Public Health Intervention Report: Analysis of Smoking Trends

This report analyzes a public health intervention focused on reducing smoking rates in England. It examines the effectiveness of health promotion programs, the influence of healthcare culture, and the use of both qualitative and quantitative data in evaluating interventions. The report highlights the success of empowerment programs in reducing smoking prevalence, while also addressing negative aspects of the healthcare system such as lack of patient risk consideration and club culture. It emphasizes the importance of patient-centered care and collaborative approaches in public health, recommending improvements in healthcare professional training and the elimination of discriminatory practices. The report also explores the use of qualitative and quantitative evaluation tools to understand the beliefs and behaviors related to smoking, and provides recommendations for future interventions. The report suggests that health professionals should be provided with proper education about healthcare standards to avoid the club culture and lack of consideration of risks to patients.

Running head: PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION
PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Q1.
Public health is the term that refers to the fact of the effort of changing the situation
that is improving the physical and mental health of the people of an identified population. In
case of public health intervention programs which depend on the facts of the observation and
evaluation of the situation and on the basis of that evaluation planning of the interventions
that can be able to eliminate the issue from the community should be planned. The planning
of the intervention program would be dependent on the time management, budget making,
man power formation and also measuring the adverse situations that can be able to develop
from the intervention program (Holliday et al. 2016). Hence, it can be stated that the public
health intervention is a vast area of care providence and it should be considering the fact of
the culture, race, gender, beliefs and the age of the community people. On this context it can
be seen that the public health intervention against the mal practice of smoking has been
addressed effectively in England. According to the recent statistical data the smoking rate of
the country has been cut down to 14.4 percent which was 14.9 percent one year before which
is a drop of approximately 175,000 people and the data shows a vast progress from 2011
from which the over two million people left smoking (Selbie 2019). The factor of the public
health intervention process used in countering this mal practice is the empowerment or health
promotion program where the people of the country has been educated about the adverse
effects of smoking in a large scale. Thus it has been seen that the cancer level of the country
has also been lessened along with the mortality rate. In this context the most the culture of the
people of the community has been evaluated for the beliefs of the people for smoking
(Dobbie et al. 2019).

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Figure: Smoking Rate in UK
Source: (Triggle, 2017)
However, the health care professionals also adhere to different cultures of care that
can be effective in the public health or hinder the noble cause of the intervention. In this
context it can be said that the person centred care or prioritisation of health is a culture that
helps in properly addressing the process of public health. The collaborative approach of the
health care professionals and the government of the country also play a crucial role in the
improvement of the care culture. Thus it can be said that the fact of the lessening the amount
of smoking among the people of England has been achieved by these two cultural aspects.
However, in the context of the health care culture in England it has been seen that the lack of
consideration of risks to patients is aspect of the care professionals that affected the health
care providence system in the country (Jawad et al. 2016). On the other hand the club culture
is a predominant factor in England that also affected the health care providence system as
well. The club culture prevents people to stand out and call for change in the system. Hence,

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it can be seen that the culture in the health care system can be very much effective in the
process of the public health interventions as well. Health care professionals should be able to
identify the risks of the patients and should be able to provide primary care to the patient with
utmost priority on the basis of the severity of the disease or condition of the patient as
mentioned in the NHS standards of health care. However, the mal practices in the health care
system of the country affected the process (Lancaster and Stead 2017).
Despite of all these factors the empowerment program and the health promotion
programs are successful in the process of the smoking prevention among the country people
as the now the lowest smokers found in England in comparison to other countries. However,
the fact of the club culture and the lack of consideration of risk to the patient are the two
predominant cultures which should be eliminated from the health care system of the country
(Park and Drake 2015). The process of the health care providence is important in the public
health intervention processes which would be provided without any discrimination. Thus the
health professionals of England should be provided with the proper education about the
health care standards. The mental concept of care providence with utmost priority should also
be developed among the public health personnel. The process of the public health
intervention depends on the factor of the improvement from any adverse situation affects the
public health collectively. Hence, the prioritisation of the public health and also the
individual health is an important aspect in this context so the public health professionals
should be able to address the process by means of incorporating the person centred care
approach. The person centred care culture is the process of providing support to the patients
with utmost priority thus the process of the smoking prevention would be provided in a
priority basis and help in the process of the life expectancy rate rise and mortality rate
decrease across the country. 14.4 percent which was 14.9 percent one year before which is a
drop of approximately 175,000 people and the data shows a vast progress from 2011 from

