.
[Accessed on 11th January 2016]
Smith, B., 2013. Helpful hints about schizophrenia for family members and others. [Online]. Available
Through: <http://psychcentral.com/lib/helpful-hints-about-schizophrenia-for-family-members-
and-others/>. [Accessed on 11th January 2016]