Sociology Report: Psychosocial Factors and Alcohol Consumption

This report investigates the psychosocial factors influencing alcohol consumption among young adults in the United Kingdom. It begins by defining key terms like alcohol, alcohol consumption, psychosocial factors, and young adults, setting the stage for an exploration of the issue. The background section highlights the challenges researchers face in explaining diverse alcohol consumption behaviors, from experimentation to dependence, and the role of family history and other psychosocial factors. The problem statement focuses on the impact of these factors on alcohol consumption among UK young adults, touching on vulnerabilities, environmental influences, and associated disorders. The justification emphasizes the negative consequences of alcohol overuse, particularly the high mortality rate among young adults, while the significance underscores the importance of understanding factors like family history, parenting, and stress reduction. The report reviews existing literature, exploring various factors that lead to alcohol consumption and its continuation. The methodology section outlines the philosophical underpinning, data collection methods, sources, search items, and inclusion/exclusion criteria. It also discusses data analysis techniques, ethical issues, and limitations. The report includes findings, discussions, conclusions, and recommendations. The study emphasizes that psychosocial factors, including family linkages and social influences, are critical in understanding the increasing use of alcohol among the young generation in the United Kingdom. The report is a comprehensive analysis of the topic, contributing to a deeper understanding of the problem and providing a basis for future research and interventions.

Running head: SOCIOLOGY
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1SOCIOLOGY
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has become a major practice throughout the world in recent days.
However, it has been observed that there is a reduction in the prevalence of alcohol
consumption among the overall population of the world from the previous years. In the UK,
consumption has been noticeably increasing among the young adult generation. Various
factors have been spotted to have increased the effect of alcohol consumption among the
young generation in the United Kingdom. Out of all these factors, psychosocial factors are
one of the most significant factors affecting the increase in alcohol consumption among the
young generation in the UK. According to the five pieces of literature being reviewed,
psychosocial factors such as influences from friends, use of alcohol in media and the effect of
family history of alcohol in driving the young generation towards alcohol consumption.
Table of Content

2SOCIOLOGY
s
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................5
1.0 Introduction......................................................................................................................5
1.1 Operational definitions.....................................................................................................5
1.2 Background......................................................................................................................6
1.3 Problem statement............................................................................................................7
1.4 Justification......................................................................................................................8
1.5 Significance......................................................................................................................8
1.6 Summary..........................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Literature Review...................................................................................................10
2.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................10
2.1 Existing literature...........................................................................................................11
2.2 Literature gaps................................................................................................................12
2.3 Research purpose...........................................................................................................13
2.4 Theoretical framework...................................................................................................14
2.5 Conceptual framework...................................................................................................17
2.6 Summary........................................................................................................................19
Chapter 3: Research Methodology...........................................................................................19
3.0: Introduction...................................................................................................................19
3.1: Philosophical underpinning...........................................................................................20
3.2: Data collection methods................................................................................................21
3.3: Data sources..................................................................................................................22

3SOCIOLOGY
3.4: Search items..................................................................................................................22
3.5: Inclusion and Exclusion criteria....................................................................................23
3.6: Data analysis techniques...............................................................................................24
3.7: Summary of data...........................................................................................................24
3.8: Ethical issues.................................................................................................................27
3.9: Limitations....................................................................................................................27
3.10: Summary.....................................................................................................................28
Chapter 4: Results....................................................................................................................28
4.0: Introduction...................................................................................................................28
4.1: Summary.......................................................................................................................29
4.2: Results...........................................................................................................................34
4.3: Chapter summary..........................................................................................................34
Chapter 5: Discussion..............................................................................................................35
5.1: Introduction...................................................................................................................35
5.2: Discussion.....................................................................................................................36
5.3: Summary.......................................................................................................................37
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations.......................................................................38
6.0: Introduction...................................................................................................................38
6.1: Conclusions...................................................................................................................39
6.2: Recommendations.........................................................................................................39
6.3: Chapter summary..........................................................................................................40

4SOCIOLOGY
References................................................................................................................................41

5SOCIOLOGY
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Introduction
A simple explanation is not available for the fact that young individuals throughout the
world have been associated with alcohol consumption. In the year 2017, 20% of the total
population of the UK was found to be non-drinkers. The rest of the 80% population of the
UK has been exposed to alcohol usage and 9,214 deaths were found to be associated with
alcohol misuse (Järvinen and Room 2017). According to recent reports, "shunning alcohol"
has become the main drink among the young generation of the UK. For the increased
progression of mortality rate caused by deaths among the young generation of the UK, the
government has proposed some guidelines to control the situation (Critchlow et al. 2016).
Fourteen units of alcohol have been made the maximum amount of alcohol intake for the
people of the UK. Various factors have been identified which are the causes of high alcohol
consumption among the young generation of the UK. A significant research paper stated that
psychosocial factors are the most significant causes of alcohol consumption among the young
generation of the UK (Bräker and Soellner 2016). However, research studies also confirmed
that psychosocial factors along with some biological factors follow multiple pathways, which
involves alcohol consumption. Recent papers suggest that the cause of alcoholism has
emphasized the connections between the psychosocial and biological rather than each acting
singly. As an example, it can be stated that alcohol-related problems have a higher risk of
occurrence in the children of parents who are associated with alcoholism more than others
are. This paper will emphasize the impact of various psychosocial factors responsible to
influence alcohol consumption in the UK.

6SOCIOLOGY
1.1 Operational definitions
This section will state the terms used to search about the impact of psychosocial
factors on the alcohol consumption of young generation in the United Kingdom. These terms
will be searched for in both Google Scholar and www.google.com. The definition of the
terms will also be provided here to understand the reason for their use.
Alcohol: This is a chemical compound, which is the main component of beer and
spirits, which is responsible for the cause of intoxication.
Alcohol consumption: Moderate alcohol consumption has been defined as one drink
per day for women and men; this rate is two drinks per day.
Psychosocial factors: These are the things that are associated with the physical body
and affects the thinking procedures. Psychosocial factors have been observed to include the
changes in brain structures, which occur due to physical and mental stress. These factors also
include loneliness, social support, marriage status, bereavement, social disruption, work
environment, and social integration.
Psychological Factors: Media as in Television, advertisement, and Newspapers. The
attitude of alcohol consumers.
The Social Factors: families; friends; Social-media; environment born and raised; the
attitude of older adults and celebrities.
Young adults: An adult, who is young, can generally be stated to be in the range
from their late teens to an age. This age group ranges between sixteen and twenty-four (16 to
24).
Impact of psychosocial factors: The psychosocial factors are responsible for the
modification of the mental and physical state of the people associated with it.

