Public Health Epidemiology: Disease Control Strategies and Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of public health's role in health and social care, emphasizing disease prevention and health promotion. It defines public health and its importance, highlighting the roles of various health and social care agencies. The report delves into specific public ...Read More

PUBLIC HEALTH

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INTRODUCTION
This assignment deals all the roles of Public health in health and social care department that
related to the art of saving people from several diseases. Different organizations and
associations are contributing their services in Public health. These associations and
organizations are carrying out different health analysis program in order to evaluate the risk
factors that are occurring in a particular disease and the causes of the disease are also
evaluated under these programs.
This assignment deals with all the measures and actions that can be used in the prevention and
removal of diseases from the society, as, good health of the society is very important for the
overall development. This assignment also deals with recovering from all the health diseases
and about all the organizations that are working behind this motive.
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Definition of Public Health
Public health is the art and science of preventing diseases, protecting human health through
organized efforts and prolonging life.
In order words, the health of the whole population, which is especially observed, controlled and
promoted by the state in order to safeguard the people of the state from various diseases that
may cause death (Baum, 2016).
Why Is Important
The work of public health and professionals is important because many of the people are
getting affected by various diseases that are causing even death. These diseases are affecting
the health of many people of the families, communities and societies (Rosen, 2015). If the
people of a particular area are health, then the overall development of that area can be
possible because the human being's mental and physical stability is very important for the
overall development.
Health and wellbeing
It can be defined as the absence of physical illness, mental distress and other types of diseases.
In other words, it can be defined as the combined result of social, physical, intellectual and
emotional factors that are responsible for the overall development of a country (Network,
2017).
Some health and social care agencies
There are many organizations, agencies, departments that are concerned with the health and
social care, European Union, National level health agencies, UK department of health etc. that
are working for the upliftment of the public health (Manners, 2017).
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Sexual Health London
London has the maximum occurrence of STIs and HIV and there are large numbers of
programmes that are concerned with this. The London Sexual Health Programme is one of the
London’s partnership boroughs that are working together over the last few years, in order to
deliver a new cooperative commissioning model for open access sexual health services.
It also includes services for treatment and screening of STIs and including HIV testing and
diagnosis. This program was set up for leading the transformation of the services model for
delivering better-quality public health outcomes and also to deliver improved cost-effectiveness
(McNulty et al. 2016).
Across London, clinics will be providing integrated sexual health services, bringing combined
services for infection and contraception. Approximately half of all people living are suffering
from severe health issues in London, so these types of programs are helpful and important in
dealing with such critical problems.
In the year 2018, new online, self-sampling services are also introduced by this program which
is helpful in delivering improved resident access and experience. On the other hand, clinic
accesses are still opened for all the needy people.
It is the first clinic that is offering the e-services and that is appreciated by a large number of
people in the London, as London has the maximum STI rate which is 65% higher than any other
region.
World Health Organization (WHO)
It is also playing a vital part in the removal of diseases and maintaining good health of the
London people, as it is working on the global platform for serving the people. WHO is providing
financial help to the people at the time of need and performing various functions towards the
patients that are suffering from the HIV and STIs (Arber et al. 2016). In London, there were
44,810 new diagnoses of chlamydia in the year 2014 and the WHO are also contributing in this
to a high rate in order to promote the public health among the people of London.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY DEFINITION
Epidemiology can be defined as the branch of medicine and under the medical science that is
dealing with the incidence, spreading and possible control of the diseases and other factors
that are related to health problems (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).
In other words, it is a scientific discipline with sound methods and approaches of scientific
inquiries at its foundation as it is quantitative discipline and a data-driven. It relies on a
systematic approach to collecting, observing and interpreting the data. It is a careful
observation of the number of causes that are registered for a particular disease in a particular
area.
The Goal of Epidemiology
Following are the major goals and purposes of Epidemiology (Autism, 2016):
 To study the course or natural history of a particular disease.
 To determine the perfect or approximate frequency of disease in the population of a
particular region.
