Public Health Interventions: HIV Prevention Strategies and Outcomes

This report delves into public health interventions for HIV prevention, emphasizing the collaboration between public health initiatives and primary care. It outlines four key interventions, their principles, and ethical considerations. The report examines evidence-based interventions, such as sexual health education and digital programs, and their benefits within the community. It suggests redesigning interventions to improve quality and outcomes, addressing challenges like discrimination and mental health issues faced by individuals with HIV. Furthermore, the report discusses various evaluation methods for public health interventions, highlighting the importance of assessing the effectiveness of these strategies in preventing HIV transmission and promoting public health. The report underscores the need for comprehensive approaches that include education, testing, and access to treatment to combat the spread of HIV.

PUBLIC HEALTH
INTERVENTION

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PART A...........................................................................................................................................1
1) Four public health intervention working in partnership with primary care and their concept
and principles...............................................................................................................................1
PART B............................................................................................................................................4
2) Evidence based interventions and it is beneficial in community.............................................4
3) Redesign interventions that help to improve its quality and outcomes...................................5
4) Identifying different ways to evaluate public health intervention and which way would be
more appropriate to evaluate this intervention.............................................................................7
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
The primary healthcare depicts overall wellbeing of the people. Major goal of primary
healthcare is to encourage the public services catered for the society which can be widely
satisfactory and approachable for everyone within the society. The primary healthcare entails the
essential patient care services like common practices, associated treatments and other associated
health impairments, their analysis, counselling of patients, health related education. In addition,
the primary health care involves the collection and maintaining of statistical reports and the
medicine dispensing (Bandera and et. al., 2018). The National Health Services (NHS) in UK has
supplied the free specialist and primary health care, also they efficiently address the health
associated issuances or difficulties faced by community by providing effective treatments,
prevention, health associated promotions. PHC are grounded on the principles of health
promotion, their accessibility, other inter-professional cooperation, efficient participation of
public and usage of appropriate technologies. Primary health care also comprises and bring forth
treatments of diseases that a person is suffering through (Bianchi and et. al., 2019). This report
entails the discussion on primary healthcare to forbid HIV and their necessary intrusions.
PART A
1) Mention four public health intervention which is working in collaboration with primary care
and their theory and ethics
The public health can be protected as well as evolve with efficient utilisation of
interventive public health measures. This efficiently aids protracting distribution of any
infection and hazardous diseases. In addition, public health and good life quality can be
evolved and protected. Individuals then become efficient in bringing forth the health-
related prevention which is confronting the disease. Here, wellbeing is encouraged by
organising surveys aid them with information associated with their transmission disease to
public and other communities and other individuals (Bonell and et. al., 2020). HIV is one
of the sexually inherited diseases that occurs due to a virus known as Human
Immunodeficiency Virus and this is the most sexually transmitted disease around the
globe. HIV spread can majorly transmit by usage of used or shared injections, this can also
transmit from a birth giver to their baby or by encountering the blood of HIV infected
individuals. Till date, there is no evidences and effective treatment for the very ailment,
1

although some treatments involve the access to condoms, and sterile syringes for blood
transfusion, substance use treatment, antiretroviral therapies are also effective for this
treatment. Other intervention methods entail attending and taking HIV test and diagnosis
time to time to avoid any sort of infection and carnal learning to individuals specifically
the teens (Budd and et. al., 2020). In UK, the, major associations which aids in
accomplishing the successful outcomes. HIV Prevention England (HPE) is the
programmed association of public health care and primary care partnership that renders
proof-grounded the infection intervention. The major conceptualisation is to shape and
frame a good-defined and strategies for the general practitioners (GP) as well as proving
public effective principal bothers to render assessment procedures, also the contribution of
individual program inclines and benefits more to them. This then aided in preventing and
declining the disease spread and HIV rate in some local regions (Chu and et. al., 2021).
This also aided in supplying vital information to the public within the nation.
To encourage the GP and the leading health care medical practitioner, HPE provides
noteworthy prospects. The intervention successfully can be taken in action by efficiently
executing the above-mentioned steps. In addition, varied strategies can be utilised such as digital
intervention methods for determination and deciding their usage and evidence, predefining the
goals and targets of the intervention. In addition, the determination of alterations as well as
evolving, also delivering patient care efficiently (Eisinger and et. al., 2019). For instance, the
organisation can majorly execute the successful sex education intervention by effective and
strategic approaches. Education on sexuality can majorly entail the crucial part in intervening
process of infection. Learnings associated with the difficulties aid an individual in many ways
which will efficiently be helpful in prevention of HIV. An organisation should execute the digital
intervention by organising sex education programs (Gonsalves and et. al., 2018). This will aid in
measuring the range of public having the knowledge of sex education and their intervention. This
also clears out the myths that are associated with the HIV infection and the sex education. With
digital intervention program, organisation is efficient in setting up their major targets and goals,
and the necessary changes which is vital for objective interpretation. They then can efficiently
plan according to the requirements and according to the targeted population. They also chiefly
determine the all the behavioural principles and strategies before deciding the targets. This
effects the way the population reacts to the conducted program. The organisation effectively
2

