Analysis of Measurement and Prevention Strategies in Public Health

This report presents an article review focusing on measurement in public health, specifically examining individualized, personalized, and precision prevention strategies. The reviewed article emphasizes the importance of defining these concepts within public health to improve prevention efforts. The report details the qualitative methods used in the article, including secondary data collection from PubMed and Google, and discusses the application of case studies and Delphi techniques for data interpretation. Key findings highlight the evolution of prevention strategies from technocratic approaches to genomic-based and precision-focused interventions. The analysis underscores the need for clear definitions and consistent application of terminology in the field to avoid misunderstandings and enhance the effectiveness of public health initiatives. The report concludes by summarizing the new insights gained regarding various prevention methods and their potential impact on public health outcomes.

MEASUREMENT :
A REPORT ON ARTICLE
REVIEW

Table of Contents
ARTICLE.........................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................4
Methods..................................................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

ARTICLE
“Creating a common language: defining individualized, personalized and precision
prevention in public health”
INTRODUCTION
Public health is defined as the core concept of science and art which help to provide the
technique which is based on the prevention of disease. This is helpful approach helps to
recommend various attribute which create impact in positive way by improving quality of life.
As per this, the main core concept of public health is to promote and protect the health of
population which helps to communicate where does the people used to live, learn and play.
Moreover, the healthcare professional treats number of people who is facing issue with their
health, they used to work among public health in order to create scope by preventing population
to getting sick or injured. The selected article for this report “ Creating a common language:
defining individualized, personalized and precision prevention in public health” is used to show
main purpose which is associated with this to define individual and personalized behaviour with
the public health (Biro and et. al., 2018). However, the definition of precision prevention in
public health. As per this, the public health is broader term and this article used to create the
focus n role which is played on the basis of individual, personalized and precision prevention in
the public health. The report used to create a term which used make proper consideration in
public health while taking the aspect of various definition which include individualized
prevention, personalized prevention and precise prevention, that consist of all type of prevention
that is based on individual. Whereas, the personalized prevention consist of at least form of
genomic screening and precision prevention further include the number of aspect which is based
on the psychological and socio-economic data which is related with the patient which is
calibrated with the aspect of public health and these concept is helpful to define the authenticity
of public health among people (Chow and et. al., 2018). Moreover, the aim of the article is well
said about the core value of public health which is based on their factor and role which help to
provide the benefit to the population who used to follow and take some of the aspect of success
(Creating a common language: defining individualized, personalized and precision prevention in
public health, 2018).

In this, some of the key pointer which make article more interesting about the success
which is limited in number of population based prevention method and due the formulation of
genomic screening, public health professional and health policy which is used in such a way
which help to increase the interest which is based on individualism prevention and compatible
strategies which is firmly followed. Moreover, the terminology which is accurately applied in the
field is still ambiguous and they have extreme potential to develop misunderstanding. In this, the
article mainly used discuss about the prevention in the different aspect such as they used to show
the evaluation of history of prevention within technocratic public health in which they used
provide the information about prevention in medicine. As per this, it also state that the absence
of cure from the chronic disease highlight the importance of prevention. After a time while, the
genomic based prevention is introduced which refers various kind of sequence which show
modification in the sequence of genome (Frisoni and et. al., 2020).
MAIN BODY
Methods
The method which is used in this article is qualitative method and data which is collected
as per the method of secondary manner. In this, the major of article which show the review is
based on the narrative portion of literature review. Moreover, the search strategy which is
followed in core concept of PubMed is used in this article as a white literature while the google
is used as grey literature which have some the data based as an example such as collection of
data from the report and governmental documents. In order to accomplished the purpose of
article the method is used is qualitative which d not contain any set of numerical data and the
research data extraction method is followed in this article is secondary due the collection is based
on website and through the internet. The secondary research method is defined as the extraction
or collection of data is based on various pattern such as website, books, article which must be
reviewed, Journals, and so on (Griffith and et. al., 2020).
The research techniques which is used in research in order to make appropriate article for
the reader and other researcher. The author used case studies and studies using the Delphi
method. However, the major of information is usually collected from the online source and
website in which the given topic is understandable by using the techniques of case studies.
Moreover, with this topic the case studies is easy to make clear understanding in some of the
point such as the discussion is usually going on the genome base prevention which is based in

