Public Health Epidemiology: Disease Control Strategies and Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of public health's role in health and social care, emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion. It defines public health and its importance, highlighting the roles of various health and social care agencies. The report delves into specific public health initiatives in London, such as the London Sexual Health Programme and the World Health Organization's contributions. It explores the principles of epidemiology, including its goals, scope, and objectives, with statistical data on HIV and breast cancer in the UK. Furthermore, it assesses the approaches and strategies adopted by the National Health Services (NHS) to control diseases like HIV, breast cancer, and obesity, based on involvement, manifold strategies, potential, and appropriateness. The report concludes by outlining priorities and guidelines for patient care and mental health services, emphasizing the need for ailment identification, treatment provision, and adherence to government policies and legislation.

PUBLIC HEALTH

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INTRODUCTION
This assignment deals all the roles of Public health in health and social care department that
related to the art of saving people from several diseases. Different organizations and
associations are contributing their services in Public health. These associations and
organizations are carrying out different health analysis program in order to evaluate the risk
factors that are occurring in a particular disease and the causes of the disease are also
evaluated under these programs.
This assignment deals with all the measures and actions that can be used in the prevention and
removal of diseases from the society, as, good health of the society is very important for the
overall development. This assignment also deals with recovering from all the health diseases
and about all the organizations that are working behind this motive.
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Definition of Public Health
Public health is the art and science of preventing diseases, protecting human health through
organized efforts and prolonging life.
In order words, the health of the whole population, which is especially observed, controlled and
promoted by the state in order to safeguard the people of the state from various diseases that
may cause death (Baum, 2016).
Why Is Important
The work of public health and professionals is important because many of the people are
getting affected by various diseases that are causing even death. These diseases are affecting
the health of many people of the families, communities and societies (Rosen, 2015). If the
people of a particular area are health, then the overall development of that area can be
possible because the human being's mental and physical stability is very important for the
overall development.
Health and wellbeing
It can be defined as the absence of physical illness, mental distress and other types of diseases.
In other words, it can be defined as the combined result of social, physical, intellectual and
emotional factors that are responsible for the overall development of a country (Network,
2017).
Some health and social care agencies
There are many organizations, agencies, departments that are concerned with the health and
social care, European Union, National level health agencies, UK department of health etc. that
are working for the upliftment of the public health (Manners, 2017).
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Sexual Health London
London has the maximum occurrence of STIs and HIV and there are large numbers of
programmes that are concerned with this. The London Sexual Health Programme is one of the
London’s partnership boroughs that are working together over the last few years, in order to
deliver a new cooperative commissioning model for open access sexual health services.
It also includes services for treatment and screening of STIs and including HIV testing and
diagnosis. This program was set up for leading the transformation of the services model for
delivering better-quality public health outcomes and also to deliver improved cost-effectiveness
(McNulty et al. 2016).
Across London, clinics will be providing integrated sexual health services, bringing combined
services for infection and contraception. Approximately half of all people living are suffering
from severe health issues in London, so these types of programs are helpful and important in
dealing with such critical problems.
In the year 2018, new online, self-sampling services are also introduced by this program which
is helpful in delivering improved resident access and experience. On the other hand, clinic
accesses are still opened for all the needy people.
It is the first clinic that is offering the e-services and that is appreciated by a large number of
people in the London, as London has the maximum STI rate which is 65% higher than any other
region.
World Health Organization (WHO)
It is also playing a vital part in the removal of diseases and maintaining good health of the
London people, as it is working on the global platform for serving the people. WHO is providing
financial help to the people at the time of need and performing various functions towards the
patients that are suffering from the HIV and STIs (Arber et al. 2016). In London, there were
44,810 new diagnoses of chlamydia in the year 2014 and the WHO are also contributing in this
to a high rate in order to promote the public health among the people of London.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY DEFINITION
Epidemiology can be defined as the branch of medicine and under the medical science that is
dealing with the incidence, spreading and possible control of the diseases and other factors
that are related to health problems (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).
In other words, it is a scientific discipline with sound methods and approaches of scientific
inquiries at its foundation as it is quantitative discipline and a data-driven. It relies on a
systematic approach to collecting, observing and interpreting the data. It is a careful
observation of the number of causes that are registered for a particular disease in a particular
area.
The Goal of Epidemiology
Following are the major goals and purposes of Epidemiology (Autism, 2016):
 To study the course or natural history of a particular disease.
 To determine the perfect or approximate frequency of disease in the population of a
particular region.
 To identify and recognize the pattern of occurrence of a particular disease.
 To identify the risk factors and main causes of a specific disease.
 To evaluate the effective measures that can be adopted in order to prevent these
specific diseases (preventive measures).
Scope and objective of Epidemiology
