Exploring the Role of Public Health in Health & Social Care Report

This report delves into the multifaceted role of public health within the health and social care sectors. It begins by outlining the functions of various agencies at local, state, national, and international levels, highlighting their responsibilities in identifying and addressing health and disease levels within communities. The report then uses statistical data to analyze the epidemiology of both infectious diseases, specifically HIV, and non-infectious diseases, such as diabetes, in the UK, providing insights into prevalence and trends. Furthermore, it evaluates the effectiveness of different strategies and approaches to control the incidence of disease, examining interventions like vaccine development and improved diagnostics. The report also explores current priorities in service provision, the relationship between disease prevalence and support service requirements, and the impact of lifestyle choices on future healthcare needs. It concludes by assessing health and wellbeing priorities, evaluating the effectiveness of strategies in health and social care settings, and discussing potential improvements to enhance individual health outcomes. The report also discusses the importance of palliative care and its application in HIV treatment, with references to the NHS's role in providing these services.

The Role of Public
Health in Health &
Social Care

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Explain roles of different agencies in identifying levels of health and disease in
communities...........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Using statistical data, explain the epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious disease2
1.3 Evaluate effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence of
disease.....................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1Relevant research to determine current priorities and approaches to the provision of
services...................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Relationship between the prevalence of disease and requirements for support services. 5
2.3 The impact of current lifestyle choices on future needs for health and social care services
................................................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Assess the health and wellbeing priorities for individuals in a particular health or social
care.........................................................................................................................................7
3.2 Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in a health or social care
setting.....................................................................................................................................8
3.3 Discuss changes that could be made to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals8
3.4 Activities need to be implement to improve health and social care.................................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Health is major concern for every country. Public health and care is area where
government is having major role and control. There are many factors which affects this area and
may cause different hazards. These factors need to be concern proper so that it doesn't make any
big problem. For this management and government make different policies to undertake these
hazards. Health and care sector is very dynamic sector where every day new challenges are faced
because of this it cannot work in isolation (Aveyard, 2014). There are different government and
private entities which become part of public health care to manage and create support. In health
care sector, all function is well defined and structure so that it can be well managed.
In this report, different kind of agencies are mention. Statistical data is used to find one
infection disease and non-infection disease that can spread in country. Different approaches are
explained in this assignment which can control diseases in communities. Relationship between
prevalence of diseases and requirement of services to individual are describe in this project.
Impact of current life style on future needs of health and care discuss this particular assignment.
TASK 1
1.1 Explain roles of different agencies in identifying levels of health and disease in communities
There are different agencies in public health and care. These agencies are having major
responsibility for educating and give training to public health workforce and other workers those
who are not get training for future perspective. There is local, state, national and international
level of agencies. They have their different roles according to their nature. Their working area is
also different as local agencies are providing training only to local communities while
international is having larger responsibility because they overlook many communities. Following
are the type of agencies in public health care.
 Local public health agencies: Local health department is having complex role because it
providing basic health services. They are basic of delivery. There many local health care
department (Balarajan, Selvaraj and Subramanian, 2011). These agencies are working
under different size, nature, economic condition and government structure. These
agencies are providing wide variety of services. These department are having limited
resources and few staff because of this they may face many challenges. LHDs play very
important role in training and education because they asses skills and needs of
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workforce. One of the example of local agency is NPHPS (National public health
performance standards). This provide continuous programs which can improve quality
and lifelong learning to all public health employees.
 State public health agencies: In this state agencies control communities and provide
training by which they can understand needs of public health care system. By this these
agencies wants to bring technology advancement, leadership and political and social
justice (Bennett, 2010). State level public health professional are having great knowledge
in their field without having public health degrees. CDC centre for disease control is
example of state level health care. They perform all functions related to respective field.
 National health care agency: These are agencies which address issues and control
management at national level. NHS is an agency which is responsible for
implementation of health and care activities. In this there are secretary and other
authorities which do all these activities. This department is accountable for
implementation of policies that brings better health. NHS is also having its trust and care
units which is important section of services. This unit take care of hospitals, clinics and
other services. Government and other volunteers are there who support for these actions.
There is another community NICE which is working to improve outcome of people those
who are using NHS (Blas and Kurup, 2010.). NICE provide guidelines for these areas. It
is non-departmental public body.