7SOCIOLOGY
1.2 Background
Throughout the past, various experiments on alcohol consumption in the general population
of the UK have been done. However, researchers have faced challenges while explaining the
diverse behaviors related to alcohol consumption, which ranges from simple alcohol
experimentation to severe dependence on alcohol (Pennay, Livingston and MacLean 2015).
Various factors have been found to influence drinking which includes initial experimentation,
followed by a maintenance of drinking regularly, and finally deciding to stop drinking.
Researchers have also suggested that there are various subtypes of alcoholism having various
causes and manners of approach (etiology) (Aigner et al. 2017). Family history has also been
identified as a major psychosocial factor responsible to influence alcoholism among the
young generation. Reports have been found to be existing, where it is stated that there are
different ways by which children of people exposed to alcohol have been found to differ from
children whose family were unexposed to alcohol. The findings have also provided that
various psychosocial factors (psychopathology) including behavioral and mental disorders,
adverse family environments and responses that are psychological have been found to be
associated with the risk of alcohol consumption (Wartberg et al. 2016). However, there are
various other psychosocial factors that are associated with alcoholism among the young
generation of the UK. Many factors are still left to be discovered since research is still going
on this topic. The next section will discuss the problem statement of this research study.
1.3 Problem statement
The research problem associated with this study focusses on the impact of
psychosocial factors on alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom and UK young adults.
This statement goes as psychosocial factors put a great impact on young adults in the United
Kingdom. Various psychosocial factors such as family history, stress, workforce, relationship
issues and various other factors that include both physical and mental stress associated

8SOCIOLOGY
disorders related to the use of alcohol usage among the young generation in the UK. In
childhood, vulnerabilities based on biological factors have been observed to have been
associated with behavioral and emotional regulations (personality and temperament)
involving poor parenting causing emotional distress among young adults (Kuntsche et al.
2014). This factor has been found to be directly associated with the effect of psychosocial
factors associated with alcohol usage among the young generation of the UK. The
environment has also been observed to encompass a broad range of influences, which not
only includes peers and family but also social forces, culture, economics, and advertising.
Thus, it can be stated that this is the problem statement of this research. This statement will
be justified in the next section which will talk about the negative consequences of the
research problem.
1.4 Justification
Alcohol consumption has been decreasing in the UK, according to the recent
statistical reports (Martinotti et al. 2014). However, the young generation has been observed
to be exposed to the overuse of alcohol as a source of beverage and stress reliever. The
negative consequences of the problem include a high mortality rate due to the overuse of
alcohol among the young generation of the UK. This risk follows up to the old age when the
risks become severe. The impact of psychosocial factors has become so huge that alcohol
consumption among the young generation in the UK has become common today (Balogun et
al. 2014). A lack of sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of alcohol in young adults and an
increase in sensitivity to its stress-relieving features has increased the risk associated with the
overuse of alcohol. Families with alcoholism have been observed to have people with
antisocial personality disorder and other abnormal behavior problems (Collins 2016). Poor
environments of families and conduct problems have been observed to be the most likely
factors that require maintaining the risk of alcohol usage overtime.

9SOCIOLOGY
1.5 Significance
This research study is significant since it talks about a growing issue related to the
physical and mental health of the young generation in the UK. Various studies have stated
that the death rate has increased among the young generation of the UK due to the
consumption of alcohol (Jayne, Valentine and Holloway 2016). The increasing rate of alcohol
consumption among young adults in the UK has been caused by various factors (Martinotti et
al. 2014). The psychosocial factors identified to be associated with alcohol consumption in
the UK include a family history of alcoholism, parental psychopathology, parenting and
family environment, factors which are protective, developmental issues, stress reduction, and
drinking motivation. These factors can be identified as the major factors related to the
consumption of alcohol in the United Kingdom (Jayne, Valentine and Holloway 2016). Little
information can also be gained about the relationship between explicit and implicit beliefs
about the potential differences in the way of alcohol use among the young generation in the
UK. Recent studies have also shown that unconscious memory associations have been found
to influence the deliberate use of alcohol. These are the overall significant factors associated
with the use of alcohol among young adults in the UK.
1.6 Summary
On summarizing the factors stated above, it can be stated that alcoholism has been found to
be a major issue related to the increment in mortality rate and abnormal behavior among the
young adults of the United Kingdom (Martinotti et al. 2014). Alcohol has been considered as
one of the major stress relievers present until today, by a major section of the world
population. Various psychosocial factors pose a significant impact on alcohol consumption
among the young generation of the UK. People can also consume alcohol without the
inclusion of any psychosocial factors associated with the consumption of alcohol. Statistical
reports have also justified the fact that psychosocial factors including a family linkage with

10SOCIOLOGY
alcohol are responsible for the overuse of alcohol among adults throughout the world. These
psychosocial factors include loneliness, social disruption, marriage status, work environment,
social status, and stress. All these factors, together are responsible for the increasing use of
alcohol among the young generation in the United Kingdom. The next section will discuss
the existing pieces of literature available on this topic of the research study.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
The review of literature is the written overview of all the previously available sources
and writings on the topic selected “Psychosocial Factors Influencing Alcohol Consumption
Among UK Young Adults”. Alcoholic drinks have been considered as a major source of
beverages for a major section of the human community. Reports have suggested that human
beings do not get overexposed to alcohol by themselves. There are various factors that lead a
person to initiate the habit of drinking alcohol. Later, these factors or other associated factors
allow the continuation of drinking, increasing it to high levels making it dangerous for human
health. These sections will include reports from sources available in journal articles,
government reports, books, web sites, and other reliable databases. A significant research
paper stated that psychosocial factors are the most significant causes of alcohol consumption
among the young generation of the UK (Breda et al. 2014). However, research studies also
confirmed that psychosocial factors along with some biological factors follow multiple
pathways, which involves alcohol consumption. Recent papers suggest that the cause of
alcoholism has emphasized the connections between the psychosocial and biological rather
than each acting singly. This section will further provide a significant evaluation of
description, summary and source evaluation. These sections identify the weaknesses and
strengths of the available sources of kinds of literature on the databases. Later, this chapter

11SOCIOLOGY
will discuss the literature gaps, state and justify the purpose of the research, discuss the
theoretical and conceptual frameworks responsible for the impact of psychosocial factors on
the alcohol consumption among the UK adults and finally summarizing the whole section at
last (Keatley et al. 2014). The source used for searching the research articles existing for the
effect of psychosocial factors of alcohol consumption is Google Scholar.
2.1 Existing literature
Family history alcoholism has been identified as the major factor responsible for the
increase in alcohol consumption among the young adults of the United Kingdom (Johnson et
al. 2018). A higher prevalence of psychopathology (behavioral and mental disorders),
significantly adverse family environments and psychological responses to alcohol. According
to another group of researchers, the effects of parental psychopathology other than
alcoholism are responsible for a huge impact on alcohol consumption among the young
generation of the UK (Martinotti et al. 2014). Family environments, which are poor and have
been observed to have misconduct along with members with personality disorders, have been
found to give rise to children who become future alcoholics (Kuteesa et al. 2019). Another
paper states that lower levels of emotional support and lack of control in monitoring the
children's behavior have been associated with adolescent behaviors including problems such
as alcohol misuse, smoking and early sexual activities (Johnson et al. 2018). Thus, it can be
stated that this paper states that upbringing is also responsible for the increment of alcohol
usage among the young generation in the UK. According to another research study, it can be
stated that parents belonging to families which are exposed to alcohol shows lesser
adolescent behavior monitoring, experiences a higher amount of family conflicts and poor
child-parent relationships (Lawental, Kipnis and Rigg 2018). All these factors combined
together are responsible for the increment of psychosocial factor's impact on the adult
population of the UK. Another research paper also states that excessive workforce is also

