Comprehensive Public Health Report: UK Health, Diseases, and Control

This report provides an overview of public health in the UK, exploring the roles of various agencies like the WHO, National Department of Health, and Local Authorities in identifying and addressing health and disease levels within communities. It analyzes the epidemiology of HIV and Type 2 diabetes, utilizing statistical data to illustrate their prevalence and impact. The report evaluates the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies adopted by the NHS in controlling diseases such as breast cancer and HIV, including surveillance, screening, immunisation, and education. It identifies current priorities for disease prevention and control, highlighting the significance of Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) calculations in assessing the burden of diseases and the importance of awareness campaigns and policy implementation for diseases like HIV and diabetes. The report underscores the need for a comprehensive approach to public health, incorporating data analysis, strategic interventions, and community engagement to improve health outcomes.

Public Health
Introduction
This report explains how the government and many agencies act to
find out the rate of health and diseases within the community and to
find ways to prevent diseases and promoting quality life. To achieve
an effective measure in this report based on UK'S public health, the
data and images, also accurately explanation of epidemiology and
cross-infection is developed and explained bellow. Furthermore, this
report also discusses the effects and causes of diseases and provide
knowledge and education to support the community in an
international, national and local level.
1.1 Explain the roles of different agencies in identifying levels of
health and disease in communities.
Some organisations provide services for health and social care in the
UK, also in other European countries and worldwide. Meanwhile,
organisations such as; (WHO), Public Health (PH) and Local Authority,
which provides health care services will be in the discussion.
*World Health Organization (WHO); although this organisation does
not support other organisations working within the community and
local healthcare in different countries. The (WHO), focuses in
underpin many healthcare sectors mainly in countries vulnerable to
epidemiology and where the mortality rate is high. When the is an
event that compromises health condition on a broad scale, such as
earthquake, virus’s epidemiology and other issues, the WHO can
intervene aiding communities, to control and radicalise the diseases.
They may do it by sending experts, medication and resources. Also,
by laboratory investigation, creating vaccination and the best

medication to tackle the health issue in these countries and the local
community.
*National Department of Health; The Department of Health (DH)
has the responsibilities to find ways to promote a healthy community
and to eliminate the inequality concerning health and wellbeing in
different groups of citizens. Doing this, they are promoting quality
lifestyles, implementation of legislation and regulation, agent
educators, awareness by signs or pamphlets etc. They also support
the NHS and local authorities with plans and resources to achieve
their aims and any emergency events.
Concerning to Public Health England (PHE), there is a system of
monitoring the quantity of a determined infection that arises in
healthcare within the community or national. This monitoring is
achievable trough regular surveillance programmes. Also, the PHE
provide education and advice to make the individuals aware of the
prevention and infection control, mostly in health and social care
setting.
*Local Authorities;
According to (Eugene M.) since 2012, the responsibilities of public
health was transferred from NHS to Local Authority.
The local authority plays the role of working together between NHS,
GP, Care Home, Agencies and more, to improve the health quality of
the community. To assist the local citizens with information and
motivation, reducing the unhealthy lifestyle such as drugs and
alcohol consumption. The local authorities also put into practice the
recommendations and policies created by the DH to benefit the local
community. The local authority supports local discussions, make the
budget of resources and how they should be used to the benefit of
public health.

1.2 Explain, using statistical data, the epidemiology of one
infectious and one non-infectious disease that is widespread in
their own country.
*Epidemiology is the sum of the factors controlling the absence or
presence of a pathogen or disease. It also can be described as a
division of research in medical science dealings with distribution,
incidence, and control of the virus of diseases in a population.
* HIV
To HIV grow or reproduce, it attaches itself to the cells and
multiplicity then spread through the bloodstream. It infects T-
helper cells / DC4 cells, in another mean, the white blood cells.
It is essential that people infected with HIV are aware of it
sooner and seeks the treatment; antiretroviral is a medication
designed to reduce the effect of HIV and help the infected
people live longer (Avert.org 2019).
Public Health is making progress toward the goal of ending the
HIV/AIDS epidemic. Due to advancements in both the prevention and
treatment of HIV. However, significant challenges remain. Basic
principles of epidemic control are described in the context of HIV and
identify some achievable goals in regarding to the control and
elimination of HIV mainly in specific populations and risk groups,
given currently available HIV prevention and treatment methods
(Jones J, Sullivan PS, and Curran JW 2019).
According to HIV and AIDS Reporting Section National Infection
Service Public Health England in September 2019; UNAIDS has set a
target of 90% of those diagnosed to be receiving treatment. Overall
in 2018, 97% of the 96,142 people living with a diagnosed HIV
infection in the UK received ART, compared to 82% in 2009 (PHE.
2019).

