HCR5001: Public Health Report on Obesity in the UK

This report delves into the complexities of obesity as a significant public health concern in the United Kingdom. It begins by defining obesity and its associated health risks, emphasizing the government's initiatives to raise awareness and implement policies. The report outlines the core concepts and principles of modern public health, focusing on awareness campaigns and policy interventions aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles and preventing obesity. It then identifies and explains key elements of public health interventions, such as calorie information, exercise promotion, and restrictions on junk food advertising. The report explores methods for evaluating these interventions, reviews supporting evidence, and considers the feasibility of replicating successful strategies in neighboring countries. Furthermore, it describes various evaluation methods, justifying the selection of a specific approach for assessing the effectiveness of the chosen intervention. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and recommendations for future public health strategies in addressing the obesity epidemic.

Public Health

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Discuss the concepts and principles of modern public health that underpin the initiative you
have chosen.................................................................................................................................3
Identify and explain the key elements of this public health intervention and how they would
be evaluated.................................................................................................................................7
Review the evidence that supports this intervention and determine if the intervention could be
replicated in the neighbouring country to the one it was carried out..........................................8
Describe ways to evaluate a public health intervention. Which method would you use to
evaluate this intervention and justify why..................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Obesity defined as excessive and abnormal fat accumulation which creates risk to health.
It is a complex disease which involves excessive amount of body fat. It refers to a medical
problem which can create different types of diseases and function with health problems like
diabetes, hypertension, heart disease and certain cancers. There are different cause which creates
obesity within individual and influence body weight due to taking more calories and not able to
burn those through different activity. This can lead to create obesity within individual. When an
individual take extra calories as meal, then access calories accumulate as fat within individual
body. Obesity is measure conversion within the United Kingdom which create high difficulty for
government to maintain this and to reduce obesity within people of United Kingdom. There are
different initiative has been taken through government by making policies, rules and regulations
and different awareness programme which can influence people to stay away from obesity and
make themselves fit (Chin and et. al., 2020). Obesity is the condition which can lead to create
different health related issues and different types of diseases. There is number of cases related
with obesity in individual body and can lead to create a health disaster for the United Kingdom.
To reduce obesity within UK people, government has taken different initiative and awareness
programme which can provide the information regarding obesity and provide the idea to get rid
through this. In this report, there is discussion about concept and principle of modern public
health. There is also a discussion about the identification and explaining of key element which
are involved in public health intervention and the way to evaluate those information. There is
also discussion about intervention which can be replicated in neighbour country for managing
obesity. There are also discussion about different ways for evaluating Public Health intervention
along with method which can help to evaluate intervention (Rossi and et. al., 2018).
MAIN BODY
Discuss the concepts and principles of modern public health that underpin the initiative you have
chosen
There is chosen initiative is creating awareness regarding obesity and making different
policies which can provide information and make aware to the people of United Kingdom to take
measures and initiative for their health to provide them benefit and to stay healthy. There is a
need to provide different type of awareness program regarding obesity. Government has made

different type of policies and intervention program which can provide high benefit to people of
United Kingdom for providing better health benefit. This policy and intervention program also
able to provide the information for taking healthy food to maintain a healthy body. There is need
to create different measures which should be taken for providing better health benefit to the
people of United Kingdom. In the recent time, it has been observed that due to impact of corona
virus, there was difficult for operating daily life activity and created the situation of lockdown
which force people to stay in their home for longer period. Due to staying in their home, this
make people not to do different physical activity which lead to create a accumulated of extra
calories in form of fat. This fat are accumulated and created obesity to measure population due to
corona virus impact during lockdown (Chen and et. al., 2017).
As per the concept of creating awareness within large number of population regarding
obesity which can help to create a sharing of information related with opacity which can provide
better initiative for the high population of United Kingdom. This can provide enough information
related with health concern for large population for maintaining their Physical health and staying
away from the obesity. By creating awareness, government of the United Kingdom can provide
the information to the large population related with their health condition and also able to
influence population for get aware towards their Physical health. By creating awareness program,
government can share different data which can provide the information to their large population
to that can lead to help them to avoid obesity and maintaining their physical health by using
different techniques. These techniques are generally eating healthy food, maintaining physical
exercise, different activity and eating less food or less calorie food and many more. There is also
need to avoid oily food or junk food which can lead to create accumulation of high calories as a
form of fat which can lead to create obesity in large population. It has been observed that UK is
fighting against corona virus infection and due to facing different health related issues by large
number of population, it is creating negative impact on delivering of effective healthcare services
to the large population. This create problem for healthcare professional to fight against corona
virus and to save their large number of population from the negative impact of virus (Christnsen
and et. al., 2018).
Due to accumulation of fat within large population of UK, this lead to create a different
type of health related issues and different diseases which commonly creates hypertension, heart
related disease and various type of cancer. These are some of the consequence which is due to