the techniques of case studies. The Delphi method is used to identify the range of opinions which
is exist in the particular subject of stimulus. As per this, while evaluation of prevention is drive
on basis of technocratic public health. It indicate some the vision of public health which based on
prevention in medicine show the relevance of Delphi techniques (Patel and et. al., 2020).
The data interpretation is defined as the process of reviewing which based on data
through some of core matter which is predefined with the process which help people to assign
some of meaning which is based on the data which is arrive at the relevant conclusion.
Moreover, they used to involve in outcome of results. After the analysis of results in this article
state that the article usually focus on the precision of prevention rather then individualized and
personalized theme. The main focus of the report is based on the core factor of precision
prevention and this is defined in the definitions. While, applying all the method and techniques
help to clarify the purpose of article which provide effective information regards with definition
of individualized, personalized and precision prevention (Creating a common language: defining
individualized, personalized and precision prevention in public health, 2018).
Result
As per authors efforts, observation assist about objectives regarding identifying
individualised, precision prevention and personalized prevention. It was also observed about
creating definition by using terms by considering same wording that related each other through
definition. It also observed about the understanding about terms that fits within prevention
paradigms within public health. This was done through observation, recording, evaluating,
survey which allows to focus to full-fill the objective of the research. Observation helps author to
get the related information and measurement of this prevention regarding different techniques.
Measurement delivers information about the prevention to evaluate the effectiveness to avoid
any type of non-communicable diseases (Fleary, 2019).
This study provides the result about individualized prevention where it is not defined
through grey or white literature and was discussed in 1984 and again it was discussed later in
HIV transmission prevention. This allows this term with reference to genomics in year 2000,
about molecular genetic epidemiology evaluation and was related with cancer chemotherapy and
can allow to make benefit fro individualised prevention and their treatment in near future. This
also provides the result about the use of this literature that allows to use this for dental care, HIV

prevention along with screening of genomic-based screening. This also helps in screening of
non-genomic screening regarding chronic diseases.
It also help in providing result of literature personalized prevention which are not defined
anywhere and was firstly published in year 2000. For this research data was used regarding sex,
age and residence place of individual for predicting risk of death. This can be done due to
pathologies. It doesn't provides surety about genomics as potential tool which was incorporated
for prevention. It was used for cancer screening but can be used in various fields like dental care,
web based cardiovascular risk assessment along with alcohol consumption (Larmarange, and et.
al., 2018).
Precision prevention term is new and was appeared in year 2014. this term involves
behavioural, biologic and epidemiologic data to reduce cancer incidence and mortality through
implementing strategy. It allows to tailor behavioural interventions fore individual
characteristics. In 2016, this term was defined as An in the work method which can allow to
predict risk of colorectal cancer which integrates genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk
factors.
To evaluate this result there was case study and Delphi techniques which allows to focus
on obtaining result. Case study techniques allowed to collect the data and analysing the result
which allows to focus on the outcomes for each result. This result was obtained by using the case
study techniques which help in analysing the various data for providing better interpretation.
This is regarding determination of better understanding about the outcomes of research study.
Delphi techniques help to understand the group opinion of different researchers and their
decision about survey of panel experts which allow get outcomes of the research. This includes
various responses which was shared within group after every round as a result or outcomes
(Martins, and et. al., 2018).
There is use of parametric correlation test as the statistical tests that helps to evaluate the
significance of the conclusion which was based on cause and effect relationship. This provide the
understanding about the conclusion. Results provides the definition of the precision prevention
which allows to full-fill the objective by the result. This result contribute in answering the
questions which was full filled by the result with objectives that was raised in the introduction.
Through evaluation, observation, measurement and survey allows to full-fill the objective

through the result that can allow to contributing to answer of question that are raised in
introduction (Huang, and et. al., 2020).
Discussion
There is use of various techniques like case study techniques and Delphi techniques
where case study techniques help to analyse collective data and its interpretation. This allows to
get the result effectively and Delphi techniques allows to get the opinion of various individual
and it also use the techniques for survey the panel of research which allows to focus on decision
by experts about the outcomes and helps to meet the objectives and focus on the result
interpretation.
There was no any evidence regarding any type of objective which was associated with
different prevention where no any specific reason or evidence was present that can have proof of
that prevention. Author has analysed the research with different prevention which allowed the
information that there is no more evidence which can ensure about the effectiveness of the
prevention and was introduction of the definition that was associated with various prevention and
other results. Author was able to answer the question which was raised in the objective and about
tried to provide the definition of the various prevention. It allows to focus on the techniques that
was used to get and analyse the result that can lead to create the impact for better and effective
result (Lin, and et. al., 2020).
There are various new result were found through this research. It allows to get the result
about the various prevention which was regarding about the new result that in individualised
prevention there were only about the dental prevention but future it allowed in the HIV
transmission prevention which enlarges the scope of use of individualised prevention through
this research. It also allows to evaluate molecular genetic regarding cancer chemotherapy and
their treatment in future. It also enhances the scope for genomic based screening with non-
genomic screening for chronic diseases and also helps in field of drug addiction. In personalized
prevention there is new factual information which is regarding alcohol consumption, web based
cardiovascular risk assessment, dental care and medical imaging etc. which were not there.
Precision prevention has also some information which was factual where there was introduction
of its definition which involves behavioural, biologic, epidemiologic and socio-economic data.
There was implementation of tailored strategies to reduce cancer incidence and mortality within
individual groups or any individual (Okafor-Okwuchukwu, 2021). It also helps to predict the

