Potential Risks of Bipolar Disorder and Its Public Health Effects

This report examines the increasing prevalence of bipolar disorder and its long-term effects on public health, using the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom as a case study. The research aims to identify the potential risks associated with rising cases of bipolar disorder, including the economic and social costs. The report reviews existing literature to recognize the value of public health, understand research methods, and evaluate service improvement methodologies. It investigates various factors affecting public health, with a specific focus on mental illness among the youth. The methodology includes a literature search and review to analyze themes and propose recommendations for service improvements. The report also highlights the importance of government policies, funding, and the need for proactive measures to address mental health issues and improve public health outcomes. Key areas covered include the value of public health, research methods, service improvement, and the analysis of the public health agenda at international, national, and local levels.

PUBLIC
HEALTH

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
Overview of the research........................................................................................................1
Background of the research....................................................................................................1
Research Aim.........................................................................................................................1
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................2
Research Questions................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................2
To Recognise the Value as well as benefits of Public Health issues......................................2
To Develop an understanding of various kinds of methods used for the purpose of research.5
To Evaluate Service Improvement methodology as a tool for problem solving in Public
Health.....................................................................................................................................6
To Analyse the Public Health agenda in International, National and Local arena’s..............7
To Identify and analyse research methods and process relevant to Service Improvement....9
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................10
Search of Literature..............................................................................................................10
Initial Review.......................................................................................................................10
Use and data base of literature..............................................................................................11
CHAPTER 4: THEMES................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 5: RECOMMENDATION (Service Improvements)..................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

TITLE:
“To identify the Potential Risk of Increasing cases of Bipolar Disorder among people and
its long term effect on Public Health” A case Study on NHS.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Overview of the research
Public Health has been a major issue for governments all around the world. If the citizens
that are living within the region would not be having a healthy and prosperous life, they wont be
able to contribute effectively for the economy and thus necessary policies and procedures needs
to be followed to overcome the same. Public Health basically refers to ensuring safety and
improving the health standards of community in general through effective education, Policy
making as well as research for the purpose of prevention of diseases as well as injuries in an
effective as well as efficient way. This can be achieved by promoting overall healthy lifestyle
among people and thus right kind of policies shall be framed to implement the same (Prins,
2014).
Background of the research
It is of paramount importance that Public health is maintained in an effective manner. It is
thus essential to make sure that right and effective policies are framed that will ensure safety and
proper mental health of individuals over period of time. NHS is a public health service unit
which takes care of health issues related to public health and safety within the United Kingdom.
The main objective of the current research will be to throw some light on the various kinds of
factors that affects public health and the role played by NHS in overcoming the same over period
of time (Weare, 2013).
Research Aim
It is one of the most important aspects of the research. It outlines the purpose of the study
and how the same and what the research is trying to fulfil. A research Aim basically reflects the
expectation as well as aspirations of the particular area that has been selected for the purpose of
research. The Aim of this particular research is “To identify the Potential Risk of Increasing
cases of Bipolar Disorder among people and its long term effect on Public Health”.
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Research Objectives
This is yet another fundamental part of research. The ultimate aim of research objectives
is to help the researcher in achieving the aim of research in an effective as well as efficient way
(Eisenberg, Hunt and Speer, 2012). These objectives also helps in in elaborating the research and
its matter in an efficient way.
 To Recognise the Value as well as benefits of Public Health issues.
 To Develop an understanding of various kinds of methods used for the purpose of
research.
 To Evaluate Service Improvement methodology as a tool for problem solving in Public
Health.
 To Analyse the Public Health agenda in International, National and Local arena’s.
 To Identify and analyse research methods and process relevant to Service Improvement.
Research Questions
This is also a crucial piece of research work. Thus It is essential to make sure that right
kind of Research questions are framed that will lead to achievement of all the relevant objectives
of the research. To answer these questions, information is gathered by reading out all the
necessary information of authors and writers in an efficient way.
 What are the the Value as well as benefits of Public Health issues?
 What are the Various Kinds of methods as well as issues that are being used for research?
 What is Service Improvement tools for solving problems in Public Health.
 What specific Agenda is being used for public health in International, National and Local
arena’s?
 Which research methods as well as processes are relevant for Service Improvement?