having opacity. NHS is fighting against COVID infection and they have the focus on providing
relief to their patients form corona virus. Due to having focus on the other different health related
concern and opacity lead to create a different type of Physical health issues. So, Health Care
professional are continuously facing difficulty to fighting against COVID because due to having
large population get disease from negative impact of obesity. This created a major problem for
the NHS and the UK Government. So, UK government has focused on to minimize the cases of a
city which can ultimately lead to create a minimizing cases of different health related issues
which created due to obesity. Due to having lockdown, rate of overweight and obesity
continuously grow with Children's and adults. This is not the recent problem, but it is creating
difficulty from previous years due to which UK government has taken different initiative and
intervention programme. There are major population who are facing obesity which created health
related issue as a major concern. So, United Kingdom government has decided to creating high
level of awareness regarding obesity and make different policies and intervention program which
can help large population to get relief from obesity and to maintain physical health. This can help
to provide effective health a to a large population of the United Kingdom (Kate and et. al., 2017).
Due to obesity, there is a high risk of a creating number of chronic disease which
includes heart related issues like stroke which can lead to cause of death worldwide. Due to
obesity, there is high chance of getting diabetes and associated condition which can lead to create
a health related issues in large population and can impact healthcare system negatively while
fighting against covid-19 infection. Public Health England has recently provided and evidence
within UK and internationally which can indicate that getting obesity is associated with
increased risk of serious symptoms. Advanced levels of treatment and hospitalization which
needs high level of healthcare professional for delivering health care services which is due to
increased body mass index of large population. Government has taken many initiative which can
introduce different new campaign for everyone to follow such a steps which can lead to create a
healthier body and provide evidence based tool for losing weight. They've also published for
National Public consultation for providing views and evidence related with obesity which can
create a negative impact on health (Anjali and et. al., 2017).
There are different legislation which has been made to clean the promotion of foods
which are having high fat, salt or sugar and need to be restricted. Some specific promotion type
product which can provide “buy one get one free” and able to encourage population to consume

their product. There are policy which can provide the information and create a legislation about
the banning on advertisement of such product which can lead to create a awareness about their
product which is having high level of fat and calories. Such type of advertisement has been
banned from the TV show and online platform before 9 p.m. These all initiatives has been taken
for restricting online advertisement which can create a attraction towards fast food and a high
calorie food.
Due to consumption of too much calorie by eating and drinking, leads to create a approx
200 to 300 extra calories a day by children who are already living with obesity or overweight.
Due to consuming such high level of calorie lead to create a different health related issue which
need to be tackle in effective way. Talking with such type of obesity, it's not just about individual
effort, there is also need to make the environment in such a manner which can initiate and
influence individual to stay healthy and consume healthy food for maintaining their Physical
health effective. It's hard to make healthy choice when individual is not aware about the calorie
containing within their food. To this, government has taken initiative for providing labeling on
the each of the product within a store, coffee shop and Cafe which can help to provide the
information about the calories which are consumed by their customer. Such type of initiative
lead to provide enough information to the large population which make them aware to consume
according to their need and avoid extra calories which can help in providing healthy health (Jung
and Kim, 2021).
There is a need for providing right information which can help you in dealing with offers
which are presented by advertisement about their eating product. These information can help
population to choose their healthy or unhealthy option. This is the one which can provide the
information to the large population for their healthy lifestyle and to avoid the situation of obesity
and loosing their physical health. There are different type of promotions like “buy one get one
free”, “buy two get one free”. These are such type of promotion which encourage large
population to buy more and more product with the help of this deal which appears like
encouraging population to saving their money by shopping more. This increases the amount
which spent by any individual on average basis and encourage to buy more for saving more.
Such type of deal create more attraction towards customer and make people to consume more.