12SOCIOLOGY
responsible for the increase in alcohol misuse among the young generation in the UK
(Johnson et al. 2018). According to recent research studies performed to understand the
impact of social influences on alcoholism, media is identified as the major influencing factor.
Various advertisements including visuals of the use of alcohol by young people due to
excessive stress in their lives, movies with vulgar scenes showing the use of alcohol as a
stress reliever or to boost up emotions to tackle a specific situation, influences the young
generation to be exposed to alcohol (Breda et al. 2014). This is because of the fact that most
of the young generation who get to a new job, fail to manage it properly. Thus, they suffer
from severe stress and finally are exposed to alcohol for temporary relief.
2.2 Literature gaps
This section discussed the problems associated with the collected pieces of literature for this
research study. The common problem associated with all the research studies performed on
this topic is that they made family as the primary factor responsible for the consumption of
alcohol among the young generation in the UK. The psychosocial factors such as a
monitoring control over the actions of adults by their parents, family history of alcohol
exposures, conflicts among the family members, stress from workforce, emotional stresses
such as relationship issues and conflicts with parents have been identified as the major factors
to pose an impact on the alcohol consumption among the people of UK (Townshend et al.
2014). However, all the research studies failed to identify the fact that the adults may not
always be exposed to all the situations stated above; however, they have been consuming
alcohol because of personal pleasure. People can also consume alcohol without the inclusion
of any psychosocial factors associated with the consumption of alcohol. Various psychosocial
factors such as family history, stress, workforce, relationship issues and various other factors
that include both physical and mental stress associated disorders related to the use of alcohol
usage among the young generation in the UK. In childhood, vulnerabilities based on

13SOCIOLOGY
biological factors have been observed to have been associated with behavioral and emotional
regulations (personality and temperament) involving poor parenting causing emotional
distress among young adults (Kuntsche et al. 2014). This factor has not been stated well in
any of the existing research studies stated above. These are the overall literature gaps, which
can be observed in the above-stated papers. These papers also failed to discuss the factors
responsible for the association of motivating factors responsible for the misuse of alcohol
among the young generation of the UK (Herring, Bayley and Hurcombe 2014). Thus, it can
be stated that these articles failed to explain the other factors responsible for alcohol
consumption apart from psychosocial factors. The following sections will discuss the purpose
of this research study along with all the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, which
support this research study. The various limitations can be statistical bias present in the
existing resources, which are used as secondary data. Misinterpretation of other factors can
be made in place of psychosocial factors. Since there is no single paper with a discussion
about the psychosocial factors responsible for alcohol consumption in the UK, results can
appear to have a bias. Confounding factors such as demographic characteristics age, gender,
and other factors can also alter the results.
2.3 Research purpose
The main purpose of this research study is to understand the impact of psychosocial factors
on the alcohol consumption of young adults in the UK. The young generation of the world
population has been observed to be exposed to alcohol misuse due to various reasons. The
significance of this research study has already been discussed before, thus needs no further
explanation. This was the purpose of this research study.
This research study aims at discussing the impact of psychosocial factors on alcohol
consumption by the young adults of the UK.

14SOCIOLOGY
The objectives of this research study are:
1. Identification of the psychosocial factors associated with alcohol intake among the adults
of the UK.
2. Analysis of the psychosocial factors associated with alcohol misuse among the young
adults of the UK.
The research questions are:
RQ1: What are the psychosocial factors associated with alcohol intake among young adults in
the UK.
RQ2: What are the effects of psychosocial factors associated with alcohol intake among
young adults in the UK.
2.4 Theoretical framework
Various theories can be used to understand the effect of psychosocial factors on
alcohol usage among young adults in the UK. Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs has been found
to be associated with this research topic. This is because of the fact that there is a relationship
between particular human behavior and the deprivation of certain factors (Niemela and Kim
2014). According to Maslow, there are five pillars of the need for human beings. These
pillars have been incorporated inside the pyramid of with physiological needs (food, water,
warmth) being placed at the base of the pyramid followed by safety needs, love and
belongings, esteem and lastly ending at the self-actualization which lies in the peak of the
pyramid which occupies the least space. This position is directly equivalent to human life
since human life also has the least amount of space for realization. This theory can be linked
to the impact of psychosocial factors on alcohol consumption among young adults in the UK.
The two middle sections including "Belongings and love needs" and "Esteem needs" are

15SOCIOLOGY
directly linked to alcohol consumption by a human being. According to various research
studies, it has been confirmed that psychosocial factors associated with the overexposure of
alcohol among the adult generation of UK are associated with the safety belongings and love
(parental care and trust on loved ones) and esteem (feelings of accomplishment, getting
recognition for their work).
Fig 1: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Source: Niemela and Kim (2014)
This is the theoretical model, which shows the relationship between deprivation of
love needs and belongingness and esteem needs are associated with the impact of
psychological factors on the adult population of the UK.
The second theory that is linked to this topic is Piaget's Theory of Development which
states that children grow by three developmental stages of cognitive development. According
to Piaget, children think and reason in a different manner during different periods of their
lives. The theory has been stated for ideal children which means that all the stages have taken
place in an equal pattern (Carruth and Wallen 2014). The psychosocial factors come to play a
major role during the concrete stage in which the children learn about relationships, love, and
belongings. In the families involving the use of alcohol as a daily beverage, various problems
have been found to be existing along with it. These factors include regular conflicts between

16SOCIOLOGY
the family members, misbehavior with children, not giving proper care to them and many
other deprivation factors. These factors force the children to choose the paths of alcohol and
other harmful substances as a source of their relaxation from stress occurring due to
previously stated conditions. Thus, the concrete stage gets disturbed and leads to the wrong
development of the child once he or she progresses to an adult stage.
Fig 2: Concrete operational stage (Piaget theory)
Source: Carruth and Wallen (2014)
These are the two models, which can be applied to understand the effects of
psychosocial factors on the alcohol consumption of young adults in the United Kingdom.

17SOCIOLOGY
2.5 Conceptual framework
Fig 3: Conceptual framework 1
Source: Created by author
The conceptual framework stated above shows that that stress associated with
excessive workforce and lack of recognition at the workplace is responsible for the increment
of alcohol consumption among the young adults of the UK. Social and family support also
plays a major role as a deprivation factor, which ultimately leads to alcohol consumption
among the young adults of the United Kingdom. The last factor, which is responsible for the
topic of research, is troubled adolescence (independent variable), deprivation from family
care, conflicts in the family. These are the overall factors (independent variables) which
Stress (independent variable),
workforce, lack of
recognition.
Love and belongings (family
support, social support)-
Independent Variable
Troubled adolescence
(independent variable),
deprivation from family care,
conflicts in the family.
Increase in alcohol
consumption in UK
young adults.
(Dependent
Variable)

18SOCIOLOGY
together associates the dependent variable (Increase in alcohol consumption in UK young
adults).
Fig 4: Developmental theory
Source: Created by author
Formal
operational
Concrete
operational
Pre-operational
Sensorimotor
Misbalance of this stage
occurs due to improper
parental care and wrong
understanding of love and
belongings.