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
To Recognise the Value as well as benefits of Public Health issues
In a growing economy, it is highly essential to account for all the aspects of living a
healthy lifestyle. The focus of Government shall also be on recognising the gravity of the issue
and making sure that priority is being given to public health issues, which will enable in
maintaining and living a healthy lifestyle over period of time. As per the Views of Peter J.
Neumann, 2016. It is important to recognise the social and economic value of public health and
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then frame policies for the same to bring the best possible outcomes in minimum possible time.
The governments around the world has not been able to recognise the real values that Public
health issues possess and thus, it leads to a lesser allocation of funds for the same, which is also a
negative for the country in general. Thus it is essential to make sure that government and its
officials the gravity as well as importance of Public health issues, so that proper policies and
procedures can be framed in appropriate Time frame. NHS is an organisation which works in
United Kingdom and is working to improve the overall standards as well as position of Health
among individuals and family within United Kingdom (Keyes and Simoes, 2012). There is also a
need to look after senior citizens to ensure that their health are secures once they got retired from
their Service, irrespective of the fact that they belong from Private sector or public sector. If he
or she belongs from Private sector and once gets retires comes under the purview Social security
and the government is liable to pay the same to ensure that public health is maintained. The
government servants that gets retired will get the benefits of Government schemes that are their
for aged people and to protect their senior citizens from any issues related to public health.
Mental Illness has been a major issue among individuals, especially youth in United Kingdom,
which has raised various consequences on the society as well as its members. One of the primary
mental illness that is witnessed among the youth of UK in recent past has the issue of Bipolar
Disorder. It is related with mood swings that individuals faces while working in their day to day
life.
Thus, There is a need to recognise the value of Public health issues and how those can be
overcome through effective policies and procedures that will be framed through government
agencies responsible for managing the overall health issues within the nation. There is also a
specific need to put special focus about public health in government funded as well as private
schools, which will enable the to understand the issues of public health from the very beginning
and will help society in the longer run (Tsemberis, Kent and Respress, 2012).
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(Source: Overview of Healthcare in UK, 2017)
Das Gupta and Guests has estimated that the Bipolar disorder is a major issue in United
kingdom and it is estimated that the same has cost the country around 2 billion Billion Pound,
and the same is rising rapidly, around 10% of the same has been attributable to NHS Resource
Use of which 35% was attributable to hospital services. The cost is not only of the services that
will be given to patients of Bipolar disorder but also the cost of social care, criminal justice
system, informal care from family members etc. Thus it can be said that the overall cost has
increased a lot for the Government of UK to manage the issue of Mental illness and thus it is
essential to make sure that NHS shall come up with policies to overcome the same over period of
time (Cummings, Lucas and Druss, 2013).
To Develop an understanding of various kinds of methods used for the purpose of research.
There are various types of research methods that exist for the purpose of conducting
research in an effective way. The basis of research can be selected, for the knowledge it creates,
the ultimate user group, the research problem that it addresses etc. There are various sorts of
research that exist like basic research, Applied Research, Problem Oriented Research, problem
solving, quantitative as well as qualitative research etc. The current research is on a specific topic
of public health and the growing cases of mental illness among people more specifically bipolar
disorder which is a syndrome of that reflects mood swings among individuals and causes various
kinds of issues like anxiety, frustration etc. Thus it is very important to make sure that proper and
effective research is conducted that will explain the topic and will also give a better
understanding of the whole issue in an effective as well as efficient manner (Wahlbeck, 2015).
For the purpose of this research, there are various methods use for conducting this research in an
effective way. To collect the necessary information on the topic Secondary literature method has
been selected which would mean that data is collected on the basis of different views of authors
and writers as they can explain the topic in an effective manner. It is a problem Solving Research
which aims at finding the solutions for the problem and the issue that prevails within the society
of United Kingdom and that issue is Mental Illness among people and its effect on overall public
health. The research will try to throw some light on the various policies that are being framed by
the NHS to overcome this issue of Mental Illness and its impact on the general Public health
(Marsella and White, 2012).
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(Source: Brainposts.com, 2017)
To Evaluate Service Improvement methodology as a tool for problem solving in Public Health.
