Reflective Journals: Public Health and Psychosocial Perspectives

This document presents a series of reflective journals by a student, exploring various facets of public health. The journals delve into critical topics such as the prison health system, examining living conditions, health services, and the importance of rehabilitation. They also discuss health-promoting palliative care, differentiating it from hospice care and emphasizing its role in addressing public health concerns, particularly for the aging population. The journals further analyze psychosocial perspectives on health and illness, focusing on body image, eating disorders, and the influence of societal pressures. The content also touches on the impact of drug use and the need for effective interventions. Finally, it examines health beliefs and behaviors. The journals provide valuable insights into the complexities of public health and the interconnectedness of social, psychological, and physical well-being.

REFLECTIVE JOURNALS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LECTURE 1: THE PRISON HEALTH SYSTEM..........................................................................1
LECTURE 2: HEALTH PROMOTING PALLIATIVE CARE......................................................2
LECTURE 3 PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS......................3
LECTURE 4: PETER HIGGS.........................................................................................................4
LECTURE 5: ART THERAPY.......................................................................................................5
LECTURE 6: ROLE OF RELIGION IN SHAPING HEALTH BELIEFS AND HEALTH
BEHAVIOURS................................................................................................................................6
LECTURE 7: FRAMEWORK FOR TALKING ABOUT HEALTH AND ILLNESS..................7
LECTURE 8: WHEN GETTING BACK TO WHERE YOU USED TO BE ISNT AN OPTION:
LOSS AND STIGMA......................................................................................................................9
LECTURE 9: ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY...............................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

LECTURE 1: THE PRISON HEALTH SYSTEM
The term Prison does not call for positive thoughts. Terms such as filthy, unhygienic,
torturous are reflected in the mind as one utters this word. The living conditions of prison across
majority of countries in world cannot be considered as up to the mark. It is a general tendency to
treat prisoners in a inhumane manner. Criminals are sent to prisons to bear punishment, however,
in effect living in prisons has become an additional punishment which these prisoners undergo. It
shall not be forgotten that these wrongdoers are also human beings and are entitled to the right to
live in a decent manner, even inside the jails (Koenig, King & Carson, 2012). Provision of such
living conditions only adds to the offensive nature of a prisoners, and intensifies the urge to
commit crime. In result of which the prisoners tend to misconstrue the meaning of justice as
vengeance and hence, develop a negative approach towards the world. On the contrary, every
effort shall be made to provide these prisoners with at least basic living conditions, as the
traditional rationale of vengeance has been amended with rehabilitation. In pursuance to which
the conditions inside the prison shall be made better by enhancing the quality of services being
provided to them in terms of food, bed, rooms and so on. One of the prominent improvements
which is required to be introduced shall be in the form of better health conditions by establishing
proper services within the prison to address health issues. Health issues can be in the form of
mental as well as physical, hence, proper arrangements shall be set in place. Some of the
parameters on the basis of which the health of prisoners is measured are activity and weight
changes, self-harm, smoking, alcoholism, medication, health services and so on. It has been
further observed that the number of male prisoners in larger in number in comparison to female
prisoners in the prisons of Victoria (Ellison & Hummer, 2010). The highest proportion of male
prisoners are admitted to prisons for committing sex offences, followed by other offences in the
form of assault, drug offences and so on.
All the mentioned aspects are interlinked as improving the living conditions shall reduce
the health issues which are very common in these places. Hence, this is a whole cycle which if
implemented effectively in the prisons shall properly address the rationale of rehabilitating the
criminals and guiding them to lead a better life. This shall amount to be one of the prominent
advantages and shall function as a social investment from the end of the authorities by reducing
the probability of committing offences in the future. In the recent past many Correctional health
providers have understood that these prisoners also have human rights, which is also conferred
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by International Human Rights Law (Bird & et. al., 2010). Hence, these organizations are
attempting to provide health services at par with the services available to the normal society. For
instance Justice Health is providing services in the Victorian prisons, by establishing a standard
for health care and undertaking every correctional activities possible within the prisons.