19SOCIOLOGY
2.6 Summary
On summary, it can be stated that this section began with the association of existing
pieces of literature with this topic. These pieces of literature have been collected from Google
Scholar and all of them talk about the psychological factors and alcohol consumption among
the young generation of the UK. The primary strength of these research papers lied on the
fact that all of them successfully identified the psychosocial factors responsible for higher
alcohol consumption in the adult group of populations. The most important weakness lies in
the fact that these papers only focussed on psychosocial factors being the most important
provoking factor for alcohol consumption among young adults in the UK. These papers failed
to identify the other factors associated with the overuse of alcohol. Two theories have been
used to justify the fact that psychosocial factors are one of the most significant provoking
factors for alcohol consumption. The conceptual framework appropriately shows the major
factors responsible for high alcohol consumption among the young generation (the most
important factor being stress). The following sections will talk about the method used to
perform this experiment.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.0: Introduction
The method is the procedure that is performed by a researcher to conduct his research
study. A methodology is the systematic and theoretical analysis of methods for a research
study. This section never provides the solution, since it is not the same as a method. The
methodology section of research is associated with a group of techniques used in the process
to collect, group up and evaluate the data (Flick 2015). This process consists of a series of
closely linked activities that are carried out by the researcher or by a group of appointed

20SOCIOLOGY
professionals. A methodology can include the interviews, existing pieces of literature,
surveys and various other research techniques, which includes both the information gathered
in past and present. This section defines the tools, which are used to gather relevant
information, which is specific to these research studies. A methodology section of research is
divided into various subsections, which includes a collection of data, analysis of data,
discussion of the analyzed data and finally forming the conclusion of the experiment.
Therefore, it can be stated that the methodology section is very important for research since it
forms the backbone of a particular research study. This research study will be qualitative
since the impact of psychosocial factors on the alcohol consumption of young adults in the
UK will be tested here.
3.1: Philosophical underpinning
Research philosophy is defined as a belief about a way in which a phenomenon related data
should be gathered, analyzed and then used. The two primary research terms used to
understand the philosophy is epistemology and the opposing factor as a doxology.
Epistemology deals with what is already known to be true and doxology deals with the
factors which are already believed by everyone to be true (Ormston et al. 2014).
Interpretivism: This philosophy is associated with this research study since various elements
will be interpreted from the collected data from existing sources. This condition will integrate
human interests into the study (Oppong 2014). Since this research study deals with a social
topic, therefore it can be stated that the development of interpretivist philosophy has based on
the positivism critique in social sciences. The various approaches which have been used for
this study are social constructivism, phenomenology, and hermeneutics which approaches to
reject the objectivist views against this research study.

21SOCIOLOGY
Subjective: This philosophy has also been underpinning in this research study showing that
since it refers to the experiences (subjective) of the participants of this research (young
generation of UK) (Packard 2017). This philosophy has been used for this research since the
perspective of the researchers has been found to be embedded inside the process of the
research which is never detached from it.
3.2: Data collection methods
The process of data collection is defined as the way of collecting available
information from all the relevant sources in order to find answers to the problem of this
research (problem statement). The data collection method will also be used to test the
hypothesis and finally evaluate the outcomes of the research study (Sullivan-Bolyai, Bova
and Singh 2014). The sample size plays a major role during the data collection procedure.
The data collection methods of a particular research study can be divided into two major
categories: primary data collection method and secondary data collection methods.
This research study will use secondary data collection methods from the existing
researches performed on the topic. The name of this process of data collection is “systematic
review” of the available data on the topic “impact of psychosocial factors on the alcohol
consumption among the young adults of UK”. The main advantage of using secondary data is
that it is already been studied and reviewed by various authors. The researcher does not have
to devote time, money and energy to this phrase of research. This collection procedure is also
time-saving and is more economical than the primary data collection. Qualitative data will be
used for this study since the effect of several factors on the rate of alcohol consumption in the
UK. These secondary data will be collected from the results section present in the collected
research papers used for the study. The next sections will discuss the relevant sources of data,
which will be collected from databases to be used to analyze and form a conclusion of this
study.

22SOCIOLOGY
3.3: Data sources
Data sources are defined as a single entity or a group of an entity that supplies the
researcher with the type and amount of data he wants to conduct his or her research study.
The data sources have been divided into two subsections called primary data sources and
secondary data sources. Primary data sources include the information directly by the
researcher in the form of surveys, interviews and focus groups. The next section consists of
the secondary data sources which include the information retrieved via sources that are pre-
existing including journal articles, library or internet databases. For this research study,
Google Scholar will the primary source of data to be collected for this topic of research.
3.4: Search items
The search items which will be used in the database are:
Alcohol: This is a chemical compound, which is the main component of beer and spirits,
which is responsible for the cause of intoxication.
Alcohol consumption: Moderate alcohol consumption has been defined as one drink per day
for women and for men; this rate is two drinks per day.
Psychosocial factors: These are the things that are associated with the physical body and
affects the thinking procedures. Psychosocial factors have been observed to include the
changes in brain structures, which occur due to physical and mental stress. These factors also
include loneliness, social support, marriage status, bereavement, social disruption, work
environment, and social integration.
Psychological Factors: Media as in Television, advertisement, and Newspapers. The
attitude of alcohol consumers.

23SOCIOLOGY
The Social Factors: families; friends; Social-media; environment born and raised; the
attitude of older adults and celebrities.
Young adults: An adult, who is young, can generally be stated to be in the range from their
late teens to an age of early twenties to thirties.
Impact of psychosocial factors: The psychosocial factors are responsible for the
modification of the mental and physical state of the people associated with it.
3.5: Inclusion and Exclusion criteria
Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria
 Peer-reviewed articles from 2010-
2019.
 English language
 Focus on psychosocial factors.
 Focus on alcohol consumption in the
UK.
 Raw data to provide illustrated
themes.
 Focus on the effect of psychosocial
factors on the young generation in
the UK.
 Focus only on one explicit area
(psychosocial factors) including
stress and other factors.
 Poster and conference abstract.
 Quantitative methodology.
 No focus on other factors apart from
psychosocial factors.
Inclusion criteria include the characteristics that the collected data must include in the
study of research. Exclusion criteria are characteristics that have potential participants that
disqualify them from being included in the study.