As per the views of Ronda Hughes, 2017. It is very crucial that in order to address the
issue of public health, right kind of improvement in strategies related to public health is being
framed which will ensure effective service delivery to the end consumer of these services.
Donabedian, More then 4 Decades ago proposed the way to measure the quality of health care
that prevails by making an observation structure, processes as well as outcomes (Rosen, 2015).
The structure would try to measure the level of accessibility, availability and quality of the
resources such as health insurance, bed capacity, number of nurses etc. Process measure
basically assess the delivery of health care services by clinicians as well as providers, such as
using right kind of guidelines for care of patients which are undergoing mental Treatment.
Outcome measures indicates the final result of health care and thus can be influenced by
environmental as well as behavioural issues. For Example, Mortality, Patient Satisfaction etc.
Thus it is essential that right kind of strategies are framed to address the issue of public health. In
healthcare, The Term Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) is used instead of Total Quality
Management (TQM). CQI is being used more specifically for the purpose of developing the
quality of the health care services that are being delivered to the Patients (Jorm, 2012). Hence, It
can be said that if the quality of health care services will be improved and different types of
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benefits will be given to individuals within the society in the form of government schemes as
well as proposals then this would reduce the cases of mental illness and Public health issues can
be addressed over period of time. Some of the specific measures that needs to be adopted by
NHS for the purpose of addressing public health issues in an effective way can be laid down as
follows:
 The resources that has been allocated to NHS for the purpose of delivering health care
services to public shall be effectively utilised by NHS by working along will all local
Health centres as well as communities in an effective as well as efficient way. Thus, the
ultimate need is to make sure that resource allocation is done properly and necessary
medical aid is delivered to the concerned Patients in an appropriate time frame.
 Necessary promotional strategies should be developed to make people aware of the issue
of mental illness within people and convincing them that these issues are not taboo, and
shall be discussed quite openly within families and their members in an effective as well
as efficient way.
 There is a need that Mental health issues shall be addressed from the very beginning
within an individual, thus these issues shall be discussed effectively within Schools as
well as Universities, which will enable individuals to get a better understanding of the
matter and how to deal with the same while living a life within the society.
 There is needs to emphasise on social health care which ensures that the mental health of
individuals within the country are effective enough to contribute to the society over
period of time. NHS shall include various aspects of maintaining proper health care
system and delivering affordable health care services to individuals who are in need of
the same. This can be achieved by analysing the problem areas and then framing a
solution for the same (Vigo, Thornicroft and Atun, 2016).
To Analyse the Public Health agenda in International, National and Local arena’s.
Public health has been a issue of serious concern not for a particular nation but for the
whole world as well. Various international agencies has specifically mentioned that Public health
shall be on the priority list of every countries economy and thus higher level of focus is needed
to implement effective as well as efficient strategies for the purpose of addressing the health
issues going ahead. There has been cases of major public health issues like small pox, Bird Flu
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as well as Swine Flu. NHS has been able to tackle these issues effectively in the past by making
a proper planning over period of time (Mårtensson, Jacobsson and Engström, 2014).
In various International Forums, The head of United Nations has consistently stressed on
improving the health care quality within countries and all the member nations has been advised
to frame effective policies that will enable a better environment of healthcare within the Nations
and cases of epidemics as well as serious illness can be reduced to an extent. For this specific
Purpose United Nation has specified a particular budget which will be assigned to its division
named as World Health Organisation (WHO) (Corrigan and Rao, 2012). World health
organisation is an independent institution which is responsible for addressing the issues of
healthcare in different countries and aiding them with necessary funds and advisory if required.
This ensure right kind of treatment to general public is delivered by the member countries. The
role of WHO is also to conduct appropriate research, which will enable the organisation to gather
effective data as to what are the primary illness that are there in certain countries, how the same
has been dealt with the concerned country's Health department etc.
The Government agencies has been giving a huge focus on the overall standards of the
healthcare system within United Kingdom and thus it is essential to make sure that effective
policies and procedures are being framed keeping in mind the international standards as well as
norms that are their regarding the issue, these can help in dealing with the serious issue of mental
illness as well as bipolar disorder over period of time. United Kingdom is a country which is
having citizens from every community and society, and therefore, there are various types of
reasons that youth out there are facing issues related to mental illness for example, diverse
culture and society, the involvement in which has caused them to face certain pressure which is
posing difficulties in their personal life over period of time. The need is to make sure that
effective as well as efficient strategies are made by the government and its agencies, so that they
can overcome these issues of mental pressure and illness (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2014).
