Strategies for Disease Prevention and Control: A Case Study of Romania

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ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

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Contents
ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH.....................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................3
Task 1..............................................................................................................................................4
1.1.................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.................................................................................................................................................5
1.3.................................................................................................................................................6
Task 2..............................................................................................................................................8
2.1.................................................................................................................................................8
2.2.................................................................................................................................................9
2.3...............................................................................................................................................10
Task 3............................................................................................................................................11
3.1...............................................................................................................................................11
3.2...............................................................................................................................................12
3.3...............................................................................................................................................12
3.4...............................................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................15

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INTRODUCTION
The term public health is defined as an act of improving the health and safety of the population
by education, research of particular diseases, making several policies for the welfare of the
population and also prevention of spreading diseases. Public health is a different meaning for
every single person altogether. The given assignment is focused on the strategies and approaches
that help control and prevent health issues within the community, the assignment also focus on
three different agencies and their measures.it also puts a light on the different strategies and
legislation provided to improve the prevention of diseases and improving the health of the
community and the population. The role of public health in the health sector and in the social
care sector is also appropriately described.it also describes the statistical analysis of infectious
and non-infectious disease and several types of research in favour of the community for
spreading awareness of various diseases. On the basis of current lifestyle and the choices
community now make analysis is done for their future needs and social wellbeing. Various
Policies are made an evolution in the system is done in order to match the needs of the
community. For any country and its running government its important to keep the people that
make the population and community of the country healthy and aware and to achieve this it's
mandatory to act on their needs to be fulfilled and their health care and social care for the overall
wellbeing of the society.

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Task 1
1.1
In order to prevent the further spreading of diseases in any particular area its necessary to
identify the disease by various health care agencies in order to take impactful actions in favour of
the population (jogrest et al., 2015). There are three main agencies that work for the welfare of
the public and community health the first category includes the agencies that act globally in
serving people and preventing the spread of disease I.e. –world health organization (WHO) and
category includes agencies at national level, these agencies protect their nation their country
from harmful spread of diseases and serve the people within their nation. The third category
includes authorities that work on a local basis and give and helping hand to the nationally
working agencies and helps to prevent diseases at a local level (poortinga., 2012).
World health organization (WHO): launched and established on 7th April 1948 an organization
that acts internationally for the welfare of the population of different countries all around. The
major role of this agency is to come up with various ideas, (ingram et al., 2012) policies and
norms that are to be acted and taken care by national level agencies for the wellbeing of
population.it basically helps set guidelines for every nation which is to be accepted and followed.
Public health England (P H E): it is the national level agency within England. In order to
maintain the health care and social care within the community, this agency works by following
the norms and guidelines set by the WHO. This helps in spreading more awareness of educating
people and also reducing the spread of harmful diseases (WHO., 2015). The agencies work on
reducing the prevalence rate of diseases by collecting data from different areas and communities
and putting these data at an analysis which help agencies set major goals and policies in working
of populations health and social care.
Local Authorities: local area hospitals and local health care firms work under this category. And
their work is regulated and monitored by national authorities (poortinga., 2012). Their major
actions is to serve people and aware people by charts and broachers educating them about the
spreading disease and who they can prevent getting affected by them.

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1.2
The analysis of the prevalence rate of any disease in a particular area or region refers to the
epidemiology of the disease. Various data is collected and then monitored in order to find out the
cause of disease, the spreading rate of disease, and the prevalence of the disease. This assignment
shows the epidemiology of infectious disease tuberculosis and non-infectious disease of breast
cancer in Romania. Study and analysis of both infectious and non-infectious disease helps in
reducing the spread of disease in the community
Infectious disease: the rapid spread of infectious disease is by the frequent and rapid transfer of
pathogens and microorganisms from one person to another (Giesecke., 2017). Infectious diseases
transfer in various means like body fluids like blood, infectious droplets like sneezing, also
through towels and clothes. The studies show that health person suddenly starts suffering from
fever, restlessness and tiredness. According to the author Golli et al (2019), tuberculosis shows
major concern in Romania. The retrospective study of tuberculosis in Romania from 1995 to
2016 results in a major decline from 2002 to 2016 i.e. from 142.2 to 74 per 100000 people in
2016. After taking a peak in 2002 at 23.3 per 100000 people the rate of disease spread decline in
2014 by 11.8 per 100000 people. The drug-resistant patient number decreased from 624 in 2009
to 530 in 2012 but later it increased by 670 in 2015.