 International health care agency: In international level WHO is there which is specialised
agency which is associate with public health. This organisation is responsible for world
health report. This provide leadership to the matters which are critical to health. It steps
standards and promoting their implementations. They make ethical based policies and
provide technical support.
1.2 Using statistical data, explain the epidemiology of infectious and non-infectious disease
Epidemiology is concept of medical science which deals with frequency, distribution and
control disease which are occur in a population. This is useful application by which disease can
be monitor and control. In this concept information is collected by which health problem can be
prevented and make healthy society. In this statistical analysis has been done by taking one
infection and non-infection diseases.
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Infectious diseases: HIV is one of the infection disease in UK. This is virus which is
caused by fragile and immune deficiency. It can exchange by fluid of body such as blood ,
tissues, it can spread by unprotected sex (Brownson, Colditz and Proctor, 2012). If pregnant lady
is having HIV this can also spread to her child this is called mother to child transmission. It can
be identified through ELISA test. There are 6360 new diagnoses are there for HIV. Following
are the statistical data for HIV in UK.
 A total of 88,769 people is suffering from HIV. Out of this 316 are children under 15.
 Over the decades the number of people concerning specialist for HIV are growing.
Around 73% increase in number accessing HIV care.
 According to survey one third of people in UK are living with HIV. Half of these
involved health care workers.
Non-infectious disease: Diabetics are most dangerous non-infected disease which is
spreading very fast in UK. Once a person gets this disease it very crucial to handle because with
this blood pressure, heart attacks and many other problems are also associated. New data from
PHE reveals that around 3.8 million people in England is having this disease. Over 9% of adult
population are suffering from diabetes (Coker, Austin and Schuster, 2010). As per study there
are two types of diabetes in England. In this 3.8 million are having both type of diabetes. 905 of
cases are from type 2. this can happen by overweight from daily lifestyle of England people. This
problem having bigger implication in older age. This disease is more common in men (9.6%
compared with 7.6% women).
1.3 Evaluate effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence of
disease
Health organisation planned various strategies to reduce tuberculosis occurring in UK.
These planned helps to improve the condition can bring healthy environment in country.
Following are the areas which are identify and out of them some areas get success.
 Develop new vaccine: Vaccine has been developing which help and protect millions of
people every year. The HIV is spreading with faster rates it is important to do new
research and bring best solutions to prevent these diseases. So, for that new vaccines have
been develop.
 Develop more effective drugs: Tuberculosis is long term treatment can because of this
many people forget to take their drugs and if this disease become big it cannot cure with
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old medicines (Coreil, 2010). The medicine which are used now are discovered many
years ago. Person who are not taking drugs properly they may get into drug resistance.
 Develop better diagnosis: The method which are used for diagnosis are 100 years old.
Currently “sputum smear microscopy” is used which is very old technology. This process
is time consuming. So, it is essential to find new methods by which diagnosis can be done
in quick manner and in effective way.
 New innovation in TB control: As per study UK TB rates and number of HIV are
increasing it is very important to bring new innovation to control these diseases.
Prevention strategy for TB
It can consist of several part, the first step of prevention is to stop transmission from one
adult to another. This can be done by finding the people those who are having this problem and
give them proper treatment (White, Haas and Williams, 2012). The second part is to prevent
people with latent TB from developing their infectious. There is a vaccine which make small
contribution to prevent TB. Another method to reduce this disease is pasteurization of milk.
Education reading TB is very important. People those who are suffering from this disease
they should about medicine they are taking for treatment. These people should also know that
they should pass TB from one person to another. Individual should know reasons by which TB
can occur (Creek and Lougher, 2011). There are many action can be taken at home which help to
prevent TB such as house should be properly clean, patient should spend more time at outdoor, it
is good to sleep alone when person is suffering from this problem.
TASK 2
2.1Relevant research to determine current priorities and approaches to the provision of services
In UK, many people are suffering from HIV. It is one of the biggest problem which
country is having. There are main three reasons by which HIV can be spread to others
 Sexual transmission
 Through Transmission of blood
 Transit from mother to child
If these three risks can handle the HIV can be prevented in easy manner. Following are
following method by which risk can be reduce.
 HIV testing
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 Counselling
 Using condom
 family planning
 sex education
Since there is no medicine which found to totally prevent from HIV. Because of this
regular program and campaigns are conducted to increases awareness among the people. School
children need to have education about this topic. Their danger and prevention. All hospital need
to regular check pregnant mothers so that child is not getting affected by this disease. This is big
challenge faced by face by country (Dickinson and Glasby, 2010).