Identify and explain the key elements of this public health intervention and how they would be
evaluated
There are different key element of the public health intervention which can provide
effectiveness and help in reducing obesity in the large population. There are some of the key
element are providing information about consumption of calories, spontaneous exercise, limiting
junk food advertising and many more (Zavala-Crichton and et. al., 2020).
Information related consumption of calories- There is a need to provide the information
to the large population about their consuming calorie by taking different type of food to provide
the information about the ingredients which can directly impact their individual health. Such type
of information can be beneficial for providing information to the large population about
consuming calories which can directly impact their health. Due to consuming large number of
calories can lead to create obesity which can have a direct impact on their health and lead to
create different disease and health-related issues. In such type of situation, there is need to have
the information about the consuming calories in the form of food and drink which need to be
appropriate according to individual. So, there is need to focus on needed calories for an
individual for consuming in the form of food or drink. This information can provide high level of
benefit to individual and large population along with country and world. Due to having the
information about the calories, which is available in a specific food. This can provide
information to individual and large population to making limit and taking a specific portion
which can help them to maintain healthy life and healthy diet. This information is highly
beneficial for maintaining Physical health and not getting obesity which can impact the healthy
lifestyle (Solbrig and Andrade, 2019).
Spontaneous exercise- It is highly necessary for making physical activity and
spontaneous exercise for maintaining physical health of large number population. Many people
have no any control over their eating which lead to create consumption of large number of
calories and lead to get obese over time. There is need to spontaneous exercise which can help to
burn access calories which are generally consumed during eating and drinking. Physical activity
and spontaneous exercise requires large number of calories which is generally burn out due to
different activity. So, this key element is highly helpful in maintaining obesity and controlling
over burning out the excess calories which has been consumed due to extra diet and consumption
of extra calories in form of food or drink. Spontaneous exercise can help to reduce the

accumulation of fat and helpful in maintaining healthy body. Due to exercise, there is burning
out of calories which can help to reduce the accumulated calories and preventing accumulation
of fat in body. Due to physical exercise, population can get healthy and active and there are
different benefit which can be there due to having exercise and healthy diet (Babu and et. al.,
2018).
Limiting junk food advertisement- There is also need to limiting the junk food
advertisement because these are one of the reason which attract and influence large population to
consume more calories than the required for an individual. Junk food and fast food contains large
number of calories and leads to accumulation of fat. Large number of calorie are consumed by
any individual in one time of meal which needed to be maintained. So, due to consuming large
number of calorie can create a obesity in large population and limiting such type of junk food
advertisement can help to reduce the consumption of junk food and help to enhance the healthy
food consumption and lead to healthy population. So, there is need to limiting such type of junk
food advertisement for preventing large population to get influence of this advertisement and
taking the junk food as a meal. Limiting junk food advertisement can help the population to
maintain their Physical health by not consuming on regular basis (Windle and Berg, 2018).
These all elements can be evaluated by over time which can help to provide the
information that large population is getting overthrew the obesity and able to maintain their
Physical health. Evaluation can be done by help of survey which can provide the information
from large population about their number of consuming calories. This evaluation can be done on
some regular time interval which can help to provide enough information regarding consumption
of calories and creating public health intervention regarding obesity (Gilmore and et. al., 2017).
Review the evidence that supports this intervention and determine if the intervention could be
replicated in the neighbouring country to the one it was carried out
According to Fukunaka, (2018), limiting junk food advertisement can provide enough
support for preventing obesity within the large population. This can be one of the effective
intervention from government which provide the result of reduction in consumption of junk food.
Consuming junk food is one of the major cause for consuming large number of calorie. With the
help of preventing junk food advertisement can influence population to consume healthy food
that can help to provide better Physical health and effective lifestyle. Limitation on junk food
advertisement can help to reduce the chance of getting influence towards junk food. Due to

watching advertisement on every interval leads to influence children and adult to make wish for
consuming these junk food. This lead to create demand and lead to consumption on large amount
and leads to create the high consumption of calories through consuming junk foods.
According to Bramante, (2019), spontaneous exercise can provide healthy lifestyle and
helps to burn access calories which has been consumed in the form of drink or food.
Spontaneous exercise can provide the effective health and helps to reduce excess fat and the
accumulation of fat from body. Spontaneous exercise lead to make large population healthy and
active to perform their daily activity effectively and they provide happy lifestyle. This can
enhance the quality of life and help large number of population to get healthy and keep away
from getting obese.
According to Vollmer (2019), providing information about consuming calories to the
people can help the individual to get the information about the consumption of calories which
they are consuming through their food and drink. This can help to create awareness regarding
consumption of calories and avoid excess consuming of calories. This can provide a healthy
lifestyle and making aware to a large population about their healthy lifestyle. It also influence to
consume healthy food and encourages a large population to maintain their diet by consuming
required number of calories which can help to seek healthy body.
There are some of the evidence which can support this intervention and helpful in
determining that these all elements and intervention are highly helpful and can be replicated in
the neighbour country of United Kingdom. These are the intervention which are highly effective
and able to provide a high benefit to reduce the obesity cases and promoting healthy lifestyle.
This should be carried out in a neighbourhood country for preventing large population from
getting obese and help to get a healthy lifestyle and healthy physical health. These are the
intervention which is highly needed to be acquired for getting healthy lifestyle and to avoiding
the cause of obesity. This can help to reduce the extra expense on treatment and medication
which is for taking healthcare services due to negative impact of obesity and related health
issues. Overall, it can provide high benefit and helpful in reduction in spending cost on different
health issues which generally caused due to obesity (Zahry and et. al., 2020).
Describe ways to evaluate a public health intervention. Which method would you use to evaluate
this intervention and justify why