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(Online source- https://tradingeconomics.com/romania/incidence-of-tuberculosis-per-100000-
people-wb-data.html )
Non-infectious diseases: it is an infection which is not further infectious as they cannot be
transferred from one individual to another (pfaller et al., 2014). And stay as it is.it can be caused
by various means like genetic or the way of living, or trauma at the same place repeatedly. These
diseases may increase the level of severity within the individual affected by it. Example of such
diseases includes tumours, breast cancer, diabetes etc. in the assignment we discuss the rate of
prevalence of breast cancer in Romania. According to the WHO report in 2017, the rate of death
in Romania by breast cancer has reached 3,682 or 1.56% of total deaths. WHO rates Romania 60
in the world according to the death rate by breast cancer (Fan., 2013).
1.3
To control the spread of harmful diseases in the community within the people various strategies
are to be worked on, these policies and strategies are made and regulated by the national level
authorities or local level authorities within the set guideline by WHO. Also, the approaches to
this rate of incidence give major goals in serving people by social and health care services. This
help in educating people for future concerns and also helps unaffected people in taking
appropriate preventive measure and be safe (world health organization., 2013).
A systematic collection of data by agencies from different health care service providing
hospitals, firms or organizations which are used for analysis and monitoring the rate of
prevalence of diseases in different areas, once these data is been monitored it used for the
planning and implementing of different policies, (baure et al., 2014) rules or taking appropriate
actions in order to deal with the harmful spreading disease between the people within the society.
The whole of this is defined as surveillance.
The identification of healthy people who may have a high risk of getting affected by the disease
or and harmful disease condition is called screening. Such collected information is presented in
the form of data to the authorities to take steps for people and help them take preventive
measures either by educating them or by doing the further test or undergoing certain treatments
(Stewart and Wild., 2014).

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Immunisation is defined as a process making an individual immune or resistant to get affected to
any harmful disease. It is one such major acting tool, which directly helps in controlling and
reducing the prevalence of the harmful disease in the society. Putting up vaccination camps
where vaccination is done to the high-risk group of population and build resistant can do
immunisation in the body to fight against the microbes and bacteria's as they try to affect (bhatt
et al., 2015).

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Task 2
2.1
Some diseases are more harmful then the others, therefore, they are supposed to be kept prior
than others. Some such prioritized diseases are- cancer, CVC, tumours, diabetes etc (Bowling.,
2014). To make sure that the whole process of controlling the spread of these diseases and
prevention of it they are supposed to be prioritized over other infectious or non-infectious
diseases. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention are three types of preventive measures to be
taken for such prioritised diseases
Primary prevention: the first step taken against the spread of disease is termed as primary
prevention. It can be done by awareness within the people about it, educating them about the
preventive measures they can take easily at their end and be safe from harmful diseases and its
causes (Drummond et al.,2015). CHAPS and NAHIP are two programmes, which aim in
preventing HIV in the UK. The African people who were staying in England NAHIP was
introduced for them .by this awareness of using contraceptives and having safe sex was
introduced with the African people. CHAPS were the programmes introduced for gays for HIV
prevention. And this programme supported various measures taken while doing intercourse.
Secondary prevention: the second step in the process of prevention of disease is screening and
diagnosis of microbes and pathogens that are the cause of harmful disease spread (Bowling.,
2014). Example pregnant women suffering from HIV when diagnosed will be treated in such a
way that the baby she bears is not affected by the mother. In the UK 72 hours are taken to treat
the HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Many genitourinary clinics are provided with
medication techniques.
Tertiary prevention: in this third step of prevention people who are suffering from chronic
diseases that are disease from more than 6months or a year are treated and taken care of. The
people in this stage who are suffering from chronic diseases don't only need medical treatment
but also mental and emotional care and support along with the patient the family is also supposed

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to be taken care of and given emotional concern (Whiteford et al., 2013). And together this is
called palliative care.
2.2
We get the proportion of the population suffering from a particular disease by analysis for the
disease prevalence. When we monitor the gained proportion we get the depth of penetration of
harmful disease in the society within the people (Barnett et al.,2013). The collected information
in the form of data from different regions can then help to make appropriate strategies to deal
with the spreading of harmful infectious disease. The needs of people within the society can be
justified by the data of the prevalence rate of the spreading disease. The areas, which cannot be
reached easily epidemiological tools, help in considering them. The future measures to be taken
for prevention of any harmful disease will depend on the information collected from different
areas (Davidson et al., 2012). The collected data of any spreading disease should be kept in
records is it helps in regulating the starting of the disease and the cause of disease. The data
collected earlier is equally useful for monitoring the needs of resources and requirements of
people in the diseased region. The data can also help in identifying the area with a lesser risk of a
disease spread to the area with a higher risk of disease spread (Shonkoff et al., 2012) example: a
region reported with a vulnerable disease which spreads through contact, will be provided with
early appropriate resources and goods to prevent the disease as early as possible.as the root cause
of the disease is identified beforehand by the earlier collected data, actions can be taken on the
cause which will give major prevention n safety results in favour of population. Taking all this in
consideration individuals and authorities working for and with health care and social care
services should take steps by making various programs and running camps for such spreading
vulnerable disease. For example: in an area where there is no clean water any kids and adults
with low immunity are suffering from water-related diseases like typhoid or hepatitis,
programmes should be made keeping a check on the cleanliness of the environment and supply
of clean water (WHO., 2017). All this help in the growth of health and security within the
population.