LECTURE 2: HEALTH PROMOTING PALLIATIVE CARE
Palliative care is distinct from Hospice Care or it can also be termed as a form of hospice
care which intensifies its activities to provide comfort to the patient suffering from serious
ailments. Hence, a change or intensification of the services being provided and administering the
care of individuals in a more professional manner. As against the traditional system or programs
of care, both these systems of hospice and palliative care comply with the protocol to provide
services with a combined approach. This approach is inclusive of medications, provision of
machinery and monitoring, daily care, counselling and specific treatment of the problems (Hodge
& Horvath, 011). The major distinction between these two approaches of hospice and palliative,
lies on the factors of care location, time period, qualification of services and the system of
payment.
Some of the aspects which requires attention of palliative care can be in the form of
public health. This perspective propounds that ageing has become one of the critical concerns in
the subject of public health, as an increasing number of old people are facing multiple and
chronic ailments which are highly complex in nature. This in turn has posed a major challenge
on the general public health in various nations. Hence, the programs of palliative care shall be
developed from this perspective, on an urgent basis. This in turn, shall shape the end-of-life
experiences in a better and more comfortable manner. In addition, the focus is also required to
provide a treatment at an initial stage so as to avoid chronic suffering by the patients. Aspects of
spirituality and social element can also be introduced in the palliative programs, to realize better
results. In addition, this care shall also be extended to people suffering from life threatening
diseases, in addition, to just administering terminal illness (Dein & et. al., 2010). Some of the
aspects which have been a concern for public health are the lack of availability or awareness of
these programs to the public in general. Moreover, it shall attempt to promote the idea of good
health and minimize the repercussions of loosing a beloved. This can be accomplished only if the
stigma of dying in minimized to make the society understand the fact that dying is an integral
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component of ones life. It was believed by ancient Mexican Legend that the death of a person is
finally achieved when their death is accepted by the living and is forgotten.
In order to bring about a change it is important to understand that health is more than just
de-voiding oneself from diseases and disabilities. On the contrary, it is to be understood in the
context of enhancing the surroundings and provide a diversified human experience. Hence,
merely by providing health services, the objective cannot be achieved. In pursuance to the same,
introduction of favourable policies on positive ageing, life cycle and town planning, loca
authorities plan on public health shall prove to be effective. One of the prominent inclusion in
these policies shall be promotion of the idea of considering dying as an event of medical subject
and not a societal concern (Koenig, 2012).
LECTURE 3 PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVES ON HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
Psychosocial is the term which represents the social patterns imbibed within the
behaviour of an individual. Issues resulting from this combination of contrast elements is also
characterized as psychosocial dysfunction morbidity. Effects of this can be observed and is
studied in terms of health experiences, life transitions, and the resulting behaviour of an
individual. It has also been noted that these transitions vary in different perspectives such as
feminine, feminist, socio-cultural and biopsychosocial (Aday & Krabill, 2011).
One such major effect has been imposed on the concept of body image. Every individual
strives to be in a perfect shaped body, which has experienced a major transition especially in the
case of females. As against the ideal slim body type, voluptuous and curvaceous type of body
was preferred by females. In the case of males, V shaped body has always been preferable. In the
current world, every individual strives to attain the best of the body shape and look good to
satisfy the psychosocial perspective within oneself. It has become a trend to make comparisons
with the ideal type of body. The preference of the body type and the resulting satisfaction or
dissatisfaction has been observed to vary on the basis of gender, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation
and so on. It has been noted in the general life that females are more dissatisfied with their body,
in comparison to men, and therefore carry a negative attitude towards it (Onyemocho, Anekoson
& Pius, 2013). While the major concern area for females are stomach, hips, thighs and buttocks,
male are more concerned for their biceps, shoulder and chest. On not able to attain these perfect
bodies, which are any way almost impossible to attain, the dissatisfaction among the individuals
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rise to a great level which result in more harmful habits. In consequence of this, individuals
pursue restrictive dieting and excessive exercising to reduce the weight or get in the perfect
shape. Some of the other consequences have been observed to be in the form of increasing
smoking, intake of laxatives, steroids or nausea causing substances. People have also resorted to
cosmetic surgery and dysmorphic disorders (Cloyes & et. al., 2010). However, the most popular
and common means remain to be dieting which tends to create chronic energy imbalance among
persons. It is a common misconception that dieting is highly beneficial for the body and only
reduces the body weight. However, the fact that it is attached with other disadvantages like
internal weakness, negative effect on the immune system and so on are generally ignored. One of
the fatal consequence has been development of Eating disorders, which can be in the form of
Anorexia Nervosa(AN), Bulimia Nervosa(BN) and Binge eating(BE) disorders. AN results from
minimal energy intake and results into underweight, whereas BN is caused by irregular eating.