 To identify and recognize the pattern of occurrence of a particular disease.
 To identify the risk factors and main causes of a specific disease.
 To evaluate the effective measures that can be adopted in order to prevent these
specific diseases (preventive measures).
Scope and objective of Epidemiology
It is the study of distribution and determinants of diseases that are taking place in the human
population. One of the main and growing cores of this methodology is that it includes all the
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principles of study that are used for designing and conducting all the statistical methods related
to the human diseases (UCLA General Catalogs 2017-18).
Epidemiology is helpful in the following:
 In collecting and analysing the vital records
 In monitoring the diseases
 In investigating the causes of diseases
 In the evolution of various health programs
 In providing the necessary data and statistics of a particular disease
Following are the statistical data, the epidemiology of one infectious and one non-infectious
disease i.e. HIV and Breast Cancer respectively that is widespread in the UK.
The statistic in the UK about HIV
In the United Kingdom, around 98,600 people are suffering from HIV disease in the year 2012
and around 25% of the total people are not even aware of this disease. At the starting of the
year 2012, the numbers of people that are suffering from the HIV disease are 6350, which
increased to approximately 128,806 at the end of the year. HIV was considered as the most
dangerous disease in the 80's and this disease comes when one is contacting with the people of
the below 3 groups: people those who are using the drugs injections, at the time of blood
transfer and through sexual circumstances (AVERT, 2018).
In early 90's, there is a downfall in the number of patients that are suffering from the problem
of HIV, as in the middle of this era, the treatment of HIV has been introduced. Hence, the
number of deaths due to HIV is reducing continuously i.e. it comes down to approximately 750
when compared to 1500 of the last previous year's ratios.
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The statistic in the UK about Breast Cancer
Breast cancer involves around 22.8% intrusive disease in women and around 15% in the overall
female’s malignancies. Breast cancer is at the third position in the types of cancer disease's list
that causes the death of various women and it was observed in the year 2011 at the first time.
In the year 2012’s statistics, approximately 11,700 women suffered this problem and even 78
men. In the recent years, the number of patients that are suffering from the illness malignancy
is increasing with a constant rate (Cancer Research UK, 2018). According to the observation, in
the UK there are around 332,000 individuals that are suffering from this problem and on the
other hand, 164,000 patients are recorded under the suffering of cancer’s list.
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Following is the assessment of different approaches and strategies that are being adopted by
the National Health Services (NHS) in order to control the disease like HIV, Breast Cancer and
Obesity, this evaluation is based on the below-listed standards (Bauer et al. 2014):
Involvement- there is various health organizations and associations that are contributing to the
assessment of the disease like obesity, HIV and Breast cancer. These organizations and
associations are having a group of experts who have a decent knowledge of good health and
involved in the detailed study of diseases. They invest their time and money in investing the
causes of these diseases and how these diseases can be cured easily and then they give advises
to the patients.
For example, NHS Breast Screening Program, NHS Cervical Screening Program and NHS Bowel
Cancer Screening Program are the three programs that are included in the NHS CSP for cancer
screening.
Manifold strategies- this strategy is a mixture of data that is representing the number of
patients that are suffering from the health problem like HIV, obesity etc. All the statistical data
of a particular region or state is taken into consideration for the reading purpose. After that,
different authorities are taking place in designing the strategies to tackle the health problem by
offering proper support to them.
Potential- proper assessment and evaluation of the approaches make the authorities and
people capable to work upon the study and also help them to remove the illnesses from the
patients.
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Appropriateness- all the strategies that are designed by the NHS in order to cure the health-
related problems, have to present a report on the quality check that whether this strategy or
policy is an appropriate treatment for patients or not.
Apart from this, the infectious diseases can be controlled by the 4C’s that are: Cases, Contacts,
Carriers and communities.
Surveillance, Screening, education, legislation, social welfare, environmental and Immunisation,
controls are also some of the approaches and strategies for controlling incidence of various
diseases.