Palliative care is not cure care but it provides supportive care. It can be used any time in
duration of treatment. It can be used to give relief and promoting quality of life. It is important
when patients are in any medical condition. Palliative care for HIV patients consist of therapy
directed illnesses. Treatment provide comfort to patient and symptom can be control until their
life span. This care includes multidimensional and multidisciplinary services which consist of
HIV medicine, physical therapy and social work.
HIV medical care is part of secondary care. This care is normally provided by doctors
and nurses. There are multi-disciplinary which include specialist dieticians, psychologists and
health advisers (Du Pré, 2010). In England NHS is giving treatment and care to HIV patients.
This is primary local trust which is located at each area.
2.2 Relationship between the prevalence of disease and requirements for support services
The number of people having same diseases and characteristics. Prevalence refer to
statistical concept by which cases of diseases that comes under particular population at given
point of time. There are number of people those who are getting some of testes. That test doesn't
count in exact number of people those who are suffered from same disease. As like this many
people do not know that they are affected from such infected. Hence exact number of people
suffering from diseases should calculate by using model. There should be understanding about
society and ready for medication according to diseases which are occurring.
Most of people don't know about impact of certain diseases on them. For this it is very
important to educate them about effects diseases and soon get treatment to have treatment. By
this best method can be find to prevent difficulty spreading over the country.
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Prevalence considering HIV is every important issue which needs to be handle. So, this
disease should stop by taking prevention, educating people and take proper treatment for this
problem (Dye, Reeder and Terry, 2013). In UK, there is high rates at which HIV is spreading.
Many people are dying and it is transferring from one person to another as they not taking proper
caution. Many people are still not aware that they are suffering from this particular disease. So,
to take measure is crucial step otherwise the rate of illness of particular country can be increased.
Proper training, knowledge about this topic should be there among each citizen of UK. Knowing
about basic roots of problem help to target particular issues. This help to design program and
strategy to become effective and speedy. If there is partial outlook on condition currently
outbreak help to allocate resources properly so that right information can be provided to public.
It is very important to make strategy and implement that plan so that correct action can be taken.
Level of prevalence can suggest that which action can be taken by whole sector and organisation.
There should regular monitor and control so that effective changes can be made.
2.3 The impact of current lifestyle choices on future needs for health and social care services
People health are totally depends upon their lifestyle and behaviour. This is one of the
most common reason for today's illness. For example, diabetes type 2 is cause by overweight. If
person can manage their body by proper exercise and goods habits they can prevent them.
Because of busy schedule person is not getting enough time to maintain his/her health and this is
biggest challenge which health is facing now. Another problem is dining pattern of group. Many
people are not taking balance diet. This can have impact on their body for longer run. Another
problem is patient those who are coming to clinic they are not following same pattern in regular
manner (Frieden, 2010). This can disturb their medication process and because of this many
diseases can become bigger.
The culture is another aspect which affects health. It affects the perception, illness and
death of particular person. Culture affects patient communication by which doctors can identify
their needs and wants. There are many areas where equal treatment is not given to every patient
because of colour race and other reason. This issue should be address so that every person gets
equal right and their disease are properly address.
There is large impact of tobacco and smoking increase planning in future. Because of
large consumption of tobacco and smoking there is increase in campaigns. This campaign
promotes that protect is better than cure. Health officials know that people are taking nicotine to
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stop smoking but this is having its own side effects. So, this a challenging situation for them and
they want to prevent people from engaging in these kinds of activities.
It is very important to address both these issues together if now this obesity is unchecked.
There can be large negative on UK population. But if this can be control before time that can
decrease smoking rates (Glanz and Bishop, 2010). This problem of smoking is not touching one
area of health services but also impact on other health services such as anti- diabetes and obesity
campaign. This smoking problem influence other health problems.
By this future health provision planning become for rigid and tight. By this targeted goal
can be achieved. As time running the issues are also increasing. So, there should be no excuse
can people should work together to stop this problem.
TASK 3
3.1 Assess the health and well-being priorities for individuals in a particular health or social care
There are several factors which combine together to affect health of individual. These
factors are social factors, psychological, economic and environmental factors. These factor
affects human wellbeing. They are discussed below:
 Physical factor: Physical factor includes malfunction, hormonal imbalance, immune
system, disorder which exist in human body (Umberson and Karas Montez, 2010). These
factor impact on health of people. It can be blood pressure, high cholesterol, releasing
stress and genetic factors.