Symptoms such as dehydration, hypotension, gastric rupture, electrotype imbalance are some of
the traits seen in people suffering from eating disorders (Akbar & et. al., 2012). Apart from
dieting, socio-cultural pressure to look thin also acts as a major factor, especially in the case of
females.
LECTURE 4: PETER HIGGS
The popularity of the intake of drugs has experiences an instant escalation in the last
decade. The easiness with which it is available on the streets of the nation is just shocking, and
has raised an alarming situation for the authorities. Heroine is one of the most commonly
available drug which is injected openly on the streets, to develop behaviours which pose high
risk and also the make individuals prone to the deadly virus of HIV. A major player is played by
the ethic Vietnamese users of heroin has added to the already existing peer pressure in the field
(Forrester & et. al., 2010). As mentioned above, an alarming stage has been raised for the public
health of the nation in relation to the usage of drugs and the extent at which it is being used. As it
is an established fact, he popularity of drugs is highest among adolescences and young people,
which can be directly linked with the increasing mortality rate among this age group as well as
the social/family disruptions being caused by this age group. This has also posed a great threat in
various localities, as this tends to involve the drug addicts in acts of violence and crime.
Economic implications is another detriment which is burdened on these people, along with their
families.
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The authorities of the nation are required to take some immediate correctional steps,
which preliminary requires them to understand trends prevalent within this market, along with
the emerging trends causing major implications on the health and quality of the societal forces
(Murray & et. al., 2012). Once the relevant authorities are appraised with all these trends and
aspects of the market, effective policies and practices shall be developed and implemented for
betterment of the society.
On studying the burden of disease on young people of the world, it can be identified that
one of the major problem has been caused by the use of alcohol in the age groups of 20-24 years
as well as 15-19 years. The present technological advancement along with providing benefits,
also has some disadvantages which are huge in amount. One such demerit can be realized by the
emergence of the darknet drug dealers, who have been earning in millions by making available
these themselves through the digital medium. Marijuana has emerged to be one such drugs which
is used for lifetime by people of 14 years of age. National Drug Strategy Household Survey has
produced these results and have highlighted trends which are shocking in respect of popularity of
drugs among young people. This survey has produced reliable results as the scope of research
was limited to ask policy specific questions. Apart from this many other survey have been
conducted to which were also restricted by limitations (Quill & Abernethy, 2013). In order to
realize enhanced and more appropriate results, innovative strategies shall be applied such as
conducting such survey where maximum young people are present and make an enquiry on
specific parameters of drugs, alcohol and so on.
LECTURE 5: ART THERAPY
Art therapy is one of the manners of treatment of mental health by the art therapists.
Various art forms and creative processes are utilized in order to explore the inner feelings of the
clients. In addition reconciliation of the conflicts ongoing within a person, fostering self-
awareness, managing the manner in which one behaves, developing social skills, improving the
orientation towards reality are some of the other aspects which are covered by art therapy.