Public Health Statistic 2019
HIV statistic in United Kingdom 2019
*Diabetes Type 2.
Diabetes type 2 is one of the most long term health situations in
England.

When the pancreas is not able to produce insulin to control blood
glucose level, people will develop Diabetes Type 2. In another way,
when the cell is not using the insulin created effectively. In that
circumstance, the glucose level becomes high, and the person is
diagnosed with hyperglycaemia. This type of diabetes is often
associated with obesity and elderly age people (NHS Inform 2019).
The statistic shows that around 90% of people with diabetes have
type 2 diabetes, and it is more frequent in people of age 40 or more.
According to the (Diabetes.co.uk), about 415 million people in the
world have diabetes, an estimation of 1 in 11 adults in the wold. The
estimation also predicts that by 2040 642 million people will have
diabetes type 2 in the world.
Statistics show that 3.8 million people in the UK are diagnosed with
diabetes. Also, there is a prediction of 549.000 people with diabetes
but not diagnosed yet. Both diagnosed and not diagnosed summarise
an estimation of over 4.7 million people with diabetes in the UK, and
it mean that 6% of UK population have diabetes, and most of them
live in England. In term of type 2 diabetes 1 million people with it
does not know, because they was not diagnosed. 500 people are
dying weekly due to complication derivate from diabetes.

1.3 How effective are different approaches and strategies adopted
by NHS to control breast cancer and HIV in the UK.
Public health uses many strategies and approaches to measure and
control the incidences of diseases in the communities. Using these

strategies will target rate and effect of the diseases and helping to
implement criteria and priorities to reduce ills, incapacity and
inequality in the locality. Some of these approaches and strategies
are explained below.
*Surveillance concerns the environment. In the case of diseases,
surveillance means observing the surroundings and briefly reporting
on the impacts and effects of the disease. Surveillance serves to
analyse and demonstrate the level of health situations, so that help
different health programs to introduce to improve the health
condition in the community.
The surveillance of breast cancer is not accurate because everyone
does not attend the screening, so the effectiveness’ of surveillance is
just about those that go to the screening.
*The diseases also can be detected and controlled by screening in
the communities. Screening is a strategy that involves testing and
check-up without even any symptom of diseases. This anticipated
testing can identify the occurrence of diseases in an early stage, and
make it easy to treat, and avoiding more costs to public health.
Although this is an important method to tackle diseases in early
stage, many people do not care to attend the screening because they
are not feeling symptoms, so the screening program are not fully
effective.
*The immunisation makes people's immune system becomes
fortified against an agent. The healthcare provide immunisation in
vaccination mainly to the baby and children so they can be immune
strong to resist certain virus and avoid epidemiology. In some
culture, the parent may would not allow the children to be
vaccinated and let them susceptible to many viruses and illness.

*Education plays an essential role in public health. When people are
educated, they are more likely to understand the benefit of good
lifestyle and to adhere to it. Education also makes communities
aware of the harmful effects of certain habits and promoting and
encourage people to avoid an unhealthy lifestyle, such as smoking,
alcohol dependences, fat-foods etc. By many reasons some people
would rather ignore the awareness given to them, and so the
education will not have positive impact on them.
2.1 What are the current priorities for prevention and control of
diseases and risk factors in the UK?
Some diseases such as diabetes, cancers, HIV and obesity require a
priority in prevention. When the priority is set adequately, there is a
possibility of a successful preventive measure — and avoiding the
spreading of these diseases.
The Burden of diseases
Public Health addresses these problems with three explicit aims: To
incorporate non-fatal conditions into assessments of health status,
to disentangle epidemiology from advocacy to produce objective,
independent and demographically plausible estimates of the burdens
of injuries and diseases. And to measure disease and injury burden
in a currency that can also be used to assess the cost-effectiveness of
interventions, in terms of the cost per unit of disease burden averted
(CHRISTOPHER J. L. MURRAY).
To find out the impact of both premature death and disability in one
measure in the UK, it requires the calculation of Disability Adjusted
Life Year (DALY). It means that the time or years people with a
disability or with a condition and the time they died prematurely is