24SOCIOLOGY
3.6: Data analysis techniques
Data analysis is the process of analyzing the data depending on both the qualitative and
qualitative nature of the data. Since this research study will include qualitative data, therefore,
qualitative data analysis will be used for this study. Qualitative data primarily consists of
observations obtained from existing literature data obtained from Google Scholar. Qualitative
data analysis (QDA) is a range of procedures which includes a process in which the
researcher interprets certain situational data collected from the existing research studies QDA
has been observed to be based on an interpretative philosophy. This analysis will depend on
"sense-making" rather than predicting or explaining something related to the chosen
phenomenon. The analysis mainly emphasizes objective measurements and statistical
analysis of data collected from existing pieces of literature (surveys, interviews, and
questionnaires). Computational techniques (Microsoft Excel) will be used for the statistical
analysis of the collected data.
3.7: Summary of data
Author and title Research
Questions or
Research
Objectives
Methods and
Sample
Evaluation of the
Article
McCambridge, J.,
McAlaney, J. and
Rowe, R., 2011. Adult
consequences of late
adolescent alcohol
consumption: a
To collect pieces of
evidence from the
general population
about the use of
alcohol among
young adults in the
Secondary
systematic
review.
This article found that
there is a piece of
consistent evidence that
alcohol dependency is
higher among young
adults of the UK. This

25SOCIOLOGY
systematic review of
cohort studies. PLoS
medicine, 8(2),
p.e1000413.
Hanewinkel, R.,
Sargent, J.D., Poelen,
E.A., Scholte, R.,
Florek, E., Sweeting,
H., Hunt, K.,
Karlsdottir, S., Jonsson,
S.H., Mathis, F. and
Faggiano, F., 2012.
Alcohol consumption
in movies and
adolescent binge
drinking in 6 European
UK.
To find whether
psychosocial
factors are
associated with the
increase in alcohol
consumption in the
UK.
To check whether
the use of alcohol
continues to grow
up to their
adulthood.
To check whether
the psychosocial
factor (exposure to
alcohol use in
movies) is linked to
binge drinking
among adolescents.
Secondary
review article.
condition is directly
proportional to the
psychosocial factors.
This paper showed that
the connection between
the use of alcohol in
movies and adolescent
binge drinking was
robust and seemed to be
unaffected by cultural
sections.

26SOCIOLOGY
countries. Pediatrics, 1
29(4), pp.709-720.
Aldridge, J., Measham,
F. and Williams, L.,
2013. Illegal leisure
revisited: Changing
patterns of alcohol and
drug use in adolescents
and young adults.
Routledge.
Inchley, J. and Currie,
D., 2013. Growing up
unequal: gender and
socioeconomic
differences in young
people’s health and
well-being. Health
Behaviour in School-
aged Children (HBSC)
study: international
report from the, 2014,
p.2.
Performed
secondary data
analysis to
understand the
changing patterns
of alcohol intake
among the young
adults of the UK.
To understand the
relationship
between
psychosocial
factors such as the
family history of
alcoholism and
upbringing, and
alcohol
consumption of the
young adults of the
UK population.
Secondary
review article
Secondary
review article.
This article found that
there is a piece of
consistent evidence that
alcohol dependency is
higher among young
adults of the UK. This
condition is directly
proportional to the
psychosocial factors.
This article found that
there is consistent
evidence that alcohol
dependency is higher
among young adults of
the UK. This condition is
directly proportional to
the psychosocial factors.

27SOCIOLOGY
Järvinen, M. and
Room, R., 2017. Youth
drinking cultures:
European experiences.
In Youth Drinking
Cultures (pp. 17-32).
Routledge.
To check whether
young drinking is
related to various
psychosocial
factors or not. To
check whether the
drinking patterns
follow the youth
experiences or not. Secondary
review article.
This article found that
there is a piece of
evidence that
dependency on alcoholic
drinks is higher among
young adults of the UK.
Psychosocial factors are
directly linked to the
drinking patterns of the
young generation in the
UK.
3.8: Ethical issues
Ethics focuses on the disciplines that the standards of the study conduct such as
theology, philosophy, law, sociology or psychology. Integrity and honesty is the first ethical
issue that needs to be taken care of while doing the research. Objectivity has been used to
avoid bias in the research to include the data properly, including design, analysis of data and
peer review along with interpretation. Avoiding careless mistakes from research. Consider
sharing the results and data along with any new discoveries that are made along with the
results.

28SOCIOLOGY
3.9: Limitations
The various limitations can be statistical bias present in the existing resources, which
are used as secondary data. Misinterpretation of other factors can be made in place of
psychosocial factors. Since there is no single paper with a discussion about the psychosocial
factors responsible for alcohol consumption in the UK, results can appear to have a bias.
Confounding factors such as demographic characteristics age, gender, and other factors can
also alter the results.
3.10: Summary
On summarising the above factors, it can be stated that this section discussed about
the overall procedure that will be used for the conduction of this research. Care should be
taken that bias is absent from this research since it is qualitative and secondary data-based
research.
Chapter 4: Results
4.0: Introduction
The results section of a research study is the place where the study findings based on
the gathered information obtained from the methodologies are found. This section simply
states the findings of the research study (Schipper et al. 2017). The results section should be
free from bias or interpretation and should be arranged in logical sequences. There are
various features, which should be taken care of while plotting the results in the section. This
paper based on the literature review as its source of data collection. The collected data
primarily included the psychosocial factors responsible for the increase in alcohol
consumption among the young adults of the UK. From all the factors collected, there are
there important psychosocial factors, which influence the increment in binge drinking among
young adults in the UK. Reports have been found to be existing, where it is stated that there

29SOCIOLOGY
are different ways by which children of people exposed to alcohol have been found to differ
from children whose family were unexposed to alcohol (Rossow et al. 2016). The findings
have also provided that various psychosocial factors (psychopathology) including behavioral
and mental disorders, adverse family environments and responses that are psychological have
been found to be associated with the risk of alcohol consumption. These factors mainly
include improper parental care, the effect of media in the excessive drinking among the
young adults in the UK and influences of surroundings and friends in the same. These
sections include seven points that are accepted universally. These points include "results
should justify the author's claims", “leaving out of relevant findings should be avoided”,
“results should be summarized properly”, “tables and figures should be included”, “inclusion
of effect sizes” and “finding more tips for writing results section” (Wexler et al. 2016). This
section will discuss the summary of the gathered pieces of kinds of literature in a tabular
format, followed by the addition of a section, which involves the synthesis of research
findings. Finally, a summary section will be stated which will summarize the overall chapter
contents.
4.1: Summary
Author and title Theme 1 Theme 2 Theme 3 Theme 4
McCambridge, J.,
McAlaney, J. and Rowe,
R., 2011. Adult
consequences of late
adolescent alcohol
consumption: a systematic
review of cohort
studies. PLoS
The probability of
drinking is higher
between the
fifteen and
nineteen years of
ages. This group
is found to be
dependant more
Consistent
evidences
exists for the
fact that
higher alcohol
consumption
among the
young
Evidences
also exists
for the fact
that a
higher
consumptio
n of
alcohol
Reducing
the
drinking
during the
early
adolescenc
e can
prevent

30SOCIOLOGY
medicine, 8(2),
p.e1000413.
on alcohol than
an age group
above it and
below it.
generation is a
result of the
physical and
mental health
conditions of
young adults.
during the
late
adolescenc
e continues
directly to
the
adulthood.
Personal
problems
are one of
the most
significantl
y identified
factors for
the
increase in
alcohol
consumptio
n among
the people
of UK.
the risk of
higher
alcohol
consumpti
on during
the late
adolescenc
e.
Hanewinkel, R., Sargent,
J.D., Poelen, E.A.,
Scholte, R., Florek, E.,
Sweeting, H., Hunt, K.,
Investigation of
the effect of
alcohol images
used in movies
The crude
association
between
alcohol
According
to this
research,
there was
The
primary
outcome
measured