measures the population who have participated and brings out the number of populations who are
not participating in those programs and this evaluates the very mindset and thoughts of the
population (Hayes and et. al., 2019).
They generally tend to frame plans and strategies to developmental modifications in
which is more suitable and acceptable. This brings forth the public interest of population in the
very program and public will then efficiently participate in the intervention process to decline the
HIV spread. General Practitioner should perform chiefly execute the intervention process taking
into consideration about the myths that the population holds within for the disease. They also can
effectively make public understand about the disease transmission methods via making them
understand the intervention process relevance and taking in consideration not hurting the
sentiments of the population. The need of having sex education to forbid the transmission of HIV
with other associated sexually transmitted diseases. Aside from this, they are responsible for
providing efficient information and knowledge that is vital for the intervention process of HIV
(Hosek and Pettifor, 2019). The organisation can use strategies for instance abstinence which
means not having sex with the infected partner, never sharing the utilized spikes, and utilising
prophylactics while intercourse. These major steps enhance the process of intervention programs
successfully and leaves behind a remarkable victory for the organisation and to the public health.
This way encourages the success of the and accomplishment of program goals easily. This
program turns out to be cost effective when population tends to understand the ned of sex
education and HIV intervention process. Diagnosis program can portray an essential role in HIV
intervention process through their effective measures and strategies (Hsue, and Waters, 2019).
This then encourages the public health care promotion among the population and declines the
rate of HIV transmission within the nation.
PART B
2) Demonstrate centred intrusions and it is valuable in public.
The testimony-grounded intrusions were utilized for infection intervention process. The
service provider renders such type of prevention methods among the population and impacts the
public health. Sexual educations are effective in HIV intervention program, the sex education
must be given to each child from the very beginning of their cognitive understanding and
3

abilities which would affect the social knowledge on the sexuality and the vital information
related. This education aids the public from any transmission of disease which is vital for their
health and social care. Sex education promotes and protects young adults from HIV transmission.
Encouraging awareness associating to HIV prevention within the nation is an effective way of
curing the disease (Huizar and et. al., 2022). This can efficiently be done by organising
programmes, related campaigns with the help of social media, seminar or debate in institutions,
colleges, and other universities. Via newspaper and additional internet access to information
about the HIV interventions is also effective measure of the very intervention process. Sexual
and reproductive health education tends to deliver positive intervention towards the spreading
HIV disease within the population. They set free the individual from causing any sort of disease
and giving them a healthy life. This also provides vital informations associated to the abstinence,
contraceptives, menstruation education, use of condoms to forbid any transmitted disease, and
also with informations related to sexual violences and their preventions. This evidence-based
intervention mostly targets the group that is more vulnerable and at higher risk. The schools must
entail such program to forbid the infection and foster vital education as this is mostly affects the
teenage and adolescents (Makhema and et. al., 2019). Furthermore, the youth is also very
indulged in seeking vital information and taking essential steps that would foster their health and
social safety.
The sexual health education and the intervention of sexual diseases is both vital as this
enhances the awareness in the local regions and among the society respecting the prevention and
control of diseases. This provides vital information regarding the intervention processes, about
the participants taking part in intervention process and population getting transmitted to the
disease to alter the abstinence intervention.
There are studies which depicts that comprehensive sexuality education programs which
aid in reducing the levels of the voluptuous action, sexual hazard activities for instance the
number of colleagues and the defenceless interaction with that partner (Marcus and et. al., 2020).
Other sexual education programs entail that declines the sexually transmitted infections and
adolescents’ pregnancies. The appropriate sexual education entails the delayed process of sexual
initiation among the individual, declined risk taking, and advanced utilisation of contraceptives,
and attitudes associated with the sexual and the reproductive health of the individual. Sexual
health education is a lifelong process of accomplishing and receiving information and forming
4