 Psychological factors: These factors includes psychological, behavioural and culture that
has impact on people health and this is one of the reason for illness of human being.
many people smoke because they think it can help to reduce stress. Stress is
psychological factor and smoking is unsafe for health (Hasson, 2010). There are many
activities which are related to behaviour and this have its own impact on illness and
health. Sexual intimation is one of the behaviour factors.
 Environmental factors: This factor is concerned about where people live and work. This
factor also impacts on health such water, air this can have positive as well as negative
affect on people health and their illness. Other than that, some biological, chemical,
physical environment which can bring health environment and prevent diseases.
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 Social-economic factors: In socio economic people income, education, environment,
culture, belief and value are very important. The person those who are having higher
income can do high expenses on their body so that it can be maintain. Good education
gives adequate knowledge about disease and treatments (Hibbard and Greene, 2013). As
people are interacting with the family, friends that also impact on their health and care of
an individual.
There are many issues that take place because of these factors. It is important to give
attention to these areas in order to protect people against this illness. The disease need to address
in their earlier stage so it can be handle in better way. Speaking about all the hazards care
community institution are there, who try to manage these problem and responsible for care
provision. The issues regarding to every age are taken in serious manner.
Every individual is responsible for taking care of disable people, they may not belong to
health and social care sector but they have to support a person when they need their help. People
who have knowledge about providing first aid must help a person who met with an accident. An
individual should try to inject positive social values in the society so people can develop helping
nature in their personality. One person cannot help everyone but one positive thought become
priority of a person than changes can easily occur in the society.
3.2 Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in a health or social care setting
Strategy are something which is made and prepare for the people according to their
demand and needs. Strategy is not having real ground experience. Policies are frame work by
which strategies and be implemented. These factors help to overcome from certain issues. There
is situation where ground level implementation is not possible as per giving guidelines. This can
happen because of economic, social, cultural and behavioural patterns of an individual. These
strategy and policy should be made according to area requirements. And defining them
separately to get better understanding (Murdoch and Detsky, 2013). The strategy which are taken
for smoking is giving positive results.
The strategy which are formulated are been founded effective in handling problems. But
still there are areas which need to be cover and unsatisfactory results are coming from these
regions. There is community those who are regularly monitor the situation so that they can
design new plans, strategy, policies and system. Overall the regulation which are set is giving
progressive outcomes. Policies relating to health and social care force medical service provider
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in complying various rule which assure quality to service to a patient. An effective system can
speed up the process of medical treatment and reduce cost of health service. Current policies
need some significant changes as they are getting outdated. Alteration is various systems should
be done in regular interval of time and government have to make tuff rule if someone commit
and fraud in health and social care sector.
3.3 Discuss changes that could be made to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals
Several changes need to implemented for HIV patient’s wellbeing. This change includes
in promotion the social and emotional of wellbeing of patients. The first change need to be made
in human behaviour. As from many years it is happening that the people those who are having
HIV are treated in bad manner. This can influence the patients’ health in more deeper way. It is
damaging most of body parts. Physical factors are another change which is required people need
to change their eating habits and try to take balance health in case of HIV person should use all
protection so that this disease should not spread to other person. Person should get aware and go
for regular check-ups (Nakanishi and Nakashima, 2014). In case of tuberculosis the should take
their diet properly and do exercise so that they can prevent this disease.
Psychological factor is another element which indirectly influence human health. It
affects sleeping, eating. Stress is example of psychological factor by which individual get many
other physical problems. Stress effect on memory and reduce immune system efficiency. This
can cause bacterial infection and cause illness. It is important to change the thinking of society, if
people develop nature of helping each other and specially a needy person good health and well
being of society can easily assured. Rules and regulation relating to this sector should be changed
continuously so people can get quality service in short time period.
3.4 Activities need to be implement to improve health and social care
There are certain things that need to be implemented so that disease can be control so it
cannot be spread. It is recommended that health campaigns should be conducted in school and
society so that awareness can be generated among people and children. The information about
vaccination should be given to these people so that they know about diseases and prevent them
by doing precaution (Puhl and Heuer, 2010). The next step to visit older people and check their
health status. By this if they gave any problem related to health that can be solved in given point
of time. There should be weekly and monthly report is prepared which shows about people
health. There are many new diseases which are coming every day due to certain infections. So,
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