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which the over two million people left smoking is the positive result of the public health
intervention by means of the empowerment and the health promotion process (Selbie 2019).
The planning of the intervention program would be dependent on the time management,
budget making, man power formation and also measuring the adverse situations that can be
able to develop from the intervention program. Hence, it can be stated that the public health
intervention is a vast area of care providence and it should be considering the fact of the
culture, race, gender, beliefs and the age of the community people. The qualitative and the
quantitative analysis of the condition would be required for the better assessment and
planning of the program. The process of the empowerment of people for the smoking
prevention is an issue which should be implemented among the global population as well in
order to prevent the factor of the environmental maintenance and also prevention of the
chronic diseases arise from smoking habit. Hence, the prevention of smoking could be
helpful in the proper counter measure for the diseases such as COPD, myocardial infarction,
stroke and other diseases that arise from the mal habit of smoking. Hence, the mortality rate
of people can be lessened by means of prevention of smoking habit. Thus the cost of health of
the government can be reduced by implementing this process of empowerment properly. So
the public health care providers should be able to communicate with the government for the
proper financing for the campaign in order to aware people about the adverse situation (Paul
et al. 2016).
Based on this discussion it can easily be said that the intervention plan is successful as
the smoking rate is decreasing with time among the England people. Thus on this context the
empowerment and the health promotion plan can be highlighted as positive as the patient
centred culture and the collaborative culture helped in the proper intervention of the physical
and mental health of the people of the country (Sherratt et al. 2015). However, the
government and the health care institutions should be able to educate the health care

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professionals to develop the insight about the proper care to the people and try to avoid the
club culture. They also should not adhere to the factor of the lack of consideration of risks to
patients and try to avoid this culture as well in order to provide proper care to the patients.
Hence, it can be stated that there is a good and bad side of the cultures occur to have a great
impact over the people of the country. Thus the need of the empowerment program for the
health care professionals also required in order to develop a proper health care set up for the
country people. The NHS and the WHO standards of health care should also be followed in
order to avoid these issues in the health care set up that would affect the process of health
intervention providence to the people of the country (Peirson et al. 2016).
Based on this discussion it can be said that the need of the health globalised or
international health care providence to the patients the health care professionals should be
able to eliminate the discrimination and provide equal care to all the people. Hence, the factor
of the patient centred approach and the equity of care are the factors that should be
implemented in the public health intervention processes simultaneously in order to address all
the negative effects of the chronic diseases and the habits that affect the health and the
environment of the people of the country. On the other hand the collaboration of the health
care professionals should be improved in order to provide a better care and address the client
satisfaction on a priority basis (Polosa and Caponnetto 2017).

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Figure: Club Culture
Source: (nhs.uk, 2019)
Q2.
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation would be the tools that could be helpful in the
knowledge development about the situation of the adverse conditions of a certain disease or
habit among the people of the community (Creswell and Creswell 2017). In case of the
extensive smoking among the adults the qualitative data collection with the open ended
questionnaire would help the researcher in the knowledge development about the feelings and
the beliefs of the people on this context. On the basis of the qualitative data the public health
providers would be able to strategies the process of the health promotion and the health
awareness program for decreasing the rate of the smoking among the people. On the other
hand the quantitative data that is the statistical data about the rate of smoking or number of
smokers in the country, rate of mortality from excessive smoking, disease rate arise from
smoking in the country and others as well would help in the quantification of the issue. Thus

