Analysis of Health Promotion Models for Diabetes: Public Health Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of health promotion models, with a specific focus on the application of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to manage diabetes. The introduction establishes the importance of public health and various health promotion models, including the Diffusion of Innovation Theory and SCT. Part A delves into the SCT model, explaining its components such as self-efficacy, self-observation, self-evaluation, and self-reaction, and how these elements influence behavior change and self-care in diabetes management. The report highlights the significance of self-care education and awareness within the context of diabetes. Part B briefly touches upon public health emergencies and the importance of risk management. The report supports its arguments with relevant literature and provides insights into how the SCT model can be utilized to improve diabetes self-care practices. The report aims to provide insights on health promotion strategies and interventions.

Public health

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
PART A
Analysis of the one of the theoretical models on Health promotion in context to the specific
health condition.
PART B
1.1 By using the learning material from the given session along with own research, develop
short assay.
2.
Analysis of the logical framework approach along with evaluation of different stages and
importance of nutritional intervention.
..........................................................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION .....................................................................................................................5
REFERNCES...................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Public health is the consent and science of society or community safety, improvement
and health promotion through education and polices prevention (XU, WANG and YE, and et.
Al., 2020). This works on the promotion of the public welfare along with the assurance of their
safety and protection from disease and environmental hazards. This focus on the development of
quality and safe care benefits for population. There are the different types of health promotion
models such as Diffusion innovation theory , Social cognitive theory etc. these theories are
important because it helps to formulate, plan, program and understand the effective strategies
and interventions of health promotion and improvement. In this report analysis of the theoretical
model is done in context to health promotion . Along with the application of Ottawa charter for
health promotion in order to produce health promotional interventions. Disaster and emergency
management interventions are also consider.
PART A
Analysis of the one of the theoretical models on Health promotion in context to the specific
health condition.
Diffusion innovation theory – This is innovation model which in context to the public
health helps to research and use new ideas and new products along with better interventions.
This helps to evaluate the success and effectiveness of new health care practices and approaches.

Social cognitive theory - This theory illustrate the influence of individuals experiences and
environmental elements on person health and behaviour. This models is offering different
opportunities for supporting the through self efficiency , observation and learning. This model
is having some important components of consideration in context to behavioural changes such
as self effectively, behavioural ability, expatiations, self control ( Scott, and McGuire, 2017).
Some examples of SCT is CARES, which is involving the small group interventions for
the HIV and AIDS patients. It focus on the development of healthy behaviour among the
participants, by the skills development experiences. Another example of health promotion
model is HoMBReS- This model is developed with community based interventions in order to
reduces the risk of health diseases like HIV and other sexually transmitted disease, in context to
the United states Latino man of rural areas.
This report is involving the brief discussion and application of Social cognitive theoretical model
in context to the specific health condition Diabetes. This is the very challenging and difficult to
manage unwanted health conditions, this is the medical condition at which patient blood sugar
get increased and effect all other biological functions of body. Diabetes mellitus is chronic
disease and non communicable so that it is sentential to control the complexity of this disease
by the aid and adoption self care and interventions on the basis of theory. In context to which
Social cognitive theory is selected to manage the health care behaviour of individuals in context
to the diabetes, because this is one of the best theoretical model to manage the health promotion
programmes related to the patient health care and behavioural improvement. According to the
Nomahaza Mahadi ( 2020) This theoretical model helps to addresses the various issues and
complexities of diabetes. Such as it helps to reduce the morbidity and mortality diabetes
patients by the help of self care intervention effective application ( Lien, and Jiang, 2017).
Social cognitive theory is involving the effective structure or components of cognitive
process in relation to the individuals behaviour improvement. This theory was developed from
the concept of knowledge social acquisition. The main objective behind the theory is that
individuals can could manage their own thoughts along with the management of their behaviour
and regulation of their motivation. This theory is the grate source of task management as this is
helps to direct affectively along with proactive shaping of the task. In 2013 The social cognitive
theory became the important observation learning as an effective method for management of any
changes in behaviour according to the direct instructions. This theory is continuously used by