It is necessary to evaluate Public Health intervention which can provide the information
that it is effective or not. There are different ways which can help to provide the information
about the outcome of the intervention. These ways are participation, test, data collection,
performance, financial reports, subjective and many more.
Participation- This includes completion, certificate, attendance and follow-on tracking
which can provide the information regarding intervention. This can provide information on the
response basis and cannot used for evaluating for the large population. This is not accessible for
large population and this evaluation process can collapse due to collection of large data which is
not suitable for this method.
Test- This is the evaluation method which includes pre and post test along with test
against control group. This can provide brief information about any population regarding
effectiveness of the intervention. In this process, there is need to collect pre data and post data
which can help to comparing with each other and provide the information about effectiveness of
the intervention (Hansel and Marre, 2017).
Financial reports- This is the evaluation method which includes a cost to budget, ontime
budget, cost per unit of service. In this evaluation process, there is estimation of cost to budget
which can provide information about the the expenditure on providing healthcare services to the
large population for providing treatment against this intervention. It also able provide the
information based on effectiveness which impacted due to outcome of the intervention by
making difference in cost to budget.
Data collection- This is the evaluation method which is highly suitable for large
population. This includes survey, interviews, questionnaires, checklist, feedback form. In this
evaluation method, there is need for time for collection of data of large population. This can be
done based on survey by meeting random people and asking different questions related with
intervention. This can help to provide the information regarding their health issues and benefit
from the intervention. It is also able to provide the information about the awareness regarding
intervention with the help of different questionnaire from random people and interviewing
randomly to the large population. This can help to provide average information about the
outcome of intervention. Due to having different method like interview, questionnaire, survey,
checklist and feedback form help to collect maximum data and information from large

population and provide average estimated data about the outcome of intervention (Bell and et.
al., 2018).
Performance- This is also the evaluation method which provide the information
according to decrease in health issues in large population and increasing in number of healthy
people. Through this, it can provide information that their effectiveness of intervention program
which is based on decrease in illness and increasing in Physical health of large population.
Subjective- This is the evaluation method which is generally based on journals,
observation, testimonials. These are some of the sources which can provide the information
about Physical health of large population. This help to provide the evaluation of the large
population based on secondary information (Lewis and Nigg, 2017).
For evaluating the large population there is need to use the data collection method for the
evaluation process. Data Collection is the evaluation process that can provide broad information
about the large population. This can be possible due to using different method like interview
from large population randomly. Survey from large population and different questionnaires
which can provide the information related with outcome of the intervention. Feedback form are
also able to provide abroad information regarding outcome of the intervention. All these
information collected together and able to provide brief knowledge about the response towards
intervention. This is also able to provide which type of category and how much population are
getting help through this intervention. It is also able to provide the information that how many
people get aware about the intervention which helped them to change their life and their physical
health. This method is most preferable method for evaluating Public Health intervention of large
population. This evaluation method is highly appreciable and more appropriate than other
evaluation methods (Karmali and et. al., 2020).
CONCLUSION
From above discussion, it can be concluded that obesity is one of the major problem of
world and United Kingdom is getting large problem for their population. Large population of
United Kingdom are getting obese which created huge problem for health-related issues within
country. There is need to decrease the cases of obesity because this is one of the major cause
which can lead to create a different health related issues like hypertension, heart related issues
and various cancer. There is need to avoid high calorie food like junk food and fast food. By
limiting junk food advertisement can play an important role in reducing consumption of high

calorie food by large population. This can help to reducing the consumption of high calorie food
and help to maintaining physical health. in this report, there is discussion about intervention
program and key element of awareness which can provide information to the large population
about physical health and avoiding consumption of high calorie. There is also discussion about
intervention program which can be helpful for neighbour country from reducing case of obesity.
There is also discussion about different ways for evaluating Public Health intervention.