31SOCIOLOGY
Karlsdottir, S., Jonsson,
S.H., Mathis, F. and
Faggiano, F., 2012.
Alcohol consumption in
movies and adolescent
binge drinking in 6
European
countries. Pediatrics, 129(
4), pp.709-720.
and binge
drinking
adolescents being
dependant on the
cultural factors.
This factor was
the primary theme
of this research
study.
exposure and
binge
drinking was
found to be
significant
among all the
countries. The
sensitivity
analysis
revealed the
fact that there
was no
significant
association
between
exposure to
smoking in
moves and
binge
drinking.
no linkages
in between
alcohol use
in
adolescent
binge
drinking
and
movies.
However,
there was
an increase
in alcohol
usage
among
adults after
watching
its use in
movies.
for this
study is
the
lifetime
binge
drinking.
Aldridge, J., Measham, F.
and Williams, L.,
2013. Illegal leisure
revisited: Changing
patterns of alcohol and
This study
reported the
socio-economic
factors
responsible for
The first
report showed
that there is a
transition
between
The second
report
showed
that
although
This paper
showed
that the
connection
between

32SOCIOLOGY
drug use in adolescents
and young adults.
Routledge.
the increase in
alcohol usage
among the young
generation. This
book was named
as Illegal Leisure
since it deals with
alcohol and drug
abuse among
young adults of
UK as procedures
of leisure.
adulthood and
alcohol use
therein. The
first report
also stated
that the
changing life
circumstances
are also an
important
factor which
affects the
increase in
alcohol use
among the
young adults.
the rate of
alcohol
consumptio
n by the
young
adults of
UK has
decreased
from the
past, social
factors still
plays an
important
role in the
existence
of alcohol
in the life
of young
adults.
the use of
alcohol in
movies
and
adolescent
binge
drinking
was robust
and
seemed to
be
unaffected
by cultural
sections.
Inchley, J. and Currie, D.,
2013. Growing up
unequal: gender and
socioeconomic differences
in young people’s health
and well-being. Health
To understand the
relationship
between
psychosocial
factors such as
family history of
To understand
whether
socioeconomi
c factors are
positively
correlated
To
understand
whether the
process of
drinking is
mostly
This
article also
found that
improper
parenting
of the

33SOCIOLOGY
Behaviour in School-aged
Children (HBSC) study:
international report from
the, 2014, p.2.
alcoholism and
upbringing, and
alcohol
consumption of
the young adults
of the UK
population.
with the
pattern of
drinking
among the
youths of UK.
To check
whether the
associations
are increasing
or decreasing
from the past.
associated
with school
and college
aged
children
(young
adults) or
not. This
article
correctly
identified
that school
aged
children
are
exposed to
alcohol
when the
psychosoci
al factors
associated
with their
drinking
comes to
play in
young
adults in
UK is also
responsibl
e for the
increase in
alcohol
use among
them.

34SOCIOLOGY
their life.
Järvinen, M. and Room,
R., 2017. Youth drinking
cultures: European
experiences. In Youth
Drinking Cultures (pp.
17-32). Routledge.
To check whether
the psychosocial
factor (exposure
to alcohol use in
movies) is linked
to binge drinking
among
adolescents.
Psychosocial
factors such
as influences
from friends
play a major
role in
affecting the
increase in the
use of alcohol
among the
young adults
of the UK.
The young
adults of the
UK are
The
process of
alcohol
consumptio
n among
the young
UK adults
is
becoming
higher
since the
past.
This
condition is
directly
proportiona
l to the
psychosoci
al factors.
Youth
drinking is
significant
ly
dependant
on the
psychosoci
al cultures
of their
surroundin
gs.
4.2: Results
Five pieces of literature were studied based on the increased alcohol consumption among the
young adults of the UK. The increased alcohol consumption among the young adults of the

35SOCIOLOGY
UK is dependent on various psychosocial factors. These research studies mainly focussed on
the impact of psychosocial factors among the young adult population of the UK. The first
paper state in the first table found out that the probability of drinking among young adults
(ages 15 to 20) is higher than the people of older and younger age groups. This is because of
the fact that this is the time when people are at their prime age when they become adults with
a desire to try out everything in their life. This factor has also been studied well in many other
research studies and was considered as the main factor responsible for an increase in harmful
desires among the young generation. The most important factor identified for this prevalence
is improper parental care of the children. Previous exposure of alcohol in one’s family is
responsible for the present alcohol consumption by the younger group of the family. Some of
these cases involving family history as a major cause are also associated with family issues
and problems, which creates a condition of stress and loneliness among the young ones of the
family. Combined together, these two factors force or drives the children to be dependent on
alcohol to get relief from a stressful situation. There are many groups of young adults who
start their drinking process by telling others that they want to taste alcohol for once. This
factor is combined with social influence from friends who are exposed to alcohol for a long
time and finally make this new individual same as them.
4.3: Chapter summary
On a concluding note, it can be stated that this chapter confirmed the psychosocial
factors, which were stated to be necessary for the increased prevalence of alcohol
consumption among the young adults in UK. This chapter began with the introduction about
the results section of a research paper. Then this paper stated the factors, which were to be
tested for being the psychosocial reasons for the increased alcohol consumption among the
young adults. Then this paper described the finding of the collected pieces of literature. The
three most significant factors responsible for the increment of alcohol consumption in UK

36SOCIOLOGY
adults are spotted as improper parental care, influence from friends and surroundings, and use
of alcohol based images and activities in movies and advertisements. However it can be
stated that these are not the only factors responsible for alcohol consumption among the
young adults. Factors other than psychosocial factors also exists for the increment of alcohol
consumption among the young adults in UK.
Chapter 5: Discussion
5.1: Introduction
This chapter introduces the readers with the discussion of the findings obtained from
the five pieces of literature analysed in the previous sections. The discussion section
primarily describes and interprets the findings significance and explains the new
understandings or insights which emerges as the result. A discussion section also states the
theoretical analysis of the results obtained from the research study. The primary purpose of
discussion is to describe after the interpretation of the significances, which is already known
about the problems of researches being investigated in the study. The research problem is
already stated in the problem statement. This section connects introduction by the way of
research questions asked and the review pieces of literatures. However, the discussion section
never repeats or rearranges the previous sections since it explains the way by which the
reader’s understandings are moved. This section will discuss the effect of psychosocial
factors on the increased consumption of alcohol among the young generation of UK. All the
research papers stated that psychosocial and socioeconomic factors are responsible for the
increment of alcohol consumption among the young generation of UK. According to various
research studies, it has been observed that various psychosocial factors greatly affects the
likelihood that an individual will develop alcoholism. The following two section will first
describe the influence of psychosocial factors on alcohol consumption among the UK adults,