attitudes, other associated beliefs, and the values that such important health conditions. Sexual
health education essentially aids and promote communities to prevent spread of the infection via
prenatal woman to their infant (Mascolo and et. al., 2020). This also provides them information
associated with the usage of contraceptives (dental dams and condoms) among adolescents and
the other sexually active teenagers and adolescents. In UK, education associated with sexuality
are furnished for youngsters’ proceedings which was educated in institution along with other
universities.
In 2019, the relationship and health education in UK chiefly aims at giving vital
information to the children and education them efficiently about the sexual health. School
grounded programs and associated campaigns are arranged for youngsters to discuss about
inclines magnitude of HIV infection among the population and issuances wit unprotected sex.
These sessions and campaigns are vital for the children and youngster to let them know about the
health-related impairments due to the transmission of the disease. This session can majorly aid
the youngsters to intervene the process of transmission and decline the health associated risk.
The basic prevention methods can effectively aid in preventing the HIV infection (Miller and et.
al., 2018). This intervention process can foster the knowledge to protect the very health and
reduce the risk of pregnancies, information associated with unprotected sex and their demerits on
health and the risk of HIV infections. This vital information can be effectively provided by
communication and that communication should be accurate and effective for the populations.
The intervention campaign programmes for better public health and the use of communication
campaigns programmes are the vital process of intervention of the HIV infection.
3) Redesign interventions that help to improve its quality and outcomes.
There are several physiological effects of the disease, and they entail people living with
the HIV infected person tend to encounter numerous problems like discrimination, losing social
status and the other accompanied roles in the society (Nivette and et. al., 2021). In addition, there
are other psychological patterns which hindrances the mental health such as patterns of
relationships (intimacy), losing jobs and associated financial resources and facing issuances to
provide the required medications. Other social issues entail the poverty, stigma and exclusion
especially by assist groups is very aroused and uniquely baleful individual with infected HIV. To
overcome the situation and symptoms, the infected HIV can chiefly consult with medical
practitioner and health care professionals. One to one consultation and talk with doctors and take
5

can take advantages about infection of HIV through various sources and these camps also build
their skills of communication (Peres and et. al., 2019). The health care professional take note and
take necessary information about the HIV infection through various sources and these health care
providers must be efficient in their communication an interaction with the public. They need to
build up their skills and other required skills to manage the health and social care.
The HIV intervention certainly promote and encourage the sexual health education
among the populations. Every individual has the right to to be mentally, physically,
psychologically fit and sound. Sexual health and their education entails the major health
associated education which is required to attain the good health and good sexual health. Sound
quality sexual health education entails the gender equality, associated relationship education,
human sexuality, reproductive and sexual health. This impacts the health related sexual
education (Saul and et. al., 2018). Sexual education includes the education on sexuality, be it be
sexual health, right time of sexual intimacy, sexual habits, their desires and the right time to get
sexual intimacies as this is vital information each individual should know to avoid the sexual
infections. This education keeps the youngsters to seek knowledge associated with the infection
and sexuality to take effective decisions about the disease. This bring forth the understanding of
the transferable disease of sexually transmission diseases or unwanted pregnancies.
Women and girl are hugely impacted with this HIV infection for which intervention is
associated with the health education, information and other services are flourished. It is vital to
target group of people to evolve their reproductive and sexual health. This discusses the major
health problem which widely impact the young adults and the adolescents and their quality of
life. The major aim and target of public health care services is to encourage the safety and public
health to the population. There are varied campaigns and programs which are conducted to
promote the the prevention measures to the infection among the population. Targeting specific
population by providing them complementary materials for instance condoms, dental dams and
so on, majorly depicts the strong intervention focus. Furthermore, for treatments and prevention,
government can majorly entail aiding and supporting varied aspects of health care such as free
campaigning, directly contact to the patient, NGOs, free complementary resources are providing
and promoting to interventions related to the disease. Other aspects entails the sexual education,
free sexual health education and their preventive methods of HIV infection via contraceptives,
news articles, radio shows and advertisements (Traeger and et. al., 2019). In addition, to avoid
6