colorectal cancer and its risk factor that integrates with lifestyle, genetic and environmental
factors. There is understanding of new research techniques that is observational trails which have
large scope about the research that can allow to interpret data more efficiently for more precise
result. This trail can help to evaluate in large group of people natural settings. This can help to
examine the behaviour of group with some lengthy time period which can allow to get result and
its interpretation for better and fair result. This can also help to monitoring cognitive decline and
allows to monitoring people for middle aged or more. There should be time interval of fifteen
years that can help in allowing for better and effective result. This can allow researcher to use the
retrospective approach and provides information about their past behaviour that can help in
getting the understanding result about the research (Prabhakar, and et. al., 2018). It provides the
opportunity for screening of chronic disease on the basis of sign or symptoms. This also helps to
get potential health related problems before any disease get worsen or developed. This also helps
in primary care where physician can use them for regular check-ups when any individual is sick
or having any type of sign or symptoms. There is also some significance that through this it
allows to identify any exposure of risk that can be eliminated for better health and prevent
disease of risk of disease to occur within any individual. This can also help to counter the risk of
disease, disability or premature death. Prevention can allow to get over through the risk of
premature death that can be there due to neglect of prevention or sign and symptoms to take
preventive measures.
There are so many significance of the work describes where one of the main significance
was to get better method to avoid or get the treatment which can help in to reduce the chances of
chronic diseases. There is also significance that each and every method are related with
prevention which had no any definition where research provides better and effective
understanding about the benefits regarding health. It also provides significance to live healthy
lifestyle with better impact for the new invention that can help to reduce the chances of chronic
disease. This can be there regarding various impact that has impact for health and live quality of
life. This reported observation support the report of other researcher regarding definition and also
have related result that can help to allow get health benefits which access to better chance for
avoiding chronic disease (Jiang, 2020).

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Biro and et. al., 2018. Creating a common language: defining individualized, personalized and
precision prevention in public health. Journal of Public Health, 40(4), pp.e552-e559.
Chow and et. al., 2018. Evidence-based medicine and precision medicine: complementary
approaches to clinical decision-making. Precision Clinical Medicine, 1(2), pp.60-64.
Fleary, 2019. The relationship between health literacy, cancer prevention beliefs, and cancer
prevention behaviors. Journal of Cancer Education, 34(5), pp.958-965.
Frisoni and et. al., 2020. Precision prevention of Alzheimer's and other dementias: Anticipating
future needs in the control of risk factors and implementation of disease‐modifying
therapies. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 16(10), pp.1457-1468.
Griffith and et. al., 2020. Precision Medicine Approaches to Health Disparities
Research. Ethnicity & disease, 30(Suppl 1), p.129.
Huang, and et. al., 2020. Development and evaluation of a scheme system of joint prevention and
control of PM2. 5 pollution in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 275, p.122756.
Jiang, 2020. Predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients: a systematic review and
meta‐analysis. Journal of medical virology, 92(10), pp.1875-1883.
Larmarange, and et. al., 2018. The impact of population dynamics on the population HIV care
cascade: results from the ANRS 12249 Treatment as Prevention trial in rural KwaZulu‐
Natal (South Africa). Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21, p.e25128.
Lin, and et. al., 2020. The effectiveness of multicomponent pressure injury prevention programs
in adult intensive care patients: a systematic review. International journal of nursing
studies, 102, p.103483.
Martins, and et. al., 2018. Alzheimer’s disease: a journey from amyloid peptides and oxidative
stress, to biomarker technologies and disease prevention strategies—gains from AIBL
and DIAN cohort studies. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 62(3), pp.965-992.
Okafor-Okwuchukwu, 2021. PERCEIVED INFLUENCE OF HUMANIST AND SYSTEMIC
APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING ON SUICIDE PREVENTION AMONG 21ST
CENTURY YOUTHS IN OBIO-AKPOR LGA, RIVERS STATE. Journal of Education
in Developing Areas, 28(2), pp.11-20.
Patel and et. al., 2020. Ethical Considerations in Personalized Medicine. Ethics in Biology,
Engineering and Medicine: An International Journal, 11(1).
Prabhakar, and et. al., 2018. Day of week, site of service, and patient complexity differences in
venous ultrasound interpreted by radiologists versus nonradiologists. Journal of the
American College of Radiology, 15(12), pp.1698-1703.
Online
Creating a common language: defining individualized, personalized and precision prevention in
public health, 2018 [Online] Available through;
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29897560/>
Creating a common language: defining individualized, personalized and precision prevention in
public health, 2018 [Online] Available through;
<https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article/40/4/e552/4979516>