The evolution of this form of treatment can be owed to the urge of humans to express
through various forms of art, in a more effective and efficient manner. This manner of expression
is considered to be one of the best qualities of being human and portraying something which is
very important to us in some or the other way. There have been instances when people have used
different art forms for expression of their views and thoughts in situations which would not have
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allowed any other form of situation (Greer & et. al., 2012). The genesis of this therapy can be
found as a practice prevalent pursuant to World War II, both in the countries of the USA and
England. At the initial stages itself the therapy was provided by psychiatric institutions to
individuals suffering mental ailment as well as to soldiers who returned from highly intense and
disturbing situations. Soldiers suffering from post traumatic shock situation were administered
with different forms of art and creative processes to remove their tension level from the mind.
From this preliminary stage, the practice has grown into a full fledged therapy being utilized in
diversified backgrounds of clinics, schools, prisons, disaster relief camps and so on, across the
national boundaries of the world.
In Melbourne this therapy is being practised and highly preferred in diverse institutions
and programs of Palliative Care, Special development schools for autism, eating disorders
services, drug and alcohol services and in many such services for treatment of different ailments.
It is important to note that art is inherent in the basic nature and character of a human being, and
is a medium through which the internal feelings of an individual are showcased to the world and
become an alternative platform for expressing his/her feelings (Ogden, 2012). It would be wrong
to say that being artistic is the condition essential for responding to the art therapy. The art
therapists make use of various art forms and materials for studying the behaviour of their clients
or the patient whom they are treating. The manner in which an individual uses a particular
material and also the way in which different senses are tapped at varied instances, form some of
the parameters to be studied by the therapists. Mental sickness has been on rise in Australia and
increasing the popularity of art therapy is considered to be the call of the hour. Another merit
which is considered highly beneficial is that it does not incur high costs and hence is affordable
as well as highly beneficial for the all the classes of people.
LECTURE 6: ROLE OF RELIGION IN SHAPING HEALTH BELIEFS
AND HEALTH BEHAVIOURS
The religious dimension of a person's life play an important and imperative role is
shaping the manner in which he/she dwells in the society, along with determining the manner of
living it also forms a vital component of the beliefs related to health of an individual. It has been
quoted by many doctors that a large proportion of patients trust on prayers and spirituality for
enhancing their health conditions. On exploring the findings of a qualitative study which
examined the co-relation between cultural understanding of health and cardiovascular disease in
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among the elder generation of Greeks (Buunk, Gibbons & Buunk, 2013). It has been found from
the study that adjustment and acceptance is interlinked with religion and god. I realized that
adjustment was one of the most strong psychological component, which is greatly influenced by
the concept of health developed by the culture prevalent in the surroundings. I also deciphered
that acceptance is also associated with the concept of adjustment, as the prime factor responsible
for adjusting with ill health and accepting such conditions is the strong belief in the religion. The
rationale behind prevalence of this view and thought can be owed to the upbringing of that
particular group which has been studied by the researchers (Health Care and Religious Beliefs,
2016). Hence in pursuance to the same they have strong belief on their religion and god, that
everything has happened for good and with the permission of their god.
Some of the findings of the study said that people in old age suffering from illness, makes
their fate responsible for all the suffering and leave no option but to accept the existing
conditions. In accordance to the findings of this group, it can also be inferred that religion, in
essence, acts as a coping device or mechanism for these people. As with their belief on the
religion they tend to easily accept conditions, which otherwise would not have been easily
acceptable by them (Marsella & White, 2012). For instance, if a person is suffering from a
chronic ailment, then by relying on god and religion the process of acceptance of the fact
becomes much more easy and brings about a mental satisfaction in their minds. Further, I have
also been appraised with the fact that the extent to which their faith lies on god is commendable
as they have the capacity to even influence others views on the basis of their own trust on the
god.
A similar study on younger group of people led to a contrary finding, in the sense that
this group of people considered religion and the faith to be in connection with the mental fitness
and did not associate it with the physical health of an individual. In accordance to my
understanding they believe that all this is a source of resilience and comfort to the emotional well
being.