the researchers and educator's in different filed. Previously various researchers have proposed
the model of social cognitive theory in context to the forecasting of self care among type 2
diabetes mellitus patients. This model use and effectively applicable in the process of patient
influences in relation to their self care regime. This model is having various principles and
predictors which help to shape-up, assist and motivate patient behaviour by adding in the self
care practices and task ( Widianto, 2020). The important component of this theory is self
efficacy, expatiation, awareness , social support, self regulation and goal facilitators. In context
to the health promotion activities related to diabetes complexity management that is important to
collectively consider all these components of theory.
Concept of self care Management
In context to the specific health condition, such as diabetes self care is the group of task
and activities. So in order to understand the principle and main concept of the self care, that is
important to consider constructive view points such as individual self care and the relationship
of the self care with health system. Both view points are interconnected to each other because
person need to analyse that what they have to and what they want to do in context to the
improvement of their health along with the selection of health tool to maintain their health. On
the basis of health system, there are the large portion of the self care, because due to the bad
impact of chronic disease such as diabetes mellitus, there are the 80% of the patient who require
regular self care in order to improve the quality of life and manage the good health. Self care is
important process or concept of the health care system in order to promote health care practices
and self care intervention, which can further helps in the effective management of disease by
supporting the effective professional care. Because in professional care that is important to
encourage patient for supporting there care process through self care which helps to get best
results of recovery and improvement of quality and quantity of life. So this report the main
concept of health care promotion is self care education and awareness along with
implementation, which should be done by the patients. With the help of health care system health
care promotion model related to the social cognitive theory ( Middleton, Hall, and Raeside,
2019).
Diabetes Mellitus and self care
Self care in context to the self care and Diabetes Mellitus along with the diabetic
awareness is consider as the developing process of learning and implementation ability to cope

up with the disease in social context. As the self care treatment of the diabetic patients comes
with the support of various personal and social element so that is important to have effective
metrics for self care . The important activities of self care process is can be regular testing of
sugar, healthy diet , physical activities to get fit, patient should also posses the skills of problem
solving, copping skills. So in order to keep them educated and motivated about self care there is
need of critical model application which further contribute in good effects of self care in
chemical care process to achieve good results. Below is the brief illustration of the these
important components along with consideration of there role in self care concept of diabetes
( McCoy, and Theeke, 2019).
Self observation- This is the initial component of the model which involves the self
observation in context to make goal realization. This process of the theory involves the analysis
of individual progress towards goal attainment along with evaluation of motivation and
behavioural changes. There are the two essential factors of self observation regularity and
proximity, which means behavioural have to be observed in continuous and regular basis. In
context to this step of the SCT self care health promotion for diabetes medical conditions, this
model is involving the self care education and promotion through hospital staff, family and mass
media to the diabetes patients which can helps the patient to understand their goals its
importance and keep monitoring there work towards the self care goal. In this process
intervention of diabetes self care such as healthy diet, Daly life routine, exercise strategies is
provided to the patients ( Macdonald, Perrin, and Kingsley, 2018).
Self evaluation - This is the next component or step of the model which involves the proper
monitoring and evaluation of the progress in context to the selected goals and objectives of
behaviour improvement. This self evaluation is can be done by two different ways such as
absolute and normative. This step of the model helps to provide various strategies of self
progress evaluation strategies in context to their self care goals through which patient can apply
there cognitive thinking to evaluate normative and absolute results. Is the patients are clear about
their goals and methods of progress evolution then their cognitive learning of self care process
get more effective. Such as they can measure their progress in terms of outcomes numbers
which is known as absolute evaluation and in other hand patient can evaluate their progress by
comparing it with other patient which is called normative evaluation.