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Control
Cases
diagnosis
notification
isloation
disinfection
treatment
follow-up
release
Contacts
observation
Carriers
detection
Communities
Epidemilogical
investigation and
containment

Different approaches and techniques are being given and supported by various health agencies
in order to support the patients who are suffering from the dangerous diseases. Other than
that, there are various priorities that have been set-up these organizations in order to prevent
and control the diseases. The current and primary priority is to give proper treatment to the
patients that are suffering from the disease like breast cancer, HIV, STI etc. and to get them
back at a good and healthy position.
On the other hand, there are many policies and legislation that are designed by the government
of the UK, in order to prevent the people from dangerous diseases that are spreading in many
countries and killing a large number of people (Liu et al. 2017). These policies and rules have to
be followed by both the care homes and patients and have to be considered in any case of
emergency.
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Following are the priorities that can be taken into consideration for making a patient cure under
full comfort and these are the guidelines that a manager can also take while performing their
roles and responsibilities in a care home:
 There is a need to identify the ailment.
 Necessary treatment has to be provided.
 The treatment depends on the illness’ risk.
 There are various patients that need surgery and drugs for their proper medication, so
provide them.
 Health charts that contain all the health instructions are distributed to the serious
patients.
Following are the various approaches that are followed by a provision of Mental Health Services
(Substance et al. 2016):
Mentally retarded patients are treated by various psychiatrists and psychologists in the UK, and
there is a continuous improvement that is observed in providing training to these staff that are
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providing medical services to the ill patients. There are various associations in the UK that are
built up for providing training to the hospital and healthcare staff with the help of international
conferences by various surgeons.
In addition to this, various local government and non-government organizations also came to
light for providing treatment to the patients that are suffering from the mental problems.
Different frameworks have been designed by these organizations in order to give proper
treatment to the patients. There are many experts and surgeons that can help the NHS in
handling the crisis of health-related problems as these experts are having good knowledge
about the public health.
These associations and organizations are following different methodologies that are based on
proper strategies. These strategies are formed after analysing the statistical data of patients
that are suffering from the mental illness in a particular region. Here the data of HIV and STI has
to be taken into consideration at the most because these diseases are spreading at a high rate
in London. Apart from these, these organizations also provide financial support to needy
patients.
Improvements and up-gradations are done every year in the policies of health and social care
department as per the needs of the UK’s patients.
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Prevalence in epidemiology is the amount of a particular population that is found to be affected
by a medicinal condition in a particular area (Jaber and Halpern, 2014).
“Needs” in health and social is defined as the necessities or requirements of every human being
which is necessary for them to survive. There are various types of need for the educational and
medicinal needs that are to be provided to the people. For example: according to a research,
between 30% to 50% of the people in the developed countries and around 76% to 85% people
in the developing countries are not getting treatment for the mental disorders. So, here medical
needs should be provided to the people so that people will not suffer more in the coming years
(Stanley et al. 2016).
Apart from these, there are many people who do not even know about some of the dangerous
diseases (like cancer) that they are suffering from because there is a lack of education which is
also one of their prominent needs.
The disease can be defined as any condition which results in the structure’s or function’s
disorder in a living organism and it is not due to an external injury (Rajkumar, 2016).
Cancer
It is a disease in which the abnormal cells of the body divide uncontrollably and are also
destroying the body tissue. There are different types of cancer that are spreading in the people
of UK and many are dying due to this disease.
Following is the statistical data of the people who are suffering from the breast cancer in the
UK.
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Another figure shows the data about Barnet’s people who are suffering from breast cancer.
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Priority
The wide gap between available resources and increasing possibilities to diagnose and treat
different medical conditions has resulted in new attention to priority setting. The issue is
complicated and harbours several obstacles because of different valuations concerning the
needs of patient groups, the true results (patient benefit) of medical actions, and also
important ethical considerations.
Prevent the risk factor for disease
There are many risk factors for cancer and the most common of them include ageing, tobacco,
alcohol, poor diet and lack of physical activities, obesity, chemicals and other substances, sun
exposure, radiation exposure, some viruses and bacteria, certain hormones, family history of
cancer and they have to be prevented.