LECTURE 7: FRAMEWORK FOR TALKING ABOUT HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
Psychosocial factor is generally regarded as the kind of measurement that is potentially linked
with psychological phenomena to the social environment. Generally biopsychosocial model
contains many rooms which are associated with its framework for psychological, social along
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with behavioural aspect (Cloyes & et. al., 2010). Through this journal I have witnessed that
chronic narrative illness are present which involves contingent narratives such as effects of
illness, symptoms etc. Moral narratives are also undertaken which takes into consideration
evaluation of altered relationship with oneself or society. Further, core initiatives are taken which
involves changes in identity along with self presentation. On the other hand health discourses are
present which involve social, ecological and biopsycosocial etc. I determined the importance of
horizon with the help of which it is possible to understand about health. It is based on large
number of perspectives such as illness is a consequence, person is patient, health promotion is
considered to be illness prevention and research investigates treatments.
Through the present journal I came to know about the concept of sick role which is
generally exempted from the normal social responsibilities. Further, obligations are being present
to get well and with the motive to obtain technical assistance. Further, I identified different
stages of adjustment which takes into consideration denial and isolation, anger, bargaining,
depression and acceptance. The significance of settings can be stated in proper manner which
involves existence in relationship with other which highlights throughout the live individuals are
hatched out from and senses are being shared of who we are and what individual might want to
become in real life. At every stage of community confirmation is being required which involves
challenge along with continuity (Michael, Labbé & Kuczmierczyk, 2013). Apart from this,
human development model is being present which considers eight stages of human life cycle. It
is linked with specific physical and social processes along with personal qualities formed in
changing settings.
It directly deals with the whole life and is considered to be most effective in a variety of
helping disciplines. I critically analyzed the entire model where each stage is dominated by
developmental challenge, transitions often experienced as a crises and along with this successful
resolution of each stage forms a virtue. For better understanding of illness along with other form
of disability life cycle model is being present which is associated with skills and understanding
of life stages. It can disrupt capacity of any individual to carry out different type of
developmental tasks and can hamper the developmental community also. Therefore, in this way I
gained knowledge in relation with different models and their significance in understanding about
different type of illness along with diseases which occurs to human beings (Bowling, 2014).
Moreover, different type of risks are associated with the human life such as biological,
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psychological, social etc. In order to live healthy life it is must to manage all these risks in proper
manner. Further, overall impact of every type of risk varies from one another. Apart from this,
attitude of every individual varies from each other regarding healthy lifestyle and this matters a
lot.
LECTURE 8: WHEN GETTING BACK TO WHERE YOU USED TO BE
ISNT AN OPTION: LOSS AND STIGMA
Loss is the term which reflects negativity in the mind and the sense of failure. However,
against the general negative perception of this term, it is also considered as an instrumental part
of the process of change. Every aspect of change whether in personal life or professional life, is
attached with loss in some or the other way. The role played by loss in the process of variation
and amendments in the present scenario can be characterized with the word regulate, negotiate or
initiate (Parkes & Prigerson, 2013). This can be explained in another way as incurring a loss has
the potential to initiate a change in the present manner of working. Similarly, it also has the
potential to regularize the manner in which change occurs and negotiate the extent to which it
occurs. Some additional role played by loss is in the form of celebration or mediation or
substantiation. Hence, every loss brings about a change in a person's life and further determines
the manner in which the change takes place. Loss is generally perceived as deprivation or
dispossession of something valuable. This perseverance leads to the evolution of bereavement
which is understood by me as a duration of grief, which a person undergoes after getting
deprived of a valuable thing or person. It can be marked by a mental, social and emotional
disparity which generally comes out in the form of anxiety, anger, despair, sadness, and so on.
Some scholars have also established a connection between grief and the resulting health
problems. They have propounded the view that in such cases grief can be characterized as
problem focused or specialized. Hence, on the basis of these a grief theory has been evolved,
which essentially means individuals under grief concentrate only upon their inner world and
remain completely aloof from the outer world (Furnes & Dysvik, 2010). In other words they are
trapped within their own specialized universe which is completely exclusive of outer elements.