37SOCIOLOGY
then it will analyse whether the impact has increased its rate or not and lastly will summarize
the overall gathered information in one paragraph.
5.2: Discussion
According to various research studies, it has been observed that people who suffer
from bipolar disorder, depression and social anxiety are very much likely to develop an
alcoholism (Leggio, Witte and Chick 2018). This research study also suggested that these
conditions are very much prevalent among the young generation of the human population.
These factors are the most important driving forces for alcoholism among the young
generation in UK also (Kalaitzakis et al. 2017). The common problem associated with all the
research studies performed on this topic is that they made family as the primary factor
responsible for the consumption of alcohol among the young generation in UK (Kelly et al.
2016). College students and early job joiners are mostly exposed to alcohol. Boys and girls
who have just become adult are also the most targeted groups of alcohol consumption among
the young generation affected by alcohol consumption (Edenberg, Gelernter and Agrawal
2019). Alcohol consumption among the young generation has been linked with Maslow’s
theory of needs. The linkage is performed in a way by which, it can be stated that people who
are exposed to alcohol do not get their needs fulfilled at right times. A major section of the
needy people have been found to be exposed to raw alcohol because of their harsh life. A
huge section of this group includes the young generation of UK roadside dwellers (Sessa
2016). Family history has also been identified as one of the most important psychosocial
factors responsible for the increased alcohol consumption among the young generation of
UK. For example, when a family head or an elder family member is exposed to alcohol, the
young ones are also exposed to alcohol (Gaume et al. 2018). This condition has also been
statistically proved by various research studies stated earlier in the literature review section.
This is a major psychosocial factor since it is an universal truth that most of the children learn

38SOCIOLOGY
from their elders (König et al. 2018). Thus, it can be thereby stated that the trend of alcohol
consumption follows from adults to the children and then it gets followed by those adults
also. Piaget’s theory is also synthesised with the results obtained from the linkages of
Maslow’s theory. This theory primarily talks about the intellectual growth of children along
with their age. Thus, adult stage is one of the most significant stages of their growth.
5.3: Summary
On summarizing the above section, it can be stated that alcoholism is one of the most
significant factors affecting the growth of young adults in the United Kingdom. However,
after observing the worldwide records, it can be said that alcoholism not only affects the
young adult generation of UK but affects the young adults of rest of the world too. This
condition is analysed by two theories devised by psychologists. Maslow’s theory of need has
been found to state that people mostly fail to undergo a proper growth when they do not get
their needs properly fulfilled. Piaget’s theory also states that the intellectual growth of
children to their adult stage is dependent on a large number of factors divided into various
stages of growth. After looking at the results obtained from the previously tabulated sections,
it can be stated that a family history of alcoholism can become the most significant criteria to
drive a young adult towards alcohol consumption. Family is the primary place where a child
grows and survives. This is the place where children learn to behave with elders and maintain
their dignity in a society. Thus, if they look at the elders being exposed to alcohol, they also
start being exposed to it. Media influences also acts as the major factors causing the increased
prevalence of alcohol usage among the young adults of UK. Use of alcohol in movies has
been found to affect the drinking patterns among the above stated population. This is because
of the fact that most of the young adults are exposed to movies involving actions, romance,
blood and gore. These movies mostly use alcohol in various scenes acting as stress reliever or
a source of emotional booster to act in certain situations. Influence from friends have also

39SOCIOLOGY
been spotted as a psychosocial factor associated with the prevalence of alcohol consumption
among the young adults. An individual, who was not a former drinker, can become one after
being influenced by a friend to drink alcohol for once at a certain occasion. However, it has
been noticed that there are occasional alcohol drinkers among the young population in UK.
Thus, it can be stated that, the consumption of alcohol may have reduced from its previous
percentiles; however, the young population is still affected by it due to a variety of
psychosocial factors.
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations
6.0: Introduction
The conclusion section of a research paper states is mostly similar to the introduction.
This section primarily restates the aims and objectives, summarizes the main findings and
evidences for the reader. A conclusion is the last paragraph inside a research paper, which is
also the last part of a presentation. This paper restates the thesis, summarizes the main points,
and evidences for the reader. This section is usually done in one paragraph however, for this
research paper; this section is divided into three sections. This is because of the fact that this
is a qualitative research study involving positivism and descriptive approach. This paper is
structured into various subsections with different criterions covered in each section. The
research study began with an introductory section with primarily emphasized on discussing
the existing and historical researches made on the selected topic. The problem statement and
literature gaps stated that what were the main problems of the existing research on the
selected topic. The methodology section described the procedure chosen for the study, which
involved the collection of five pieces of literatures. The findings of these literatures were then
found out and stated together inside the result section. Finally, the collected findings were
discussed in the discussion section followed by this section, which concludes the paper.

40SOCIOLOGY
6.1: Conclusions
On a concluding note, it can be stated that various factors affects the growth of young
adults in UK. One of the most important factors is the increased level of alcohol
consumption, which is in turn affected by various other psychosocial factors. The collected
literatures also had various strengths and weaknesses. The primary strength of these research
papers lied on the fact that all of them successfully identified the psychosocial factors
responsible for a higher alcohol consumption in the adult group of populations. The most
important weakness lies on the fact that these papers only focussed on psychosocial factors
being the most important provoking factor for alcohol consumption among the young adults
in UK. These papers failed to identify the other factors associated with the overuse of
alcohol. Two theories have been used to justify the fact that psychosocial factors are one of
the most significant provoking factors for alcohol consumption. These factors mainly
includes a historical family exposure to alcohol, influences from friends, surroundings, and
impact of media on the consumption of alcohol by the young adults in UK. These findings
were collected from five pieces of literature collected from authentic databases. The most
significant findings of these pieces of literatures showed that psychosocial factors are
associated with the increase in alcohol consumption among the young adult generation in
UK.
6.2: Recommendations
Various recommendations can be provided for the reduction of alcohol consumption
among the young generation in UK. These recommendations includes proper awareness of
young adults about the ill effects of drinking regularly, reduction of alcohol scenes in media,
preventing the families from being exposed to regular drinking and to handle an influence of
alcohol from friends. These recommendations will not only reduce the increase in alcohol

41SOCIOLOGY
consumption among the children in UK but also prevent the impact of psychosocial factors
among the young adults in UK.
6.3: Chapter summary
This chapter stated that various psychosocial factors are associated with the factor
associated with an increase in alcohol consumption in UK. The conclusion section identified
the psychosocial factors, which affects the alcohol consumption among the young adult
population in UK.

42SOCIOLOGY
References
Aigner, A., Grittner, U., Rolfs, A., Norrving, B., Siegerink, B. and Busch, M.A., 2017.
Contribution of established stroke risk factors to the burden of stroke in young
adults. Stroke, 48(7), pp.1744-1751.
Aldridge, J., Measham, F. and Williams, L., 2013. Illegal leisure revisited: Changing
patterns of alcohol and drug use in adolescents and young adults. Routledge.
Balogun, O., Koyanagi, A., Stickley, A., Gilmour, S. and Shibuya, K., 2014. Alcohol
consumption and psychological distress in adolescents: a multi-country study. Journal of
adolescent health, 54(2), pp.228-234.
Bräker, A.B. and Soellner, R., 2016. Alcohol drinking cultures of European adolescents. The
European Journal of Public Health, 26(4), pp.581-586.
Breda, J.J., Whiting, S.H., Encarnação, R., Norberg, S., Jones, R., Reinap, M. and Jewell, J.,
2014. Energy drink consumption in Europe: a review of the risks, adverse health effects, and
policy options to respond. Frontiers in public health, 2, p.134.
Carruth, B. and Wallen, J., 2014. Addiction in human development: Developmental
perspectives on addiction and recovery. Routledge.
Collins, S.E., 2016. Associations between socioeconomic factors and alcohol
outcomes. Alcohol research: current reviews, 38(1), p.83.
Critchlow, N., Moodie, C., Bauld, L., Bonner, A. and Hastings, G., 2016. Awareness of, and
participation with, digital alcohol marketing, and the association with frequency of high
episodic drinking among young adults. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(4),
pp.328-336.