Self reaction- This is the third important component of the theory , according to which
individuals can get self motivated for further more efforts of improvement by re evaluating the
goals and react on that on the basis of achievements. If the person is having higher achievement
in their goal then they will raise the standards to achieve more goal of self care and
improvement. Health care programme getting effective success in the improvement of patient
self care approaches, by continually helping them to re- monitor their performance and goal
achievement by evaluating the standard criteria and levels of goal achievement. Such as in
context to the weight reduction this model helps to provide effective guidelines and criteria of
weight reduction and progress measurement. And if results are positive and effective then it
helps to influence the patient to take more effective self care actions ( Lent, and et. Al., 2019) .
Self efficacy – This component of the theory involves the consideration of goal achievement and
motivating factors, in order to realize their capabilities which further influence them to execute
courses of action in context to the self care and improvement. Previous to the starting of
cognitive learning and education along with the ending of learning process self efficacy is
important component. Which in context to the patient self care education and improvement use
to encourage them by helping in their previous capabilities analysis in relation to doing self care
task. Then at last after the self reaction this step use to realize their skills and self care
capabilities improvement. So in context to the diabetic patient this can be done by the proper
designing and presentation of self care skills and capabilities. Such as ability of doing workout,
ability of managing their own diet and self motivation.
PART B
1.1 By using the learning material from the given session along with own research, develop
short assay.
Public health emergency is the situation or difficult condition at which health care need
shifts into the emergency needs of medical services in context to the natural disaster. This can be
related to the outbreak of infectious disease, bio weapon attack, earthquakes, landslides etc. A
natural disaster is the most adverse event resulting from the natural process which comprises of

the natural elements like, microbes, water and air. So in context to the management of public
health emergencies related to the natural disaster that is important to implement and develop
different strategies and risk management guidelines in context to the past, interpreted and present
disaster and health emergences. Which can helps to manage present and future emergences with
pre-planed strategies and resources. Although that is not possible to effectively and accurately
interpretation the future health emergences but this can help to manage in some condition to
control the situation for developing new interventions and task plans ( Joseph, and et. Al., 2017).
Dealing with public health emergences and responding to the disaster and emergences-
Health Risks from Natural Events
There are the various element of the nature, complication and changes in which cause the
health and disaster emergency for example UK is the state comprises of four countries Northern
Ireland , England, Wales, Scotland and capital of the state is Landon. This state is having
various risk factors of natural disaster such as, it surrounded by the Atlantic ocean, Irish sea,
north sea and channel tunnel connection with France through largest island. UK is having the
history of different types of disasters such as man-made disasters and natural disasters by the
influence of changes in geographical location, climate, sea level rise. Some examples of UK
disaster history is Avian influenza in 2006, flood event in 2000 and 2007.
Vulnerability will vary between hazard
Some come vulnerabilities in context to the different hazard which effect all-over the
world is global worming, changing weather events and late spring all these factors are effecting
the agricultural activities and global worming is connected with various health emergency and
disaster ( Beeson, Whitney, and Peterson, 2017). Such as this can cause heat stress, lack of food
supplies and malnutrition, skin cancer etc. In the island country the global climate changes and
in the UK several Strom and winds causes several damages in buildings, infrastructure, vehicles,
human life etc. such as in 1987 two storms caused approx. £1.4 billion and £2.1 billion
properties losses. In various regions frequency of the flood event is increasing the changes of
social, physical vulnerabilities. Most of the people are living in the zone of flood risk, due to the
lack of education, knowledge and economical issues. And this increases the risk of natural
disaster, the lack of education and threat of the flood risk is there times more vulnerable then
higher population.
Emergences management programme, strategies and intervention

In context to the public health and disaster emergency response and management the
most important factors are action plan of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and
recovery.
Prevention- That is involving the emergency control and prevention related action plan
development and management. Which focus on the avoiding an incident or preventing the
incident from occurring. Such as deterrence operations and surveillance ( Santarossa, and et. Al.,
2018).
Mitigation- This is another important step of health and disaster emergency management, this is
involving the different measures to prevent the emergency along with reduction of emergency
bad impact. Such as some typical mitigation measures are zoning requirements, installing
shutters and constructing barriers, levees etc.
Preparedness- This is another important strategy of emergency management related to health
and disaster. This involves the educational and resources support for the public in context to
make them prepare for the risk management and emergency management related to the disaster .
This involves the mutual understanding, agreement and understanding along with some training
for responding towards personnel and concerned citizens. Which is also involving the process of
disaster exercises to reinforce training. This is also involving the all hazards related education
campaigns.
Response- This is other most important criteria of disaster emergency management, which
involves the action in context to the hazard impact and every situation and time. This involves
the objectives related to the saving of peoples life, alleviating the suffering and reducing the
economical losses. This may include emergency rescue, medical care, fire fighting, mass care
etc.
Recovery- This is another important step of the disaster management which is involving the
action plan and strategies related to the recovery of losses in order develop normal condition of
living. Such as restoring of basic services along with improvement of repair and improvement of
social, physical and economical damages ( Dziuban, Peacock and Frogel, 2017). Such as in
context to the pandemic recovery is can be related to the cure of population from disease as
much as possible and along with this the recovery of economical losses faced by the nation due
to lock-down and business restriction. In terms of flood that is involving the rebuilding of roads,