Treatment of grief can also be categorized in accordance to the level of grief within a
person. Hence, individuals with complex grief require individual treatment, and it has been
realized that this effectively caters to those who have a lower relational capacity. This form of
treatment provides an instant support and resolution of the problem, against the stages of
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problem exploration and interpretation. Then there exists midstream grief or normal grief which
can be effectively addressed and catered with counselling and that too only when the person
under grief himself pursues for the same. The third theory is that of contemporary grief which
falls within the meaning of the terms continuing bonds, normal grief, constructive aspects of
grief and so on (Forster & Murray, 2013). One of the effects of grief can be in the form of social
exclusion, which typically means closing oneself behind the doors and excluding from the
society. This in turn further deepens the loss by restricting the social networks, lowering the
quality of life and so on.
LECTURE 9: ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY
Acquired brain injury is generally the type of injury to brand that takes place after birth. Further,
through accessing this journal I have found that the main causes of acquired brain injury is
alcohol, infection, trauma, anoxic episode etc. In case of trauma motor vehicle accident, sporting
accident, fights, falls etc. are considered to be main cause of acquired brain injury. Form of brain
injury in case of men is high which is around 2.2 percent as compared with women where 1.6
percent. Apart from this, I have identified the main impact of brain injury in the form of death
where 10% of the deaths take place in Australia and 25% of the Chronic adult disability has been
found in the country (Thoits, 2013). Moreover, it has been witnessed that 40,000 people die
every year. 50% of the people have persisting disability which has lead to partial or total
dependence in activities of daily living. Apart from this, two type of strokes have been identified
which are haemorrhagic and ischemic.
Moreover, I have noticed that stroke related disability is for longer term which takes into
consideration persisting physical along with psychosocial disabilities which has lead to stroke.
Further, it is well known fact that disability along with handicap has direct impact on
psychosocial function along with the quality of life. On the other hand, dependence in BADL
has been witnessed where those of stroke survivors is 42% and of controls is 18%. In case of
individuals who are not at all dependants the main likelihood is walking outdoor, transfers,
making a hot drink etc. Chronic autoimmune diseases are also present that has affected the
central nervous system. There is generally an inflammatory disorder which has leaded to damage
of myelin sheath around the axons of neurons in the brain. Through this journal I have witnessed
that symptoms associated with Multiple sclerosis involves spasms, spasticity and pain and this
directly leads to decline in level of muscular coordination. Fatigue kind of issue is also present in
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human body with the help of which individual can know whether they can walk or cannot be
fatigue (Quiros, 2010)). The overall loss which every individual has bear due to presence of
fatigues involves paid employment, leisure activities, family and friends etc. This adversely
affects life of every individual and in turn it is not possible to carry out operations within specific
workplace for longer period of time.
Moreover, two aspects of lived experiences are being present such as Cowan and Pierson which
is associated with multiple sclerosis such as personal perspectives, on day to day life and
rehabilitation which takes into consideration following discharge from inpatient rehabilitation
(Aldwin & Gilmer, 2013). Therefore, with the help of entire journal I have witnessed that large
number of disease can take place in human body whose overall reason of or occurrence can be
different. Apart from this, disease linked with brain is considered to be most severe one and in
order to deal with this disease it is necessary to take corrective actions such as proper treatment
etc.
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REFERENCES
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Aldwin, C. M., & Gilmer, D. F. (2013). Health, illness, and optimal aging: Biological and
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Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2013). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Routledge.
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Quill, T. E., & Abernethy, A. P. (2013). Generalist plus specialist palliative care—creating a
more sustainable model. New England Journal of Medicine. 368(13). 1173-1175.
Quiros, L. (2010). Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on
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Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In Handbook of the sociology of
mental health (pp. 357-377). Springer Netherlands.
Online
Health Care and Religious Beliefs (2016). [PDF]. Available through:
<http://www.vnfw.org/sites/default/files/diversity/Faith/healthcare_religious_beliefs.pdf>.
[Accessed on 18th October 2016].
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