43SOCIOLOGY
Edenberg, H.J., Gelernter, J. and Agrawal, A., 2019. Genetics of alcoholism. Current
psychiatry reports, 21(4), p.26.
Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research
project. Sage.
Gaume, J., Heather, N., Tober, G. and McCambridge, J., 2018. A mediation analysis of
treatment processes in the UK Alcohol Treatment Trial. Journal of consulting and clinical
psychology, 86(4), p.321.
Hanewinkel, R., Sargent, J.D., Poelen, E.A., Scholte, R., Florek, E., Sweeting, H., Hunt, K.,
Karlsdottir, S., Jonsson, S.H., Mathis, F. and Faggiano, F., 2012. Alcohol consumption in
movies and adolescent binge drinking in 6 European countries. Pediatrics, 129(4), pp.709-
720.
Herring, R., Bayley, M. and Hurcombe, R., 2014. “But no one told me it’s okay to not drink”:
A qualitative study of young people who drink little or no alcohol. Journal of Substance
Use, 19(1-2), pp.95-102.
Inchley, J. and Currie, D., 2013. Growing up unequal: gender and socioeconomic differences
in young people’s health and well-being. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC)
study: international report from the, 2014, p.2.
Järvinen, M. and Room, R., 2017. Youth drinking cultures: European experiences. In Youth
Drinking Cultures (pp. 17-32). Routledge.
Järvinen, M. and Room, R., 2017. Youth drinking cultures: European experiences. In Youth
Drinking Cultures (pp. 17-32). Routledge.
Jayne, M., Valentine, G. and Holloway, S.L., 2016. Alcohol, drinking, drunkenness:(Dis)
orderly spaces. Routledge.

44SOCIOLOGY
Johnson, H.L., Albery, I.P., Frings, D. and Moss, A.C., 2018. STI-protective self-efficacy and
binge drinking in a sample of university students in the United Kingdom. Sexual &
Reproductive Healthcare, 17, pp.19-25.
Kalaitzakis, E., Cruanes, J., Hauksson, K., Håkansson, A., Sargenti, K. and Björnsson, E.,
2017. Abstinence from alcohol and therapy for alcohol use disorder in alcoholic liver
cirrhosis: an international population-based study. Gastroenterology, 152(5), p.S1080.
Keatley, D.A., Ferguson, E., Lonsdale, A. and Hagger, M.S., 2017. Lay understanding of the
causes of binge drinking in the United Kingdom and Australia: a network diagram
approach. Health education research, 32(1), pp.33-47.
Kelly, Y., Patalay, P., Montgomery, S. and Sacker, A., 2016. BMI development and early
adolescent psychosocial well-being: UK Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatrics, 138(6),
p.e20160967.
Kuntsche, E., Gabhainn, S.N., Roberts, C., Windlin, B., Vieno, A., Bendtsen, P., Hublet, A.,
Tynjälä, J., Välimaa, R., Dankulincová, Z. and Aasvee, K., 2014. Drinking motives and links
to alcohol use in 13 European countries. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(3),
pp.428-437.
Kuteesa, M., Weiss, H.A., Cook, S., Seeley, J., Ssentongo, J.N., Kizindo, R., Ngonzi, P.,
Sewankambo, M. and Webb, E.L., 2019. Epidemiology of Alcohol Misuse and Illicit Drug
Use Among Young People Aged 15-24 Years in Fishing Communities in Uganda. Available
at SSRN 3420402.
Lawental, M., Kipnis, A. and Rigg, K., 2018. Binge drinking among young adults in Israel:
application of the theory of planned behavior. Psychology, health & medicine, 23(9),
pp.1060-1068.

45SOCIOLOGY
Leggio, L., De Witte, P. and Chick, J., 2018. Alcohol and Alcoholism: Then, Now and The
Future of ‘The Red Journal’.
Martinotti, G., Lupi, M., Acciavatti, T., Cinosi, E., Santacroce, R., Signorelli, M.S., Bandini,
L., Lisi, G., Quattrone, D., Ciambrone, P. and Aguglia, A., 2014. Novel psychoactive
substances in young adults with and without psychiatric comorbidities. BioMed research
international, 2014.
McCambridge, J., McAlaney, J. and Rowe, R., 2011. Adult consequences of late adolescent
alcohol consumption: a systematic review of cohort studies. PLoS medicine, 8(2),
p.e1000413.
Niemela, P. and Kim, S., 2014. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Encyclopedia of Quality of
Life and Well-Being Research, pp.3843-3846.
Oppong, S., 2014. A critique of the philosophical underpinnings of mainstream social science
research. Academicus International Scientific Journal, (10), pp.242-254.
Ormston, R., Spencer, L., Barnard, M. and Snape, D., 2014. The foundations of qualitative
research. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and
researchers, 2, pp.52-55.
Packard, M.D., 2017. Where did interpretivism go in the theory of entrepreneurship?. Journal
of Business Venturing, 32(5), pp.536-549.
Pennay, A., Livingston, M. and MacLean, S., 2015. Young people are drinking less: it is time
to find out why. Drug and alcohol review, 34(2), pp.115-118.
Rossow, I., Keating, P., Felix, L. and McCambridge, J., 2016. Does parental drinking
influence children's drinking? A systematic review of prospective cohort
studies. Addiction, 111(2), pp.204-217.

46SOCIOLOGY
Schipper, T., Goei, S.L., de Vries, S. and van Veen, K., 2017. Professional growth in adaptive
teaching competence as a result of Lesson Study. Teaching and teacher education, 68,
pp.289-303.
Sessa, B., 2016. Using MDMA to treat alcoholism: a UK study. Beyond psychedelics.
Prague: Czech Republic, 2016b October, 1.
Sullivan-Bolyai, S., Bova, C. and Singh, M.D., 2014. Data-collection methods. Nursing
Research in Canada-E-Book: Methods, Critical Appraisal, and Utilization, 287.
Townshend, J.M., Kambouropoulos, N., Griffin, A., Hunt, F.J. and Milani, R.M., 2014. Binge
drinking, reflection impulsivity, and unplanned sexual behavior: impaired decision‐making in
young social drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(4), pp.1143-
1150.
Wartberg, L., Brunner, R., Kriston, L., Durkee, T., Parzer, P., Fischer-Waldschmidt, G.,
Resch, F., Sarchiapone, M., Wasserman, C., Hoven, C.W. and Carli, V., 2016.
Psychopathological factors associated with problematic alcohol and problematic Internet use
in a sample of adolescents in Germany. Psychiatry Research, 240, pp.272-277.
Wexler, A.J., 2016. Re-imagining inclusion/exclusion: Unpacking assumptions and
contradictions in arts and special education from a critical disability studies
perspective. Journal of Social Theory in Art Education, 36(1), p.5.
König, C., Skriver, M.V., Iburg, K.M. and Rowlands, G., 2018. Understanding educational
and psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use among adolescents in Denmark;
implications for health literacy interventions. International journal of environmental research
and public health, 15(8), p.1671.