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on the basis of these two data the public health intervention plan can be developed. The
sampling process however, in this research process would be the convenient sampling that
would be depending on the age, smoking rate and other aspects of the populations (Palinkas
et al. 2015). Based on this evaluation the strategies and the budget along with the time frame
of the process would be planned. After proceeding with the process the implementation of the
health intervention would also be calculated on the basis of the quantitative data collection
that is the decrease in smoking rate within a specific time. The quantitative data would be
collected in a regular interval for more acute knowledge development about the positive
effects of the program and the negative effect as well. On the other hand the target population
would be quantitatively studied as well for the knowledge development about the beliefs and
the mentality of the people are changing in the positive direction or not. Thus the qualitative
and the quantitative data collection are the tools for the proper evaluation for the situational
knowledge and the knowledge development about the outcome of the strategy developed for
eliminating the factors that are adversely affecting the environment and the human life. The
life expectancy rate of a country would be negated if the smoking rate is high as it affects
many physiological parts of the human body and leads to death. The factor of the smoking
should be decreased in order to prevent the adverse health situations as well. Hence, the
regular evaluation of the society for the knowledge about the smoking rate in the country and
the effect of smoking on the smokers and the non smokers should be collected in order to
counter the negative effect of smoking. The qualitative and quantitative data collection would
be very much useful in any kind of research however, the proper sampling would be needed
for the selection of the population for the empowerment and health promotion plans by the
public health providers. In case of smoking in England the data about the rate of smoking
have been developed from the quantitative data collection method and also the decrease in the
smoking rate also collected from the same. The regular data collection and evaluation

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properly shows the decreasing rate of the mal habit of the people. It also provides the
knowledge about the changes in the mental aspect of people about smoking and adhering to
the healthy habits that can be able to change the situation for them. The qualitative data
collection on the other hand helps in the knowledge development about the process of the
knowledge development of people about the factor of smoking and other bad habits and the
effects of these problems (McCusker and Gunaydin 2015). The empowerment program is
quite successful in the context of England population as the quantitative data refers to the
positive aspect of the program in a short period of time. Hence, it can be stated that the
quantitative data should be collected in the future for the better outcome analysis of the
program and the health intervention plans set up by the public health providers in this
context. Based on this discussion it can be stated that the social health problems should be
evaluated with the priority basis and the qualitative and the quantitative data should be
collected for the better assessment of the situation than the secondary data collection
(Rahman 2017).
Figure: Qualitative and Quantitative research approach
Source: (McCusker and Gunaydin 2015)

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Q3.
In terms of the public health intervention the ethical consideration should be
considered as the highest priority as it impacts over the mental condition of the target
population. The factor of the research or the evaluation of the condition of the community by
means of the qualitative and quantitative way the interview and survey should be done with
the consent of the government and the respondent as well (Rump et al. 2017). Hence, the
factor of the autonomy and the privacy should be considered with the highest priority. The
autonomy is the factor that refers to the factor of the rights of an individual and that should be
the primary factor in the public health providence and the interview process as well. On the
other hand the privacy is another factor that should also be maintained as the data collected
from any individual should not be disclosed to any other entity (Vayena et al. 2015). The
factor of these two ethical considerations is the most effective factor in the process of the
intervention that is the empowerment and the health promotion against the smoking to the
England population. On the other hand the process of the health care providence should be
able to consider the factor of the emotional factor of the people and should not hurt the
feelings of the target population thus the autonomy also required to be considered in highest
priority (Noar et al. 2016).
On the other hand it can be stated that the intervention process that is the
empowerment and the health promotion process for the smoking prevention is a successful
factor in England as the rate of smoking decreased in a rapid amount. Hence, the process of
the empowerment about the effects of the smoking would be adopted by other nations as well
to prevent adverse condition of excessive smoking among the adults and the adolescents.
Qualitative and the quantitative data collection on the other hand should be considered that
can be used as the factor of pre and post evaluation of the situation of the population of the
people. The factor of the intervention against the social issue of smoking is an aspect of law

