Psychology Report: Health and Social Care Theories and Applications

This report delves into the core concepts of psychology within the context of health and social care. It begins by comparing different theories of life span development, specifically contrasting Freud's psychosexual theory with Erikson's psychosocial theory, and then moves on to analyze various psychological theories, including behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches. The report examines the influence of social and biological factors on human behavior, emphasizing the significance of social roles in healthcare settings. It then applies these psychological theories to a case study, analyzing their relevance to individual understanding and mental disorders. Furthermore, the report explores the application of psychological principles in affecting behavioral changes and enhancing relationships within health and social care. The conclusion summarizes the key findings, emphasizing the importance of psychological insights in providing effective care and support.

Psychology for Health
and Social Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Compare the different theories of life span development.....................................................1
1.2 Different psychological theories and the concept of different life stages of human
development................................................................................................................................2
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Social and biological factor that influence human behaviour...............................................4
2.2 Importance of social roles of a health care setting................................................................5
TASK 3 ........................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Analyse the application of psychological theories in relation to Kirsten case study............6
3.2 Analyse how psychological theories in relation to individual..............................................7
3.3 Analyse how psychological theory inform understanding of mental disorders....................7
3.4 The application of psychological principle to affecting behaviour changes.........................8
3.5 Psychological theories can enhance understanding of relationships in health and social
care..............................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
In a human life, health and social care is one of the most essential element which plays
major role. Development of human is stated as an effective scientific study of several
psychoanalytic changes which mostly happens among human being sin different stages of life
(Aveyard, 2014). In this report, there are certain things which will be discussed like importance
and effectiveness of social rules in health and social care setting. There are number of ways
through which stress can occur and ways through which psychological theories are related to that
will also be detailed in this report. In modern scenario people are very much interested towards
their health and security and thus health has a positive as well as a negative impact on humans
behaviour.
TASK 1
1.1 Compare the different theories of life span development
Psychology can be stated as process of analysing the human behaviour by utilising the
various tools and techniques and thus by that it also can be stated that there is high impact on
mental and emotional condition of human beings. In modern scenario, each and every individual
is majorly concerned for their own health and risk factors which are related to illness and thus it
becomes highly essential for an individual to have sound knowledge about the health so that
issues can be resolved in effective manner. Now the main focus is on infants and children and
along with that adolescence, adult development and entire life span. There are many theories
which plays effective role in life period of development in which some are described as below:
Comparison between Freud's and Eriksson's psychosexual theory:
Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory is one of
the most effective effective psychoanalytic theories on development of person which can be
applied for making the impacts of development and progress effect long lasting (Braveman,
Egerter and Williams, 2011). There are two theories which are being linked with one another and
thus they mainly focuses on human personality development.
Freud's psychosexual theory Erikson's psychosexual theory
The main motive of this theory is on
requirement of fundamental needs, wants and
The main motive of this kind of theory is on
various social and economical factors which
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biological forces. are also related to environment as well.
End of this theory is on starting of the time
frame.
This theory is being expanded in to the time
frame of adulthood.
There are various and different psychosexual
stages involved.
Impact of social factors over the life span of an
individual.
It is believed that Sigmund Freud was great
psychologist who had believe that human
personality is an essential term within their life
and at childhood it is being developed.
Erik Eriksson was among great stage theorist
who had appropriate description regrading
development of human personality and thus it
was modified as one of the most effective
psychological theories.
It was believed that development of personality
takes place in various series of predetermined
stages (Buunk, Gibbons and Buunk, 2013).
It is based on Freud's theory and main focus is
on various ideas and thoughts.
1.2 Different psychological theories and the concept of different life stages of human
development
Most effective role is being played by psychological theories while explaining the various
types of behaviour of human beings like the behaviour with others. There are some effective
theories which are being described below:
Behavioural Psychological theory: This can be stated as learning theory and it is also
known as theory of behaviourism. This whole process is based on thoughts and ideas which are
being compiled in all kind of behaviours by various conditioning.
Cognitive Psychological theory: This can be stated as process in which the mental
process is being analysed and there are various factors which are being included like attention,
memory, perception, language usage, mind creativity and resolving the issues (Theory of
Cognitive Psychology 2017.). This theory can be stated as an approach in which attempts are
being taken to explain the various types of human behaviour by better understanding of thought
process.
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Illustration 1: Theory of Cognitive Psychology
(Source: Theory of Cognitive Psychology)
Psychodynamic Psychological theory: The main focus area of this kind of theory is on
dynamic relations which are among the conscious and unconscious mind set of people and thus
is is being explored that causes which are being related to childhood memories which are being
experienced by person in that period of time (Cacioppo and Cacioppo, 2014).
Humanistic psychological theory: This kind of theory is being related to humanism and
thus it can be stated as perspective psychological which compiles the study of whole person. This
theory is mainly focus on human behaviour not just by the perception of observer.
The main concept of human development is:
This can be described as process in which the in which the human is being developed at
same kind of rate. There are various stages like infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood
and those are very much effective and are considered as essential part of human development.