the infections, each individual must be vaccinated and approaches associating intervention
awareness, the effective treatments, preventions and controls within the population of the
infection. This will majorly impact the public health care of the population. There are responsible
citizen who actively take part in the intervention program to aid the situation of the disease and
towards the society. They tend to support the governmental methods to intervention and delivers
the adequate the resources to infected person ad patient out there. This fosters the services
associating to sexual health and are free for each citizen in United Kingdom.
These programs majorly targets the women and the rural people in comparison to urban
people as rural people are not fully exposed and open to women. They are not aware of the
severity that the infection and they wee ten explained about the interventions through sexual
health education, free complementary resources which the government is spreading fro infected
people. They also provide intervention information that are vital for their health and sexuality in
HIV infection through vital contraceptives. On the contrary, when people are aware of the
sexuality and has acquired efficient knowledge and information regarding the sexual health, the
quality life of population is enhanced and the diseases cause also reduces within the community.
4) Identifying different ways to evaluate public health intervention and which way would be
more appropriate to evaluate this intervention.
There entails two ways to assess sex education and public health intervention, the one is
qualitative evaluation and the other is quantitative evaluation. These assessments aids in finding
out the efficiency and the effectiveness of the conducted programs and aid in identifying the
required evolution in program. Qualitative evaluation comprises informal interviews with the
individual and organising effective counselling sessions to aid the difficulty in the person. This
assessments helps in knowing the perspectives of the regarding HIV prevention and about the
intervention program (Vansant and et. al., 2018). On the contrary, this quantitive evaluation of
intervention program entails conducting surveys, predefined questionaries to aid the situation.
This assessment majorly aids in determination of most impacted age group, the regions that are
affected as the gender too. This assessment also identifies the intervention impact on the
population and successful programs rates. Health care professional majorly provides information
regarding the intervention programs and the vital informations that is required for the population
regarding the infection and the other associated transmitted diseases.
7

8

CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be conferred that the public health intervention for HIV
holds an essential position in declining the HIV cases rates. This intervention entails the
population to have vital knowledge about the health associated intervention measures such as
HIV testing and their diagnosis, effective use of condoms, sexual abstinence and so on. This also
aids in promoting public health by utilising evidence-grounded intervention for HIV, and this
also encompasses better future plans. To prevent the HIV in UK, there is a HPE programme
which support population from this infection. By utilising this program, the major decrease in
HIV cases are reported in UK. This also evolves the quality of life and they could prevent
themselves from the infection entailing their loved ones and the pother future generation from
HIV and the other sexually transmitted disease.
9

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Bandera, A., De Benedetto, I., Bozzi, G. and Gori, A., 2018. Altered gut microbiome
composition in HIV infection: causes, effects and potential intervention. Current opinion in
HIV and AIDS, 13(1), pp.73-80.
Bianchi, F., Cohn, J., Sacks, E., Bailey, R., Lemaire, J.F., Machekano, R., Nzima, V.N., Ekouévi,
P.F., Makone, M., Odhiambo, C.O. and Chadambuka, A., 2019. Evaluation of a routine
point-of-care intervention for early infant diagnosis of HIV: an observational study in eight
African countries. The lancet HIV, 6(6), pp.e373-e381.
Bonell, C., Michie, S., Reicher, S., West, R., Bear, L., Yardley, L., Curtis, V., Amlôt, R. and
Rubin, G.J., 2020. Harnessing behavioural science in public health campaigns to maintain
‘social distancing’in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: key principles. J Epidemiol
Community Health, 74(8), pp.617-619.
Budd, J., Miller, B.S., Manning, E.M., Lampos, V., Zhuang, M., Edelstein, M., Rees, G., Emery,
V.C., Stevens, M.M., Keegan, N. and Short, M.J., 2020. Digital technologies in the public-
health response to COVID-19. Nature medicine, 26(8), pp.1183-1192.
Chu, K.H., Colditz, J., Malik, M., Yates, T. and Primack, B., 2019. Identifying key target
audiences for public health campaigns: Leveraging machine learning in the case of hookah
tobacco smoking. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(7), p.e12443.
Cruz, M.P., Santos, E., Cervantes, M.V. and Juárez, M.L., 2021. COVID-19, a worldwide public
health emergency. Revista Clínica Española (English Edition), 221(1), pp.55-61.
Eisinger, R.W., Dieffenbach, C.W. and Fauci, A.S., 2019. HIV viral load and transmissibility of
HIV infection: undetectable equals untransmittable. Jama, 321(5), pp.451-452.
Gonsalves, G.S. and Crawford, F.W., 2018. Dynamics of the HIV outbreak and response in Scott
County, IN, USA, 2011–15: a modelling study. The lancet HIV, 5(10), pp.e569-e577.
Hayes, R.J., Donnell, D., Floyd, S., Mandla, N., Bwalya, J., Sabapathy, K., Yang, B., Phiri, M.,
Schaap, A., Eshleman, S.H. and Piwowar-Manning, E., 2019. Effect of universal testing
and treatment on HIV incidence—HPTN 071 (PopART). New England Journal of
Medicine, 381(3), pp.207-218.
Hosek, S. and Pettifor, A., 2019. HIV prevention interventions for adolescents. Current
HIV/AIDS Reports, 16(1), pp.120-128.
Hsue, P.Y. and Waters, D.D., 2019. HIV infection and coronary heart disease: mechanisms and
management. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 16(12), pp.745-759.
Huizar, M.I., Alman, R., Arena, R. and Laddu, D.R., 2022. The path forward: Highlighting social
justice pearls in public health campaigns and initiatives to deliver equitable healthy living
medicine. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases.
Makhema, J., Wirth, K.E., Pretorius Holme, M., Gaolathe, T., Mmalane, M., Kadima, E.,
Chakalisa, U., Bennett, K., Leidner, J., Manyake, K. and Mbikiwa, A.M., 2019. Universal
testing, expanded treatment, and incidence of HIV infection in Botswana. New England
Journal of Medicine, 381(3), pp.230-242.
Makhema, J., Wirth, K.E., Pretorius Holme, M., Gaolathe, T., Mmalane, M., Kadima, E.,
Chakalisa, U., Bennett, K., Leidner, J., Manyake, K. and Mbikiwa, A.M., 2019. Universal
testing, expanded treatment, and incidence of HIV infection in Botswana. New England
Journal of Medicine, 381(3), pp.230-242.
10