calculated to find the years of healthy life lost. This also will help to
find the alternative to prevent more occurrences.
So to calculate DALY, for a condition in the UK population, is needed
to find out the total years of life lost (YLL) and the years that people
lived with impairment or disability and its duration (YLD).
Figure: Age-standardised YLL, YLD, and DALY rates per 100000 population for all causes combined
and leading ten causes in UK countries, women, men, and both sexes, 2016
Both sex/YLLs UK Englan
d
Scotlan
d
Wales Northern
Ireland
All cases 9222 8941 11195 10080 10090
Female/all case 7365 7164 8839 7905 7750
Male/all case 11236 10864 13805 12423 12651
Both sex/YLDs
All cases 11035 11054 11054 10820 10827
Female/ all cases 11741 11773 11667 11451 11546
Male/ all cases 10324 10 331 10421 10188 10093
DALY / all cases
All cases/ both sex 20257 19995 22249 20900 20 917
Female/ DALY 19106 18937 20506 19356 19296
Male/ DALY 21559 21195 24226 22611 22744
In YLLs measure UK BY 2016 both sexes combined, the following
diseases; ischaemic heart disease, tracheal bronchus, and lung
cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, and Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.
The common causes of disabilities (in YLDs measure) are low back
and neck pain, subcutaneous diseases, and skin problems, migraine
and depressive disorders,

So the highest-burden of age-standardised DALYs in both sexes
combined was for low back and neck pain (1795 /95% uncertainty
interval 1258–2356] per 100000 population per year). And ischaemic
heart disease (1200 /1155–1246). In opposite, (DALY rates) was 660
(642–679) for lung cancer, 598 (550–640) for cerebrovascular
disease, and 519 (487–561) for chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
Although estimates are based on approximate information and
many assumptions are useful for decision-makers who need to set
priorities. The measure of efficiency has many assumptions and
should be used very carefully.
Concerning to HIV, awareness and education campaign should be
implemented. The Local Authority must work with some
organisations and trained activists for raising awareness on HIV/AIDS
prevention and control. The government should create laws and
policies that encourage practices that do not lead to discrimination
against people infected with HIV or AIDS.
When it comes to diabetes, for those who have risk factors such as
obesity but not yet diagnosed with the disease, they should adopt a
healthier lifestyle and consult the doctor, making regular diagnostic
tests. For those diagnosed with diabetes, prevention is also an
important factor in disease control and a higher quality of life.
Prevention goes through some key points that are fundamental to a
healthier life:
Understand Diabetes Adopt a healthy life, a balanced diet, exercise
regularly. Control periodically, monitoring blood glucose levels by
taking medication when prescribed by a doctor. And know how to
act to prevent complications in:
Pre-diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Figure 1: trend in the age-standardised mortality rate, males and females,
England, 2001 to 2016 and forecasts for 2017 to 2023
Due to many responsibility and expenses, people do not reach the
life expectancy, and those with fewer expenses can live with less
stress and more quality life and can reach life expectation.
The public health look for the cause before dealing with it.
The health and social care organisation have the responsibility to
protect the individual against many types of diseases.
Public health is committed to promoting good health and wellbeing
and preventing diseases and incapacity.
2.2 What is the relationship between the prevalence of breast
cancer or HIV in the UK.