These types of stages are being described below: Infancy: This is stated as fundamental year of life and it is stated as very first necessary
phase of human development. In this stage, there are many physical changes which
occurs as an infant till they have entire control over their body. Infants are totally
dependent on other to meet their needs and wants. Childhood: This stage can be stated as process in which the development of human takes
place (Currie and Lockett, 2011). The main process is stages in which the child develops
and explore independence taste and thus they learn to take decision and categorise the
things which are right and which are wrong.
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 Adolescence: This is the stage which comes after childhood and it can be stated
continuous process of human development. There is high concern of human beings for
determining and expressing themselves in front of people and thus they gain experience.
 Adulthood: This kind of stage is all about facing new and effective challenges within
human life and thus by facing them and making decisions will let them gain experience.
There are three major elements in this kind of stages and thus by facing them there are
various development which takes place and fully becomes human being (Thoits, 2011).
In late adulthood, various challenges also give experience which are related to health and
care.
TASK 2
2.1 Social and biological factor that influence human behaviour
Social factor which can be stated as process in which there are various external factors
which has direct impact and those are family, wealth, culture, norms , wealth and religion. There
are number of changes which arises due to trends and change in desires. It is highly essential for
industries who are dealing in health and social care sector to determine and analyse the various
needs and wants of customers so that effective and appropriate services can be provided to
customers and thus various needs and wants can be satisfied in maximum manner (Dures and et.
al., 2011). Centres for Disease Control and Prevention is pledged to achieve modifications in life
of person by reducing health inequities.
Apart from that biological factors can be determined as schizophrenia in which there are
multiple factors which are being linked to psychological, genetic, environmental, metabolic and
auto-immunological factors. In a society, there are many biological factors like caring of young
ones, breeding behaviour, time of last eating and food storages which may arise in day to day
life. Functions and behaviour of a living organism are directly affected by the biological
behaviour. There is high concern of industries who are working in health and social care that
they should render the high quality services to the potential buyers who have high interest in
taking advantage of products and services which are being offered in hospitality industry. There
are multiple factors which have potential to influence and impact on behaviour of human and
some of them are described below:
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Social factors: There are many factors which has direct or indirect impact on the social
factors which affects the human behaviour. This is said to be process in which the skills and
knowledge is being obtained along with society and its norms. In modern scenario, education
plays major role on human behaviour so that main focus should be on gaining higher education
in order to gain high position within life. This in turn helps people to uplift the standard of living
and people can get confidence to contribute in upliftment of an economy (Gray-Stanley and
Muramatsu, 2014). Culture, society, norms and environment or social exclusion and
discrimination also has a huge impact on manipulating human behaviour.
Biological factors: This kind of element has direct impact on human behaviour due to
presence of multiple biological factors. Each and every individual has their own character and
thus according to that they behave and their intelligence level lies. Some intelligence and talent
comes from heredity and thus this highly affect the human behaviour.
It is highly essential for health and social care sector to measure behavioural level of an
individual so that high quality and best services as the needs and wants of clients. Thus, it can
provide better and effective solution in order to overcome the issues and obstacles which are
being faced by them in real life.
2.2 Importance of social roles of a health care setting
Highly effective role is being played by social factors in life of human as it is highly
essential in the life span development but there are some negative effects like loss of heat by
various kinds of physical and psychoanalytic cause in the life, hormones imbalance, slowing
down the process of metabolism and nutritional deficiency by low absorption of nutrients which
are highly essential for a human body. Above stated factors are natural in process and thus it can
not be controlled by a human. Any kind of damage and interruption can cause various issues and
conflicts in lifespan development. To be successful and well-being it is highly necessary to have
proper mental and physical health and along with that care is being needed. There are various
reason on which the ageing totally depends on like attitude, behaviour, social and environmental
elements rather then the heredity.
It is highly essential to maintain the psychological as well as physical health of people
and that can be done with the help of handling nutrition level, parental care and removing mental
disorders like stress, depression and many others. It is highly essential for social care in the stage
of memory loss to take care because it will directly affect the upcoming generation as well. It is
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highly essential to teach an individual to maintain the level of calories which are taken and burnt
and apart from that reduction in addiction is highly important. Moreover, it is required to do
exercise to maintain the physical health (Ickovics and et. al., 2011). The main concern of social
sector is on providing beneficial goods and services to the potential clients so that actual needs
and wants can be satisfied of people regarding mental and physical illness.
TASK 3
3.1 Analyse the application of psychological theories in relation to Kirsten case study
Stress can be said as process in which there are certain reactions which are physical,
mental and emotional and thus due to that physical and psychoanalytic effects. There are various
kind of components of psychological stress and all of them are being considered as work related
stress, chronic illness, bereavement and illness. Highly effective role is being played by
psychological theories in providing most suitable goods and services to the prestigious clients so
that they can be satisfied in maximum manner. There are various parts in which the
psychological theories can be classified and they are described as under:
Behavioural Theories: This also can be stated as behaviourism and this theory is all
about learning which is based on thoughts and ideas that with the help of conditioning all kind of
behaviour is accumulated.
