Health Promotion Report: Determinants, Models, Strategies, and Briefs

This report provides a comprehensive overview of health promotion, beginning with an introduction to key concepts and the role of Public Health England. It delves into Dahlgren and Whitehead's 'Determinants of Health Model,' identifies government sources like the Black Report, the Acheson Report, and the Marmot Review, and explains Tudor Hart's 'Inverse Care Law.' The report further explores various health promotion models, including the Health Belief Model and the Relapse Prevention Model, along with government health strategies such as the Research and Innovation Strategy and Framework 15. It also discusses the roles of health professionals in promoting health and the importance of routines for maintaining good health. The report analyzes health briefs, the 'Trans-theoretical' Model of Health Behavior, and the influence of political briefs on health strategies, concluding with a summary of the key findings and a list of references.

HEALTH
PROMOTION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 'Determinants of Health Model' by Dahlgren and Whitehead's............................................1
1.2 Government sources identification.......................................................................................3
1.3 Tudor Hart's concept of 'Inverse Care Law'..........................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Health Promotion models......................................................................................................4
2.2 Government health strategies................................................................................................5
2.3 Role of professionals in health promotion and routine importance in maintenance of good
health...........................................................................................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Health briefs..........................................................................................................................6
3.2 'Trans-theoretical' Model of Health Behavior.......................................................................6
3.3 Influence of political briefs on strategies and providing relevant health information..........7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Health-promotion gives ample of solutions considering problems of health that are faced
by society for example, obesity, lacking exercise. This health-promotion aids both communities
& individuals for controlling and further improvement of their well being (Nutbeam, Harris and
Wise, 2010).
The government agency that has been considered in the report is Public Health England.
It operates under the Department of Health as an executive agency in UK. It is giving their
effective contributions in the protection as well as promotion of overall health of nation. Also, it
has been successful in reducing the existing inequalities in health.
Within the report light has been thrown upon various social-&-economic influences on
health. Also, various models of health-promotion will be effectively understood along with the
influential factors. In the ad planning of health promotion campaign will be done as well.
TASK 1
1.1 'Determinants of Health Model' by Dahlgren and Whitehead's
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The social-inequality, environmental as well as economic factors could find out the
associated risks with people of becoming ill. This also has an inclusion of the abilities of
prevention of sickness as well as effective-treatment access. In the year 1991, Goran Dahlgren
and Margaret Whitehead developed a model for exploring the various social health-factors.
This model depicts about diversified layers of influential factors upon health. A
description about the theory of socio-ecological health has been given. The relationship of an
individual with their disease as well as environment has been mapped. An individual remains the
centre who has fixed number of genes. The influential factors upon health that could be modified
surround these individuals. Personal-behaviour along with lifestyle which may or may-not harm
the individual’s health is included within the first layer. For example, choosing for smoking,
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Illustration 1: 'Determinants of Health Model' by Dahlgren and Whitehead's
(Source: Models of Health Determinants, 2003)

usually gets affected by friendship patterns as well as community-norms. Mutual-support is
provided to community-members during an unfavourable-condition by aid of next layer which
includes community-&-social influences (Lloyd-Jones and et.al., 2010). However, there is a
possibility that no support will be offered thereby impacting negatively. Various structural-
factors like working-condition, housing, service-accessing as well as the provision towards
necessary facility, are included in the third layer.
1.2 Government sources identification
→ Black Report (1980) : The Department of Health in UK in the year 1980 published a
document as Black Report. An expert committee chaired by Sir Douglas Black formulated it
taking in consideration the inequalities of health. Despite the overall improvement of health,
widespread health inequality was there. According to this, the root cause responsible for this was
presence of economic inequalities. Because of various introduced initiatives by government for
reduction of health inequalities. These initiatives such as New-Deal-For-Community led the
health policies to move away from the socio-economic determinants and instead focus on
lifestyle-behaviour and health-behaviour.
→ The Acheson Report (1998): This report stated that the various inequalities which exist in
diversified groups of socio-economic, gender-based as well as ethnic ones could be demonstrated
over wide range of demonstrable health measures. This in addition includes the health
determinants as well. Also, the existing difference in between the ones present at bottom & top
within the social-scale has been widened. Furthermore, priority was majorly given to the families
with children.
→ The Marmot Review (2010): According to this, health inequalities are led by the social-
determinants of health along with the conditions in which individuals live, grow, play, work as
well as age (The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century, 2017). This report stated that
majority of England's residents were living for duration till they were off from society thereby
giving more time to ill-health.