Statistics show that adult women are more vulnerable to breast
cancer disease. Also, out of every eight women, one of them is
attacked by this circumstance. This disease tends to increase
symptoms. The current record of infected people shows a 3.5% rate
increase.
The provision of the service means strategic compliance made in the
United Kingdom. Its focus is to protect women prone to breast
cancer in the UK.
-The law emphasises on improving the standard of diagnosis as
well as medication facilities
-Strengthening the screening procedure
-There should not be any manipulation with the collection of
ethnicity data to address the disparity.
-The law also states to abide by the Government guidelines in this
aspect both by the patient and her family
-To participate in the research trial.
-The increasing number of cancer patients affects service providers
in the following manner:
Health disparity is observed in the UK. It is because of the
development of economic inequality among the society where more
impoverished people are deprived of getting proper treatment which
leads to a considerable difference between the affluent sections of
the community to the lower-income group.
There is also an ethnicity problem lies in the UK. It is observed that
two-fifth of the ethnicity people lie under low-income level, and it is
found cancer spreads rapidly in this community. Therefore, such an
increasing rate affects service provision.

In the case of practising medication for cancer treatment sometimes
prove to be very dangerous as a side effect is detected by applying
raloxifene to the patients. Therefore, when more and more cancer
patients use this medicine for their treatment, they also develop side
effects which affect the service provisions.
As earlier stated, one section of the ethnicity group is severely
affected by the increasing rate of breast cancer possibilities.
Unawareness and illiteracy prevail in this section. They are not so
interested in availing the facilities provided by the Government.
Instead, they believe in some unscientific ways to remove such
problems.
Moreover, they live below the poverty level; therefore, this
economic inequality tends to desist them spending money for
medical treatment.
2.3 What impact lifestyle choices have on future needs for health
and social care services?
Healthy as well as balanced lifestyle is required to live life smoothly.
In case of diabetes type two patient the following lifestyle need to be
maintained which has a positive impact over the disease.
-Avoid taking alcohol. If it is taken, then take in a moderate limit.
-Daily exercise is another aspect to keep controlling the glucose
level in the body.
-Avoid fast food and other ingredients which are harmful to a
diabetes patient.
-Control obesity either by walking, swimming, regular exercise or
going to the gym. (Shilts, 2011)

In the UK it is found that 17.5 % per cent of lower aged person like
children are held overweight. Not only children this syndrome is
spread among all generations. One statistics shows that the
prevention of obesity in childhood is required for two reasons
-It leads to the cause of diabetes type 2 disease
-If the percentage of obesity is 20%, it will probably touch 80% at
the stage of adolescence period if without applying any preventive
measures during childhood.
Therefore, considering the above need, some preventive measures
need to be taken which are:
-The family of the obese child need to change their eating habit.
This is essential.
-Family should encourage their children to exercise daily.
-The family should not allow their children to see television for an
extended period. The same applies to computers.
-The family should provide adequate fruits their children.
-Encourage children to take water instead of a soft drink.
Despite taking the preventive measures if it is not possible to prevent
obesity for the broad community comprised of children as well as
adult people the following measurements can be implemented.
-The arrangement is required relating to serving more healthier
food and beverages at public service station
-Such items should be provided within an affordable range.
-Supermarkets need to be established in all areas where a big
volume of healthier food and beverages are kept

-For promoting healthier food and beverages, the Government
should implement tax reduction on these items.
-The Government should implement necessary plan regarding
mechanism for buying food and drinks
-Restrictions should be implemented to desist, supplying less
quality health drinks.
Implementing all possible steps to prevent obesity, it is
recommended that proper treatment is also required for ultimate
protection as this obesity is the major source of having diabetes type
2 disease. Once an obese person is attacked with this disease he then
none but to take medicines together with daily exercise and another
essential measurement to control the glucose level in his body.
3.1 Asses the health and wellbeing priorities for people living in
London
The health and well being of London people have many different
priorities according to their state of situation. This health and well
being are prioritized in the London as the society faces many poor
health condition. The poor mental health can be effect to mainly to
the main communities which includes the residents and workers. The
mental health problem is widely spread with in the society. This can
be occur a long term conditions and others who are suffer from
these issue are include unemployment and pitiful housing (Gostin
and Wiley, 2016). The services can provided by the commissioning
partners which improve services by combining the mental and
physical health services. The senior members of London city council
provides the care by implementing the plan on suicide prevention
action plan so that the suicide attempt can be reduced. They provide
the services in the community so that the care services can deliver to
each and every person in an appropriate manner. They also promote
workplace by enhancing the well being of people and improving the