Marcus, J.L., Leyden, W.A., Alexeeff, S.E., Anderson, A.N., Hechter, R.C., Hu, H., Lam, J.O.,
Towner, W.J., Yuan, Q., Horberg, M.A. and Silverberg, M.J., 2020. Comparison of overall
and comorbidity-free life expectancy between insured adults with and without HIV
infection, 2000-2016. JAMA network open, 3(6), pp.e207954-e207954.
Mascolo, S., Romanelli, A., Carleo, M.A. and Esposito, V., 2020. Could HIV infection alter the
clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection? When less is better. Journal of medical
virology, 92(10), pp.1777-1778.
Miller, W.C., Hoffman, I.F., Hanscom, B.S., Ha, T.V., Dumchev, K., Djoerban, Z., Rose, S.M.,
Latkin, C.A., Metzger, D.S., Lancaster, K.E. and Go, V.F., 2018. A scalable, integrated
intervention to engage people who inject drugs in HIV care and medication-assisted
treatment (HPTN 074): a randomised, controlled phase 3 feasibility and efficacy
study. The Lancet, 392(10149), pp.747-759.
Nivette, A., Ribeaud, D., Murray, A., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Hepp, U., Shanahan, L. and
Eisner, M., 2021. Non-compliance with COVID-19-related public health measures among
young adults in Switzerland: Insights from a longitudinal cohort study. Social science &
medicine, 268, p.113370.
Peres, M.A., Macpherson, L.M., Weyant, R.J., Daly, B., Venturelli, R., Mathur, M.R., Listl, S.,
Celeste, R.K., Guarnizo-Herreño, C.C., Kearns, C. and Benzian, H., 2019. Oral diseases: a
global public health challenge. The Lancet, 394(10194), pp.249-260.
Saul, J., Bachman, G., Allen, S., Toiv, N.F., Cooney, C. and Beamon, T.A., 2018. The DREAMS
core package of interventions: a comprehensive approach to preventing HIV among
adolescent girls and young women. PloS one, 13(12), p.e0208167.
Traeger, M.W., Cornelisse, V.J., Asselin, J., Price, B., Roth, N.J., Willcox, J., Tee, B.K., Fairley,
C.K., Chang, C.C., Armishaw, J. and Vujovic, O., 2019. Association of HIV preexposure
prophylaxis with incidence of sexually transmitted infections among individuals at high
risk of HIV infection. Jama, 321(14), pp.1380-1390.
Vansant, G., Bruggemans, A., Janssens, J. and Debyser, Z., 2020. Block-and-lock strategies to
cure HIV infection. Viruses, 12(1), p.84.
Willig, A., Wright, L. and Galvin, T.A., 2018. Practice paper of the academy of nutrition and
dietetics: nutrition intervention and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of
the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(3), pp.486-498.
11