Cognitive theory: In this kind of theory, the main focus is on psychology which is highly
concerned on internal state like problem solving, making decisions, motivation, attention and
thinking.
Development theories: In this kind of theory, the main focus is on providing an effective
framework for thinking which are being based on human growth, development and learning.
Humanistic theory: This theory was being developed in the year of 1950s. The main
concern of previous theories on abnormal behaviour and psychological changes and issues.
Besides this humanistic theory mainly focus on goodness and kindness of human beings.
Personality theory: The main focus of this kind of approach is on feeling patterns,
behaviour and thoughts which aid in making person much more unique on the basis of respective
features (Lakey and Orehek, 2011). This kind of theory is mainly dependent on human
personality as each individual carries out various kind of personality which directly relays on
their behaviour and attitude.
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Social psychology theory: In this kind of theory the major concern is on maintaining and
understanding along with explain social behaviour. The main focus is on the some special
process which directly involves the behaviour of group, social influence, pro-social behavioural,
love and care and many more.
As per the case study, Kristen is a 38 old woman who is also a divorced single mother of
two teenagers. She has had a successful and well paying career for the past few years in upper
level management. Even though she has worked for the same like for about 6 years, she has
found herself worrying about losing her job and being unable to lose her job and being unable to
provide needs of her children. This kind of tension has surrounded her and has been troubling her
for around 8 months. Despite of her best efforts, she is not able to shake the negative thoughts.
Since the tension has been started, she has been feeling restless, tired and tense. She has often
found herself paces when she is alone. She even had some embarrassing moments in meetings
where she lost the track of what she was trying to say. She finds herself mentally rehearsing all
the worse-case scenarios regarding losing her job, including ending up homeless. Finally she was
diagnosed as Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
3.2 Analyse how psychological theories in relation to individual
Emotional disturbance can be stated as process which is being utilised for exhibiting
certain features for a long period of time and it has been marked as per degree which can direct;y
impact the performance level of child which are being related with education, mental and
physical development. Most effective role is being played for determining the nature and
behaviour of an individual (Ogden, 2012). There were certain issues which were being faced by
Kristen in for period of time as she was surrounded with tension of loosing up the job and that
affected her mental condition in negative manner. She was divorced and was alone taking care
of three children. Due to tension she faced many problems and did not communicate about this
with anyone. The health report of Kristen suggested that the she was facing the issue of
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and treatment was required to make her well again. Effectual role
is being played by development psychoanalytic theory which reduce the risk factor within her
life and also provide safe and effective environment to live.
3.3 Analyse how psychological theory inform understanding of mental disorders
Mental illness can also be mental disorder which consist to be wide range of mental
health conditions. There were issue which was being faced by Kristen in her life and that is why
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her mental condition was not good. She became kind of reserved person and does not like to talk
with other people. She discovered that she was not able to live peaceful life and her skills and
abilities were declining. Her mental state was not in good shape and reports stated the same. In
current place, effectual role is being played by psychology in explaining the actual condition of
case. This kind of psychology is based on meta model as there are various risk which are being
taken by people like events, characteristics, situations which directly leads to person towards
mental illness (Reeves and et. al., 2011). There were various risks in life of Kristin which were
related to physical threatening from others. As per the health report of Kristin there are some
special treatment which is being needed to overcome with the situation of mental illness.
3.4 The application of psychological principle to affecting behaviour changes
Each and every individual is different from one another and thus it can be stated that vast
changes can be observed in in the behaviour of people. There is huge impact on the behaviour of
an individual in an society. There are various principles which are being present like stimulation,
socialisation, identify and control. When stimulation is present in people, they are more alert and
they act creative and productive in nature (Schwartz and et. al., 2011). When there is strong need
for a sense of belonging by people, socialisation arises and this can be stated as major reason of
unhappiness of people. It is highly essential for an individual to have sense of control, various
choices of people increases by sense of control. These all principles are having a huge effect on
changing behaviour of people.
3.5 Psychological theories can enhance understanding of relationships in health and social care
Mental process is being involved along with the behaviour of human and this all can be
evaluated by psychological theories. In stages of life, there are various theories of psychology
which can certainly explain the human mental process and behavioural of human. Some of the
theories are helpful in nature in order to understand the relationship with family, friends, care
workers and workplace or other places (Smith, 2015). This relationship is important in health and
social care. As it is needed for health care organisation to launch an effectual relationship with
consumers in order to serving them most proper and appropriate services.
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CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that people working in an organisation are
diverse in nature, but they perform activities according to their skills and knowledge. Employees
effectiveness by which they complete duties depend upon their mental ability. In a firm there are
various forces which affect workers positively and some negatively in reducing their workability.
If an employee is stressed than they may not function properly as well as their health may also
render their productivity. If a company is fulfilling their consumers demand and have good
image in market then they are able to retain staff for longer period.
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