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2.3
The act of saving people from not getting infectious or the act of preventing people from the
spreading disease within the areas where the disease does not exist for now but has high chances
to get infectious (Halfon et al.,2014).
Primary prevention is to take measures beforehand, which is taking preventive measures before
the disease actually approaches the population of the particular region. Steps include alterations
in various rituals, social behaviour, condition environment and lifestyle. It also includes
educating people and spreading awareness and also immunising people by providing vaccination.
(Braveman and Gottlieb., 2014). Primary prevention can also help in preventing sexually
transmitted diseases, by educating the young generation for having safe sex. However, the non-
infectious diseases spreading by hereditary cannot be controlled or prevented.
Secondary prevention is followed by focusing on injury or any disease which is already into
existence or occurred or is spreading, in this case the identification of disease finding the root
cause of disease and then taking effective measures to treat them and stop or get hold the spread
of the disease (Chatterji et al., 2015).in case of non-infectious diseases screening of diseases is
done within the affected people so as to stop the genetically spread of disease from mother to
child. As kids are at higher risk of having the same disease
Tertiary prevention is the process of holding or controlling the spreading disease.it is said the
symptoms of the diseases might reduce if the affected people alter the way of their lifestyle. The
expectancy of the life of affected people may increase like (Powers et al.,2017) in case of the
diabetic patient, control on sugar healthy eating hobbits regular exercises may help them get
major winning goals over diabetes. Also, there is the introduction of various rehabilitation
programs to support and guide the people suffering from major life taking diseases where they
need emotional and mental support along with medical treatments (Halfon et al.,2014).
Task 3
3.1
For our well established social and health care setting is important to look forward to the better
health and wellbeing of every individual. In the health and social care sector, the health of the

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client or patient is most important. In order to safeguard the patients in social and health care
sector, various authorities and agencies come up with several policies and legislation (WHO.,
2015). These policies are to keep up with the rights of patients and offer them the appropriate
quality of service they deserve. The actual goal of social and health care service organizations
are not only just the physical wellbeing of their patient but the overall upliftment of their client in
terms of social and health care.
The overall health of the person includes:
Physical health: heading a good life is directly equivalent to being physically healthier. In order
to be physically stronger and healthier, one must work on its lifestyle, which is altering lifestyle
towards betterment (Heath et al., 2012). This improvement in physical health includes- avoiding
smoking and consumption of alcohol. As these habits of smoking and drinking damages the
internal organs like kidney, liver or lungs. And it is more deadly to patients suffering from heat
diseases or diabetes. Other then this individual should exercise daily either in form of walking,
yoga or gym; this increases the stamina and makes the individual physically more fit and
healthier (Dishman et al., 2012). Regular check-ups including body check or blood investigations
should be followed by an individual, who helps in early diagnosis of the disease while it is at the
mild stage and can be easily cured. The organizations should come up with certain promotion
camps and check up camps making it easier for people to participate (tosh et al., 2014).
Mental health: overall wellbeing of the patient does not include only physical health but mental
health and peace are equally important for a happy and healthy life. A person mentally strong
health can motivate himself to be stronger in tough situations deal with depression can achieve
several goals in life (Curran et al., 2012). Hence it is important to undergo treatments for various
depression or mental disorders.
Social health: as mental and physical health has its own importance, similar social health is
equally important as without social wellbeing mental and physical health are no use (Heath et al.,
2013). Social health mainly depends on the surrounding people and the support they provide.
Therefore it’s necessary to choose people wisely.

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3.2
In health and social care organizations there are various policies and legislation made by several
senior authorities of the UK in order to serve people better with better quality and maintain the
overall wellbeing of each individual (Noe et al., 2017). In the UK the social and health care
service organizations are meant to benefit people, providing them with various facilities. Such
facilities are provided free of cost which helps in improving healthier life of people with every
status. The UK has come up with certain care homes for the welfare of people; this does not only
offer treatment facilities but also provide various chores (Curran et al., 2012). The policies made
aim to provide the kind of service and treatment facilities that the patient desire and has a right to
get. It is important that the services provided by the health and social care organizations are
appropriate and have better quality and are working under the set policies made by authorities.
Several agencies like CQC turn up doing regular inspections, taking feedbacks from patients and
staff to check the proper working of the organizations and the followed standards of treatment
provided by the organizations to the patients (Carman at el., 2013). Other external agencies like
NHS, NICE etc. also keep a check on this quality service of the organizations. There are various
acts the government has launched like data protection act or equality act, these acts help people
get their equal rights and fulfil the requirements of their needs (Kohl et al., 2012).
3.3
Once the policies and legislation set by the authorities of the social and health care setting cannot
stay the same forever. It is necessary to time modify or do alterations in these policies in order to
meet the requirements of the patients at that particular period of them (Lefebvre., 2013). Slight
alterations will aim at serving better and getting better results. These changes made in the
legislation should be based on the needs and demands of patients take that seeking treatment. As
the organizations prefer taking feedback for the patients and their family members they should
also have a suggestion box and a complain box this will help to make changes in the policies and
rules for the service providing organization easier (Noe et al., 2017), as they meet the needs of
the patients accordingly. As the patients are in most contact with the staff members there should
be several policies made to motivate and encourage the staff so that an enthusiastic and happy
staff may serve better, various programmes should be made to educate staff on how to behave
with patients and certain bedside rules that can be followed (Marmot et al., 2012). This over all
provides a healthy and happy environment for the patients to recover early as well as be