results of employment. It also includes the providing the support for
people who have severity of the issue, homeless people.
The health in all policies is a considerable approach which can
promote the health by engaging health values in decision making
with in the sectors. They provide the response to the illness people
who are suffering severity of disease. With this they can analyse the
requirement of strategies which can help in achieving the health of
people (Gulland, 2016). The city of corporation works for the
implementing the social and health care services but with in a
limitation of legal model. The health and well being priorities in
London is increasing as the organisation works on year plan in which
they analyse the challenges faces by the people and encourage
towards better health. It includes the priorities of children by
providing them food, safety, hygienic environment, etc. The plan of
children and adult social care services includes the priorities to
improve the health of children and young adults by promoting their
emotional physical health and well being. Their plans include the
provide the safety, security, emotional & social needs, diet, hygiene,
etc. These priorities are deliver from different organisation and from
with the help of different policies.
3.2 How effective are the strategies Systems and policies for
ensuring health and wellbeing of service user with breast cancer
and HIV/AIDS.
Strategies, policies, systems is for ensuring well-being and health to
the population of London which is effective on breast cancer and
HIV.
The Health and well being strategy effect the health of public,
the government organisation, social care, young people and children
outcomes. Which will make the most difference to the lives of the
people in the country. To supporting and acknowledging better work
or services already undertaking, while meet future challenges,
consider the ageing population, decrease in social unit income for

many families and members in the region. As well as unsure efficient
mentality is the fresh scheme of health and well being of UK which
has consequence to the breast cancer and HIV. The service provision
mention to the collection of input signal a process of production that
takes in a special organisational or home setting, and that track to
the conveyance of a ordering of intercession (Dowell, Blazes and
Desmond-Hellmann, 2016). The inputs for health service condition
are consumables, physical capital, human resources.
It measuring the quality or provision which is effective to the
health care of diseases like HIV and Breast cancer in UK. It is the
procedure of using data to assess the execution of health plans and
health care supply against determine quality standards.
Partnership working in public health that involve for
governance of a formulation of the systems. While focus on
partnerships to treat patients of UK who are suffering from HIV and
Cancer, which incline to be on goodwill, including high level of trust,
relational factors, structures, were essentials component of a well
operative partnership.
There are several priorities under this strategy are defined
through-
The severity or effect of the problems as well as the number of
people are accomplished, cost effective, evidence based steps can
gear the problems. Moreover, their aims to support business and
communities. The recent gap in provision or service that has
recognised the resources to rigging this health and well being.
Three new systems increasing possibility for encourage public
amongst the population of worker and taking on wider obligations
for health rising and improving joint working and desegregation to
provide better belief. It addressing the key health and well-being
situation like such people with suffering from cancer and HIV in UK
who are physically weak.

3.3 What changes could be made to improve the health and well-
being of people living in London?
There are lots of changes can be made in order to improve the
health and well being of people who are living in London. The lot of
organisation works on some criteria to improve the health by
promoting the health in every aspects. The healthy life can be
improve by changing the lifestyle of individuals. This things are
manages by organisation management which work on the systematic
plan (Finkler, Smith and Calabrese, 2018). Their plan includes the
activities in which they present the benefits and problems of any
substance. They also consider such activities in which they provide
the proper health education to the people so that they can take right
and appropriate further steps to enhance their health. It includes the
such activities from which the individuals can increase their moral
and begin motivated towards life. The efficient input from health
professionals can also help in succeeding in the improvement of
health and well being of London people. The free consultation can
also help in this as some people are not able to pay the fees of
professionals. This also includes the equality among all people in
which the care should be provided equally whether they are from
different state.
The health of individuals can be improve by managing the
different health factors differently. This includes the smoking and
alcohol abuse management, medicines management, mental health
promotion, etc. As each individual faces health issues according to
their situation. Some are having mental issues from their different
social and emotional status and some are suffering from their
economic status as they are unable to reach the medical services. So,
the management of medicine can be help to improve the health and
well being of people of London. The health can be improve by
conducting the activities such as games, debate sessions (MacKenzie,
2017). It also can improve by adapting the regular physical exercise
as the exercise develops or maintain the fitness of an individual