bridges along with some key facilities. Below is the explanation of some public health and
disaster management programmes and strategies ( Barbosa, 2018).
Strategies
Emergency Response and Recovery – In context to the management of emergencies
and disaster management system need the support of various agency or organization because that
is not single problem. This emergency management strategy is can effectively established by the
national framework by assuring the clear understanding of each and every agency roles and
responsibility. In context to the effective management of the emergencies response and
recovery is involving further more three level.
 Bronze level- This is the first level which collectively work with the agencies in the
emergency areas , this level take immediate steps to provide all possible support.
 Silver level – This is the tactical level which implement to achieve maximum efficiency.
This level of the disaster management strategy provide support to the bronze level of
strategy. With best commanding team and supportive.
Gold level - This is the strategic level which involves the strategic coordinating group with
golden commanders from best agencies in order to establish effective framework and policy with
silver . Selection of this level depends on the type of disaster and emergency ( Hong, and et. Al.,
2019)( Coles, and et. Al., 2017).
Programmes
Civil Contingencies Secretariat – The CCS is the disaster management program which
supports the Civil contingencies committee , which involves in the management of natural
disaster and terrorism. This program was establish in July 2001 and from that time this become
the leading emergency management organization in UK and it function under the Minister of
Interior. Some key objectives of the CCS is to response and preparedness in order to develop the
elasticity to emergencies and disaster by the action of challenges identification along with the
assessment and management of contingencies and future risk.
Lead Government Departments- This program is design in context to the different
numbers and categories of emergency situations. The list of LGD is update by the CCS on the
basis of their responsibilities and functions. Head of the CCS play important role in the
management of ambiguous situation related to the LGD.

Cabinet Office Briefing Room- This is also known as the COBR which involves in
the crises management facility of the UK government ( Gray, Hanna, and Reifels, 2020). Such
as in context to the situation of economical loses due to the adversely effected numbers of
business and government organization is the situation of crises which manage by the
government collective actions and maintenance activities through COBR. This programme
decision-making is done in the safe and special place where prime minster along with other key
authorities and intelligence officials come together. In order to provide the effective recovery
and disaster actions through proper decision-making.
From the above discussion it has been analysed that public health emergency and natural
disaster is cause due to the adverse impact of environmental changes and some natural elements
such as air, water and virus which in influence of changes and complication became the disaster
for population. So in context to management of public health and disaster emergency there are
some key factors (Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery) which should be
cover by the disaster and emergency management strategies and programmes such as Emergency
Response and Recovery, Cabinet Office Briefing Room ( Buor, 2019).
2.
Analysis of the logical framework approach along with evaluation of different stages and
importance of nutritional intervention.
Logical framework approach in context to nutrition
The Logical Framework Approach was developed in 1969. this is the best approach
which is providing the effective strategic planning tool for USAID. And the after that this
model is collectively use by the different community's for project designing and planning
( Abdulhalim, and et. Al., 2021). From 1998 WHO is incorporating this tool for the
improvement of accountability, transparency and for result based programmes management.
Various health care organization are using this tool to in context to the effective management of
public health by managing the proper nutritional diet for patients. This is the type of objective
oriented framework which facilitate effective planning by the clear objective, measures,
purpose, outputs and activities in context to specific project. It also helps to affectively monitor
all these elements of plan and project, with effective measurement criteria, verification and