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The managers at the health and social care centres need to plan strategies with different public
and private organizations in order to deal with the cancer cases that are continuously increasing
in the country. Partnership working, monetary funding and help, medical facilities should be
provided that is a time of emergency. As the care homes, more funding is required as the
number of cancer cases are increasing and hence a large employer is also required which is to
be trained as per the new diagnostic techniques.
There is a strong relationship between the occurrence of a disease and the requirements of
services. For example, the mental illness is also having a strong relationship with the health
services needs that are provided by different organizations and associations that are concerning
about the good health of a patient.
The cases of mental illnesses are observed in many parts of the UK where the patients are
losing their memory and in some cases even committing suicides. These conditions arise when
the people that are surrounding the patients are not taking necessary actions for their cure. All
the government and non-government organizations need different resources for providing
proper treatment to the patients and in this case, they need a large number of medical
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equipment (Sandifer, Sutton-Grier and Ward, 2015). All the hospitals and agencies need a
proper workforce that is having advanced skills of providing proper treatment to the patients.
Different psychiatrist and psychologist are hired by the medical organizations that have a good
knowledge of all the diseases and can handle the critical cases easily.
So, it can be concluded that all the above-listed needs are interdependent on one another. As it
can be stated that, without experts and surgeons, the medical resources and equipment that
are cannot be utilized at its best in providing the treatment to the patients. In addition to this, if
there is an unavailability of resources and medical equipment at the hospitals and
organizations, then the surgeons and specialists cannot provide treatment to the patients. The
entire comprehensive approaches are useful for the mentally retarded patients and also for the
patients suffering from HIV and STI in London.
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There is a need to select a proper lifestyle by the people because it plays a very important role
in leading a disease-free life. This is because the lifestyle is affecting both the health and social
life of the people to a great extent and their future is also dependent on this.
Impact of exercise and relaxation on future needs of services
Every individual need to take proper care of their diets, exercises, work and relaxation, as they
are the main factors that are responsible for staying healthy. Proper diet plans have to be
followed even if the lifestyle of the UK’s people is busy and hectic. In addition to this, it is also
advised to workout which is important to avoid problems like obesity (Haluza and Jungwirth,
2015). 7 to 8 hours sleep is advised for every common man because the lifestyles of today's
people are getting hectic and they are not taking proper rest, as a result, problems like a
headache, stress etc. become common.
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For example, medically has proven that people who do a regular physical activity can limit the
risks of coronary heart disease and stroke, diabetes, colon and breast cancer, early death,
depression and dementia.
Impact of Diet on future needs of services
Many physicians and doctors have also advised not to take junk foods as proper diets because
they are the common reason of obesity in even small kids and youngster of the UK, as they are
easy to eat, but the body found it difficult to digest (Balk et al. 2015). The fast foods and junk
foods contain various chemicals and a low quality of oil has been used to prepare these food
products, hence they are not good for the health and are a curse.
For example, Around 1 million men and nearly 500,000 women have had a heart attack in the
UK, which are the cause of improper lifestyles and food habits of the people.
The government has also come up with various environmental plans through with the
surroundings can be kept clean and green. These are effective as many of the diseases are
taking place due to the dirty and bad environmental conditions.
The selection of good food and lifestyle at the present time will show positive results in the
future. Hence, all the public and private organizations are providing guidance and supervise the
people of a particular area so that they can be prevented by various diseases in future.
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The Health and Wellbeing Board of London is responsible for governing all the Health and
Wellbeing strategies and policies that are responsible for the health and wellbeing priorities in
the city. There are many partners that are involved in the representation by the Health and
Wellbeing Board of the city, they are, the city of London police and local involvement network,
the directors of environmental health and public protection and the elected members of the
London Corporation etc.
Wellbeing can be defined as a positive mental, social and physical state of a person and it is
much more than the absence of illness (Bell et al. 2014). In case, when a person is feeling well,
then they value their health and makes positive decisions in their life. In addition to this, the
risk-taking behaviour of a person can also be reduced with the help of a good mental wellbeing.