It is the study of distribution and determinants of diseases that are taking place in the human
population. One of the main and growing cores of this methodology is that it includes all the
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principles of study that are used for designing and conducting all the statistical methods related
to the human diseases (UCLA General Catalogs 2017-18).
Epidemiology is helpful in the following:
 In collecting and analysing the vital records
 In monitoring the diseases
 In investigating the causes of diseases
 In the evolution of various health programs
 In providing the necessary data and statistics of a particular disease
Following are the statistical data, the epidemiology of one infectious and one non-infectious
disease i.e. HIV and Breast Cancer respectively that is widespread in the UK.
The statistic in the UK about HIV
In the United Kingdom, around 98,600 people are suffering from HIV disease in the year 2012
and around 25% of the total people are not even aware of this disease. At the starting of the
year 2012, the numbers of people that are suffering from the HIV disease are 6350, which
increased to approximately 128,806 at the end of the year. HIV was considered as the most
dangerous disease in the 80's and this disease comes when one is contacting with the people of
the below 3 groups: people those who are using the drugs injections, at the time of blood
transfer and through sexual circumstances (AVERT, 2018).
In early 90's, there is a downfall in the number of patients that are suffering from the problem
of HIV, as in the middle of this era, the treatment of HIV has been introduced. Hence, the
number of deaths due to HIV is reducing continuously i.e. it comes down to approximately 750
when compared to 1500 of the last previous year's ratios.
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The statistic in the UK about Breast Cancer
Breast cancer involves around 22.8% intrusive disease in women and around 15% in the overall
female’s malignancies. Breast cancer is at the third position in the types of cancer disease's list
that causes the death of various women and it was observed in the year 2011 at the first time.
In the year 2012’s statistics, approximately 11,700 women suffered this problem and even 78
men. In the recent years, the number of patients that are suffering from the illness malignancy
is increasing with a constant rate (Cancer Research UK, 2018). According to the observation, in
the UK there are around 332,000 individuals that are suffering from this problem and on the
other hand, 164,000 patients are recorded under the suffering of cancer’s list.
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Following is the assessment of different approaches and strategies that are being adopted by
the National Health Services (NHS) in order to control the disease like HIV, Breast Cancer and
Obesity, this evaluation is based on the below-listed standards (Bauer et al. 2014):
Involvement- there is various health organizations and associations that are contributing to the
assessment of the disease like obesity, HIV and Breast cancer. These organizations and
associations are having a group of experts who have a decent knowledge of good health and
involved in the detailed study of diseases. They invest their time and money in investing the
causes of these diseases and how these diseases can be cured easily and then they give advises
to the patients.
For example, NHS Breast Screening Program, NHS Cervical Screening Program and NHS Bowel
Cancer Screening Program are the three programs that are included in the NHS CSP for cancer
screening.
Manifold strategies- this strategy is a mixture of data that is representing the number of
patients that are suffering from the health problem like HIV, obesity etc. All the statistical data
of a particular region or state is taken into consideration for the reading purpose. After that,
different authorities are taking place in designing the strategies to tackle the health problem by
offering proper support to them.
Potential- proper assessment and evaluation of the approaches make the authorities and
people capable to work upon the study and also help them to remove the illnesses from the
patients.
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Appropriateness- all the strategies that are designed by the NHS in order to cure the health-
related problems, have to present a report on the quality check that whether this strategy or
policy is an appropriate treatment for patients or not.
Apart from this, the infectious diseases can be controlled by the 4C’s that are: Cases, Contacts,
Carriers and communities.
Surveillance, Screening, education, legislation, social welfare, environmental and Immunisation,
controls are also some of the approaches and strategies for controlling incidence of various
diseases.
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Control
Cases
diagnosis
notification
isloation
disinfection
treatment
follow-up
release
Contacts
observation
Carriers
detection
Communities
Epidemilogical
investigation and
containment

Different approaches and techniques are being given and supported by various health agencies
in order to support the patients who are suffering from the dangerous diseases. Other than
that, there are various priorities that have been set-up these organizations in order to prevent
and control the diseases. The current and primary priority is to give proper treatment to the
patients that are suffering from the disease like breast cancer, HIV, STI etc. and to get them
back at a good and healthy position.
On the other hand, there are many policies and legislation that are designed by the government
of the UK, in order to prevent the people from dangerous diseases that are spreading in many
countries and killing a large number of people (Liu et al. 2017). These policies and rules have to
be followed by both the care homes and patients and have to be considered in any case of
emergency.
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Following are the priorities that can be taken into consideration for making a patient cure under
full comfort and these are the guidelines that a manager can also take while performing their
roles and responsibilities in a care home:
 There is a need to identify the ailment.
 Necessary treatment has to be provided.
 The treatment depends on the illness’ risk.
 There are various patients that need surgery and drugs for their proper medication, so
provide them.
 Health charts that contain all the health instructions are distributed to the serious
patients.
Following are the various approaches that are followed by a provision of Mental Health Services
(Substance et al. 2016):
Mentally retarded patients are treated by various psychiatrists and psychologists in the UK, and
there is a continuous improvement that is observed in providing training to these staff that are
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