assumption. This tool is organized in project matrix but previous to that, the most important
thing is defining of complete project elements and indicators, given below.
 The first step is analysis and identification of problem or objective area.
 In net another important element is analysis of important stakeholders involved or get
effected by the project. Such as patient, family, nursing staff, other health care staff etc.
 Another essential element is problem analysis by the help of problem tree and objective
tree.
 Then in further step analysis of the objective tree is important in order to identify key
action and task for project along with the development of SMART objectives ( Renne,
2018).
Stages of Logical framework approach
Goal – This is the first stage of framework which involves the process of illustrating overall
broader impact or objectives in context to which action have to be develop or select. For
example in-context to the patient nutrition level This include the complete issues and objectives
related to its improvement. Which aims to contribute for the improvement of overall health of
the patient.
Purpose – This is the net stage of the tool which involves the process of desired outcome
description, which should be achieve by the project. This is having the criteria of clear and brief
examples of nutrition level improvement. In context to the health care program of patient
nutritional level enhancement in body composition in context to the achievement of health
improvement ( Price, 2018).
Output- This is the third stage of the framework which include the criteria of clear and brief
project intervention strategy presentation and management in context to the selected outcomes.
That is involving the clear description of Desire outcomes and outputs which can be considered
as the result and outcome. Such as in context to the nutrition level improvement goal the
selective interventions is can be balance diet according to the patient body need. With proper
amount of nutritional breakfast, launch and diner. Every patient body composition testing to
represent the presence of appropriate nutrients then it can be considered as a output of the project
in context to achieve the desired goal of present nutrition level enhancement.

Activities – This is the fourth stage of LFA which is involving the brief illustration of task and
activities which are needed for the achievement of outputs. This should be clear with proper
specification. Such as in context to nutritious diet plan development and management project
key task and activities is can be development of balance diet plan, implementation of patient
specific diet plan in health care plan which can be further manage by health care staff such as
nurses and cooking staff who are responsible for accomplishing the cooking and eating support
task and activities ( Floate, Durham, and Marks, 2019).
LFA application in nutrition intervention
Project
description
Objectives Measurable
indicators
Verification
means
Assumptions
Goal Improvement of
the patient health
by enhancing the
nutritional
composition of
the body. Main
objective is to
provide balance
diet of nutrition
and increase the
body nutrition
level.
In this portion of
the Metrix
problem and
objective
indicators of the
plan is consider
such as in context
to nutrition plan
major indicators
are patient
malnutrition and
weakness
( Lövestam, and
et. Al., 2017).
Clinical test and
analysis.
Environment and
patients value ,
which can prevent
the modification
of diet plan.
Purpose Improvement of
the patient eating
habit.
Improvement of
the patient diet
The indicator of
this plan purpose
is importance of
nutrition in health
and physical or
Education and
health care
practices
information and
guidelines.
Patient family,
food allergy and
patient interest.

plan according to
the body
nutritional need.
biological
strength of
individuals and
important role of
the healthy diet
plan in health.
Outputs In context to the
project of patient
nutrition level in
hands mint output
can be the
increasing level
of protein
vitamins and
good fat in the
body of patient.
Along with this
some other output
can be body
muscles
improvement,
skin improvement
and various other
physical and
biological
changes which
indicates the
positive outcomes
of healthy
nutritious diet.
That is clear that
nutritional
components play
crucial role in
health which
reflect in the form
of healthy skin, fit
body and
muscles.
Evidence based
research and
health care
system
information.
External stress
and negative
impact of
medication can
prevent the
reflection of
nutrition positive
impacts on skin
and body.

Activities In order to
achieve all these
output some of
the most essential
activities are
testing of the
patient blood to
measure the
accurate need of
specific nutrition
in body. Then
make the
calculation
protein,
carbohydrate,
vitamins and fat
diet plan. Which
can be further
proceed with the
process of diet
plan explanation
to the patient and
staff for effective
implementation.
For managing
best and specific
diet plan for
patient. Important
code of conduct
and standards are
evidence based
practices which
can be done by
proper calculation
and strategy
( Wickramasingh
e, and et. Al.,
2020).
Biochemistry and
Clinical criteria.
Nurses and
working staff
behaviour and
resources
availability.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been concluded that public health promotion is the important
function of health care system in context to the success of there professional practices of patient
care. The health care program are also involving the goals and strategies of health awareness
and disease prevention. So in order to develop best health promotion model that is important to

implement some selective theories which provide the framework for development and
implementation of best health promotion model. Some of the supporting theories are Diffusion
innovation theory and Social cognitive theory. Health care system get effected by the various
natural elements in the form of emergency and natural disaster , which can be affectively manage
by four important factors that is (Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery). In
context to the effective care of patient that is important to develop best care plan and project in
contest to specific needs of patient and for that one of the best tool is LFA which helps to make
clear strategy and plan with proper consideration of project important elements such as goal,
purpose, output and activities.
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