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and regulation development as well in order to prevent the mass effect over the environment
as well as on the human mortality and morbidity rate. Thus the factor of legislative act
development against the smoking is also a factor that should be considered in terms of the
global implementation of the empowerment against the smoking effects. The prevention of
the smoking would be dependent on the factors of the empowerment and the legislative act
development. Thus the qualitative and the quantitative evaluation should be used in this
aspect as well for the knowledge development about the process of the legislation
implementation (Ness 2015). The factor of the reduction of the smoking rate on the other
hand closely related to the mental aspect of human as it is an emotional prospect of human
being as well. The addiction and the ill effects of the addiction should be conveyed in a way
that would impact over the minds of all people including the smokers and non smokers so
that the society would understand the actual situation of this issue. The aspect of the
empowerment and the health promotion should be adopted in the global context especially in
the third world countries in order to provide the proper knowledge about the effects of the
smoking and also impact of this habit on the future generation. However, the financial aspect
of this campaign should be backed up for the campaign to be successful across the world and
the WHO regulations should be maintained as well in order to obtain the expected outcome in
a positive way (Giles et al. 2016). The process should be considering all the ethical factors as
well in order to impact over the minds of the target people along with the non smokers so that
the smoking rate of the world reduce in a rapid amount in a short period of time. On the basis
of this context it can be stated that the factor of the public health intervention should be
followed on the basis of the community however, the culture and the financial aspect along
with the ethics of the health care should be followed in a priority basis (Fleetwood 2017).

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Q4.
Effectiveness of the intervention refers to the factor of the positive outcome of the
health intervention program. On this context it can be said that if the life expectancy rate
increase from the intervention it can be said that the intervention program is successful. Other
than this the mortality rate decrease also refers to the factor of the effectiveness of the
process. On the context of the smoking rate of England the number of the smokers should be
decreased after the implementation of the empowerment or the health promotion campaign
across the country (Lange et al. 2018). Hence, the rate of the smokers can be evaluated by the
quantitative data collection process and the qualitative data collection process as well. In this
case the number smokers decreased in a short amount of time thus the process of the smoking
prevention was successful in the country. Thus the process of the effectiveness or efficiency
of the intervention plan can be determined by the implementation of the qualitative and
quantitative data collection method and the statistical data analysis process which can either
be done manually or by computed way. Thus the process of the evaluation of the process
would primarily dependent on the data collection methods. Hence, the regular evaluation of
the society for the knowledge about the smoking rate in the country and the effect of smoking
on the smokers and the non smokers should be collected in order to counter the negative
effect of smoking (Melby et al. 2016). The qualitative and quantitative data collection would
be very much useful in any kind of research however, the proper sampling would be needed
for the selection of the population for the empowerment and health promotion plans by the
public health providers. . The regular data collection and evaluation properly shows the
decreasing rate of the mal habit of the people. It also provides the knowledge about the
changes in the mental aspect of people about smoking and adhering to the healthy habits that
can be able to change the situation for them (Ho et al. 2019). The qualitative data collection
on the other hand helps in the knowledge development about the process of the knowledge

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development of people about the factor of smoking and other bad habits and the effects of
these problems. On this context it can be stated that the empowerment program was
successful in a positive way as the number of smokers decreased to 14.4% from which refers
to the lessening of two million people in a very short period of time (Selbie 2019). Hence, the
intervention process was successful and effective for the society and also impacting over the
mortality, morbidity and life expectancy ratio. In case of smoking in England the data about
the rate of smoking have been developed from the quantitative data collection method and
also the decrease in the smoking rate also collected from the same. The regular data
collection and evaluation properly shows the decreasing rate of the mal habit of the people
(Thomas, McLellan and Perera 2015). It also provides the knowledge about the changes in
the mental aspect of people about smoking and adhering to the healthy habits that can be able
to change the situation for them. The qualitative data collection on the other hand helps in the
knowledge development about the process of the knowledge development of people about the
factor of smoking and other bad habits and the effects of these problems (Hallingberg et al.
2018). According WHO the rate of the smoking would be evaluated and that would provide
the health care providers to implement more effective ways that can be able to negate the mal
practice of the people of the country in a more effective way. The open ended questionnaire
and the close ended questionnaire would be the tools that could be helpful in the proper
knowledge development of the process of the effectiveness of the intervention plan that is the
health promotion against smoking. The number of smoker if decreased to almost zero then
the effectiveness of the process would be termed as the optimum plan for the smoking
prevention in England. Then the process can be used in the global context for the intervention
against the smoking problem as well (Garnham-Lee et al. 2016).

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