For example, risk-taking behaviours can involve excessive smoking and alcohol intake.
Wellbeing may also improve the working productivity of a person along with their educational
attainment.
According to the strategies of health and wellbeing, the people of London can take proper care
of their health and can also bring a lot of improvements in the overall health by giving priorities
to the following certain lifestyles (Stewart and Wild, 2017):
 By limiting smoking habits
 By practising safer sex
 By moderating the alcohol and tobacco intake
 By attending cancer screening regular
 By maintaining a proper and healthy weight
 By managing the stress level
 By taking a healthy diet
 By being physically active etc.
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Other than these, there are some other priorities of a person which have to be kept in mind:
 Good life expectation
 Disease-free lifestyle
 One should also avoid conditions and lifestyle that can lead to death
 Overall educational attainment
 Lesser unemployment
 Lesser economic sustainability and poverty etc.
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All the strategies, systems and policies are designed for ensuring the health and well-being of
the population of London:
The strategies of health and social wellbeing are influencing the public health, NHS and social
care outcomes which include all the outcomes of the young people and the children, that will
make the major differences in their lives (Brownson, Colditz and Proctor, 2017). Some of the
new strategies of the London’s health and wellbeing board includes, including an ageing
population, acknowledging and supporting the good work, reducing the household income of a
large number of families and uncertain economic outlook etc.
Following are the main systems and policies that have to be followed by the London’s board of
Health and wellbeing:
 Need to promote the public health among the worker population of the city and taking a
larger responsibility for good health.
 In order to proper better values, improving the joint working and integration programs
in the city.
 Need to address the key challenges of health and wellbeing.
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Following are some of the changes that can be made in order to improve the health and
wellbeing of London’s people (Stoddart and Evans, 2017):
 Limited use of alcohol, tobacco and cigarettes
 Adoption of physical activeness
 Adopting of healthy lifestyles
 Control pollution in the city in order to make healthy surroundings
 Control the Diseases’ epidemics by spreading information and communicating measures
 The need for Economic independence and sustainability
 The need of treating all the patients with equality
 Proper planning and implementation of health and social care programs at the
workplace.
 Signing up for more preventive measures that can be taken at the time of emergencies
and to save the life of patients at the care centres
 Providing proper infrastructure and technologies in the workplace along with the social
media and technological advancements i.e. in hospitals and care centres.
Above are the changes that can be made for improving the health and well-being of individuals
in a health or social care setting. Remote testing and diagnosis can also be used for the
treatment of cancer patients in the London.
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Activity name: Smoking Cessation Programme – Implemented to encourage people for quitting
smoking habits in London.
Following are some of the recommended treatments that are provided by the National Institute
of Health and Care Excellence i.e. NICE, UK. All these treatments either separate/combined are
proven to be effective in limiting the smoking habits of the people in London.
 Group behaviour therapy
 Counselling for individual behaviour change
 Therapies related to pharmacy
 Self-help materials
 Telephonic counselling and spreading awareness with the help of social media, TV, radio
and newspaper among the people (Chatterji et al 2015)
Activity name: National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training- implementation of
training modules by NCSCT
 Free mobile applications (under smoke-free)
 Providing free quit kits (under NHS smoke-free campaign)
 Offering Nicotine Replacement therapy (under NICE)
 Permitted email and text support (under NHS smoke-free)
 Free smoking consultants
 Ads related- stop smoking activities
 Face to face counselling on smoking activities
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Conclusion
From the above report, it can be concluded that the public health is very important for the
national development and it should be motivated by a large number of organizations. If the
people are aware of the diseases and have proper knowledge about their treatment, then many
of the lives can be saved easily. So, awareness programs need to be conducted in many parts of
the country in order to educate the people and to prevent them from diseases. Apart from
these, the health and social care’s organizations and associations need to provide proper
treatment to the patients at the time of emergency as the government is also participating in
promoting public health among the people.
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