As per the reports of WHO around 60 million people worldwide is affected by Bipolar
disorder, it basically consist of manic and depressive episodes but there are periods of short span
of normal mood which further makes it a severe issue as the illness can not be detected in those
specific time period and individuals are usually seen as perfectly normal. Thus it is essential to
make sure that proper medication is given to patients suffering from bipolar disorder and they are
given necessary attention by the closed ones over period of time as a treatment for this illness.
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To Identify and analyse research methods and process relevant to Service Improvement.
There are various sorts of methods that are being available for the purpose of evaluating
the improvements that can be made within the system of Health care services that are being
provided to the individuals in United Kingdom. For the purpose of conducting this specific
research, Qualitative research technique is used, it includes methods for collecting data like
interviews, observation as well as analysis of documents etc. A single method may be used in
certain cases while a combination of method can be used in other cases. The methods used in this
research for the purpose of getting necessary information about the literature is secondary data
method (Loue ed., 2013). The literature review section has been obtained by analysing the views
and opinions of various authors as well as writers and reflecting the same within the file in an
efficient manner. In order to improve the health services, it is highly important to obtain effective
data by right kind of research. The other kind of methods which can be used to obtain the most
relevant data possible for healthcare are discussed as follows:
Interview based Methods
There can be face to face interviews which can be conducted that will lead valuable
information as these will be obtained directly from Patients. Interviews can be Semi Structured
and in-depth. This can be a effective method to gather information related to mental illness and
Bipolar disorder from the public directly. Various questions regarding the topic will be asked to
respondents and their answers will be critically analysed and interpreted (Schomerus,
Matschinger and Angermeyer, 2014).
Observation Based Methods
It is basically a systematic observation of different setting of the organisation as well as
the team behaviour. It tries to analyse the efficiency of healthcare settings that are being provided
by varied institutions, for example, a particular observation can be made by visiting one of the
branch of the institution, and then analysing their healthcare setting like how a labour wards
work, how I.C.U Operates and their effectiveness.
Sampling
For the purpose of conducting research necessary samples needs to be taken from whom
the data will be collected. In qualitative research, the sampling strategy used is theoretical rather
than probability. This would mean that respondents are sampled based on predetermined criteria.
Data Analysis
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The data once collected will be analysed to give an opinion that what are the situations of
patients and what are their specific conditions and recommendations can be given regarding the
necessary actions needs to be taken to overcome the same (Jones, 2013).
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Search of Literature
Sources of literature: It is considered as one of the important sources of data collection that
is having various kind of information that is helpful for the researchers in order to search any
new facts about the mental illness. There are various sources of data review in terms of gathering
the information related to fact and subjects. These sources are as follows;
 Primary literature: This source mainly associated with original studies based direct
observation, use of statistical records, interviews and practical evaluation of
implementing policies and practices to particular research. Chances of getting errors
remain less in this source of research. Under this kind of literature, the data is being
collected directly from people and there is no intermediary in between. This method is
mostly used by researcher when the topic of research is quite vast as well as important.
Thus, a reliance can not be made on secondary data (Prochaska, Das and Young-Wolff,
2017).
 Secondary literature: This source is considered as a supportive research medium to
execute or assist a research. Evaluation are mainly depending upon primary research. For
example, there is data interpretation done subject to mental illness and bipolar disorder
among child, adults and old age people. The sources of this kind of literature is Books,
magazines as well as journals which helps in gathering all the important data in an
effective as well as easy way. Also, the research gets completed in a less cost as well as
less time. This kind of research is used by the researcher to gather views as well as
opinions of various authors as well as writers. Under the current Report, The same has
been used to give a better as well as effective opinion on the topic.
Initial Review
Review from any author: According to Hawton and et. al., (2005), there are various risk
factors such as suicide and non fatal suicidal actions in patients with bipolar disorder as
systematic reviews of global literature. Most of the studies were determine in order to analyse
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