1.3 Tudor Hart's concept of 'Inverse Care Law'
The Inverse-Care-Law is the principle which states that the good-medical or social-care
availability varies inversely in context to the population's needs that are being served. Since the
year 1971, the term has spread widely which was proposed by Julian Tudor Hart. The inverse
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variation of the good medical-care is operated in a complete manner where it gets exposed forces
present in market. It operates at low levels where such an exposure is not established.
Mr Tudor later modified his statement. From the new formulated statement, it was found
out that health care is provided in unequal manners where rich ones are benefited to the most
thereby creating a loss for poor people.
The significant barrier in health-care is that the needs of population are not being met
equally. It is pretty much exposed towards the rich forces of market and the poor ones are not
able to claim good health care. The presence of social inequity within society has thus proven to
be one of the greatest barriers towards maldistribution of medical-sources.
TASK 2
2.1 Health Promotion models
Diversified range of theories as well as models have been developed to support the
health-promotion activities as well as prevention of diseases. These further assists in
understanding and explaining the health-behaviour as well as they guide for identifying the
strategy for promotion of health along with disease prevention programmes.
1. The Health Belief Model: It gives a detailed explanation about the observed changes in the
behaviour of health. The belief of an individual in the health-condition is the key element which
helps in determination of health-behaviour. It basically incorporates five key actions which helps
in identifying the key points of decision making process regarding health-behaviour.
→ Conduction of assessment regarding health-needs for gathering information. This also
includes determination of individuals at risk as well as the targeted population.
→ The consequences regarding health-issues in context with risky-behaviour are conveyed
unambiguously for better understanding of the severity perceived.
→ The steps that have to be incorporated for implementation of recommended action is
communicated to the target-population with proper highlighting the associated benefits.
→ To help in for identification & reduction of barrier coming in way of action implemented.
→ utilising developmental skilled activity for assisting enhancement of self-efficiency.
2. Relapse Prevention Model: The barriers are anticipated by the aid of strategy enabled via the
model. It also provides diversified factors to contribute towards relapsing of participants (THE
IMPORTANCE OF ESTABLISHING A ROUTINE OR SCHEDULE, 2014). Inbuilt with skills of
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coping, this model provides enhanced program participants. Once the knowledge for adapting
has been processed by these participants along with the coping of challenges in the course of
program, there is a very less possibility that they will return considering prior negative-
behaviour.
2.2 Government health strategies
1. The Research and Innovation Strategy: In England, the government has effectively
implemented the Research and Innovation strategy has set out a frame as well as vision
for delivering statutory responsibility and mandate-duty. The strategy will assist in
creating an educational as well as trained system which will be based on evidences as
well as research-&-innovation will underpin it. This will also help in building the
capacity & capability of future & current workforces for actively engaging in the
innovation & research.
2. The Framework 15: The PHE also formulates 'The Health Education England Strategic
Framework, that is, Framework-15'. This framework intends to provide reference for the
overall-system. In addition, it also encapsulates the strategic frame about the approach
followed by HEE regarding a particular problem and accordingly determine the solution.
This further ensures that the main point of focus remains upon the patient only. This
framework guides the short-term decisions. In addition, it will also be focussing upon the
long-term work-programmes.
→ Establishing the link between strategies and model: The research and innovation strategy
incorporated by the government effectively goes along with the Health Belief Model. The
gathering of information considering the innovative methods implementation is enabled
effectively by the model. Furthermore, the long-term as well as short-term decisions involved
within the Framework 15, are also aided to be taken efficiently by model.
2.3 Role of professionals in health promotion and routine importance in maintenance of good
health
(a). Role of health professionals in health-promotion: A huge impact is there upon the well-
being as well as health of individuals, community & group by the aid of public health
practitioner. There are about 10,000 members incorporated within the workforce of core public-
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health which are regarded as public-health-practitioner (Strategic framework, 2017). They work
in diversified sectors of community, private and public as well. They tend to help individuals by
supporting a healthy-lifestyle programme for enabling them to stop smoking and in addition take
more exercise. Also, they have an effective role to be played within the local as well as national
health-campaigns. In order to enhance the knowledge of public-health and teams of intelligence
as well, their role is justified.