through out the life. There are lots of activities can also conduct
which promote to manage the weight or obesity among the
individual so that they can attain a proper healthy life. The physical
health can be achieve by promoting the health in mental health
sector as a lot of people suffers from mental health. So, with these
changes or factors the health can be improved.
3.4 Evaluate an activity that has been implemented to encourage
behaviour change for maximising health and individuals living in
London.
For altering the behaviour of an individual regarding the health
different acts and programs have been implemented to lower the
hazardous activities among the people and maximising the positive
health outcomes. Smoking Cessation Program is the program which
was initiated to encourage the people to quit the habit of smoking.
This program provided free smoking counselling and cessation
medication for the individual who seek to lose such habit. Over
100,000 people living in London received support from such program
and took initiative to quit smoking.
Breast cancer screening programme was implemented in
United Kingdom which motivated the women aged from 50 to 70 are
automatically being invited every three years for screening the
breast cancer in females. Such screening program aid in determining
the cancer at early stage which ultimately help in enhancing the
probability of thriving. Once the cancer is being diagnosed it can be
treated with proper medications and radiations, such practice results
in increasing the life expectancy of the females (Fee, 2016). The
change 4 life program is an another program which has been
designed to assist the families to make sustainable and small
improvements to their regular diets and day to day activities. The
slogan which is being used is based on the eating well, moving more
and living longer as compared to those who does not indulge in

healthy activities. This program motivates the family to adopt several
healthy behaviour like, watching the content of salt which is beige
used in the food. Another behaviour can be added to cut back the
quantity of fat content from the food and eating such food items
which have lower level of sugar and the intake of calories should be
in particular range.
Please work on these fields 3.1/ 3.2/3.3/3.4.
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IGNORE THE INFORMATION BELLOW
Is to be comparing between the prevalence of diseases
The prevalence of diseases more effective is such: diabetes, strokes,
hearth attack, cancer, cardiovascular diseases etc…

More resources must be given to the diseases with more
prevalence’s rate. Both breast cancer and HIV are a serious health
issue to the public health, but the breast cancer is more devastator.
More facilities may need to open in a hospital to meet the patient
with these diseases needs.
There diseases that cause many costs to the health care provider
because their, like infectious diseases and those requiring operation.
In 3.1 I need to asses = judge the performance of public health
In 3.2 I need to evaluate = comparing the best with the worse.
3.2 here we need to find out if the policies and strategies in place
are effectives or not?
Public health deal with Social needs: not individual needs, but each
individual need to benefit from social need strategies.
One of priorities is diets and so the public health work together
with food agency to make sure the food provided don’t have
additives
A cancer patient in the stage 4 better be in palliative care than
hospital
1.1 Eugene Milne, director of Public Health for
Newcastle/Published 31 May 2018)
https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2330

1.3 https://www.stuvia.co.uk/doc/529683/public-health-assignment-
2-factors-affecting-the-health-of-the-public-p3-p4-p5-p6-m2-d1-m3-
d2&r=0
https://www.locusassignments.com/solution/unit-2-public-health-
health-social-care-assignment
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-profile-for-
england-2018/chapter-7-current-and-emerging-health-protection-
issues
1.1 international level, national level, local level.
References
Books and journals
Gostin, L.O. and Wiley, L.F., 2016. Public health law: power, duty,
restraint. Univ of California Press.
Gulland, A., 2016. Zika virus is a global public health emergency,
declares WHO.
Finkler, S.A., Smith, D.L. and Calabrese, T.D., 2018. Financial
management for public, health, and not-for-profit
organizations. CQ Press.
MacKenzie, J.M., 2017. Propaganda and empire: the manipulation of
British public opinion, 1880–1960.
Fee, E., 2016. Disease and discovery: a history of the Johns Hopkins
School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1916–1939. JHU Press.
Dowell, S.F., Blazes, D. and Desmond-Hellmann, S., 2016. Four steps
to precision public health. Nature News, 540(7632), p.189.