(b). Routine's importance in maintenance of good-health: With the effective aid of routine
lifestyle of an individual gets organised according to a proper structure. It aids in providing the
direction to life. In addition, the level of stress an individual face is also reduced to a much
greater extent. Routine development in context with personal-care effectively ensures personal
hygiene. Also, people who usually suffer from memory losses can make their environment more
comforting by developing a particular schedule. These mentioned instances have clearly justified
that an individual need to maintain good health.
TASK 3
3.1 Health briefs
→ Concept: The concept involved in the health belief is that the health behaviour of an
individual could be predicted and accordingly, health-services could be provided to them. The
belief of an individual in the personal-threat considering an illness and also in the suggested
health-behaviour aids in predicting whether that person incorporates the behaviour or not.
→ Health-beliefs in contemporary society of UK:
1. In UK, one of the traditional health-beliefs is traditional ones. This is in accordance with
the health-behaviour of smoking. This has affected on policies that whether the
government funding needs to be either done over anti-smoking legislation or upon other
matters such as infrastructures.
2. Furthermore, there is another belief that sugar is responsible for making the kids hyper.
This is one of the most popular health-myth around.
3. Another health belief is related to psychology. The psychology possessed by an
individual is responsible for his behaviour towards other people regarding which he
might show negativity towards others and might harm them as well.
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3.2 'Trans-theoretical' Model of Health Behaviour
The trans-theoretical model of health-behaviour changes, aids in assessing the readiness
of an individual for acting upon a brand-new health-behaviour. It also aids in providing strategies
as well as methodologies that offer guidance to the individuals for changing according to the
required actions as well as maintaining them in an appropriate manner.
There definitely exists a certain sort of relationship between the Health Belief theory and
the Trans-theoretical model. Both of them assist in assessing the health behaviour of an
individual. This model utilises the Change stage for integration of the most powerful principles
and also aid in processing of change from the theory of Health Belie that does the counselling
and accordingly changes behaviour (Nutbeam, Harris and Wise, 2010). The health belief related
to smoking has been desiccated, by the immediate achievement of health-outcomes from the
trans-theoretical model. The target population is effectively formulated from the health belief
theory is effectively aided by the promotional health activities carried out by the help of trans-
theoretical model.
The target population speculated by the health belief theory in context to the smoking
have been effectively assessed by the application of the trans-theoretical model.
3.3 Influence of political briefs on strategies and providing relevant health information
The beliefs perceived by the politics of a particular nation, states are responsible for
deciding the way in which people respond to the information received. For example, the decision
related to whether or not fund in anti-smoking legislation will hugely impact the behaviour of
people. If the government invests more on other fields such as infrastructure then there will more
health problems because of smoking. Also, a negative image of the government will be created
in the minds of people. So, definitely the beliefs that are adopted by the government affects their
overall decisions as well as it also affects the behaviour which people show towards them. Also,
this will be treated as a negative strategy if the government policies are not able to govern the
health-behaviour of individual appropriately.
Also, in order for health-promotion, the necessary information regarding health practices
of should be given at schools, workplaces and in society that is neighbourhood as well. If
appropriate health education is provided at all these common places then the health-promotion
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could be advanced and an individual would be able to practice health activities at every lace
he/she is present.
TASK 4
(To be covered in ppt)
CONCLUSION
Health promotion enables an individual to adopt healthy habits for the better of their
lifestyle and also to reduce the associated risk factors. In addition, effective use of models and
theories will assist in determination of health behaviours. Also, the health campaign will
effectively help in evaluating the women's risks associated with heart diseases.
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REFERENCES
BOOKS AND JOURNALS
Nutbeam, D., Harris, E. and Wise, W., 2010. Theory in a nutshell: a practical guide to health
promotion theories (pp. no-no). McGraw-Hill.
Lloyd-Jones, D. M., and et.al., 2010. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health
promotion and disease reduction. Circulation. 121(4). pp.586-613.
ONLINE
The Future of the Public's Health in the 21st Century, 2017. [Online]. Available through :
<www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221240/>. [Accessed On : 15th June 2017].
THE IMPORTANCE OF ESTABLISHING A ROUTINE OR SCHEDULE, 2014. [Online].
Available through :<http://blog.walkermethodist.org/blog/the-importance-of-establishing-
a-routine-or-schedule>. [Accessed On : 15th June 2017].
Strategic framework, 2017. [Online]. Available Through :
<https://www.hee.nhs.uk/our-work/planning-commissioning/strategic-framework>.
[Accessed On : 15th June 2017].
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