Role of Public Health in Health and Social Care: A Report

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ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE
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Introduction
Public health and social care becomes growing priority across the world and it is required for
different organisations and government to be engaged in the social care to achieve best
outcomes. It is responsibility of the authorities support services and takes new responsibility to
improve and protect health. The present study determined the role of different agencies and you
statistical data epidemiology of diseases the effectiveness of different approaches and priorities
and its impact on Lifestyle are also included in the study.
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LO1
1.1 “Explain the role of different agencies identifying levels of health and disease in
communities”
The health agencies of UK play a detrimental role in identifying the kinds of health issues and
diseases that affect the lifestyle of the citizens of the country. They are accountable to the public
and have the possibility to provide healthcare facilities to any individual suffering from injuries
or health complications (Irish et al., 2015). These agencies can be both privately owned or
government subsidiary. Their role is to deliver services to any person who cannot afford health in
expensive nursing homes or high profile hospitals. The profits generated are through insurance
policies and government’s social welfare schemes. The deaths due to accidents and stress levels
are high on the rise as compared to age related deaths or by chronic illnesses. Hereditary
illnesses are less accountable to the deaths of the public in the country of UK. According to the
case study, the most responsible ailment, which is responsible for the largest number of deaths, is
the cardiovascular disease. The main reason behind these cardiovascular ailments is eating
disorders leading to huge cholesterol creation in the body and due to hypertension. The agencies
have the responsibility to check the blood pressure of the patients of the cardiovascular disease
and detect the potential in the children as well. Checking the blood pressure level of the
individuals can improve their hypertension disease.
The stress level of the citizens of the country needs to be kept under control as UK being a
developed country makes huge amounts of trades, businesses as well as services. Therefore, the
individual who are associated with these sectors always has to go through enormous level of
achieving targets and overcoming competition. Even within the family, there is no peace as both
the parents leaves their child with the babysitter all day, which results the child being overly
sensitive, and with low self-esteem, thus incurring irrational behavioural patterns while attaining
adulthood and thereby fail to sustain any kind of long-term relationship. Communities who are
created through workplace develop a habit of drinking and smoking, which further deteriorates
their immunity factor and leads them to be more prone to serious ailments (Bromley et al., 2015).
On the contrary, cancer affects less people than the ones who are contracted with diseases like
diabetes and respiratory disorders. The government and private agencies has to mostly support
patients with diabetes as the cost incurred for their treatment are huge and cannot be borne by
individuals who do not earn that much money or physically disabled. The agencies and other
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regulatory bodies thus undertake activities to protect the entire population from injuries, diseases
associated with both mental and physical ailments. An example of a regulatory body in UK is the
National Health Service which audits all the health related risk factors in the localities and brings
about definitive corrective policies to help the needed patients. It also audits the clinical
standards of the various nursing homes and hospitals in the country, provides benefits to the ones
who are functioning in a positive and influential manner, and terminates those, which are not
helping the country in reducing the physical disabilities (Koohsari et al., 2015).
1.2 “Explain, using statistical data, the epidemiology of one infectious and one non-
infectious disease that is widespread in their own country”
The diseases can be further classified into categories like infectious and non-infectious disease
and these are elaborated as follows:
Infectious diseases- an example of infectious disease is tuberculosis and it is contagious in
nature. The infected person when coughs, sneezes or simply talks, the bacteria of tuberculosis
gets transmitted into the air and further gets passed onto another individual. In this way, the cycle
continues and therefore the environment highly infectious. The epidemiology of tuberculosis can
be stated, as tuberculosis is the second most contagious disease for the most number of deaths in
the country of UK. Thus, the prevalence and the determinants of the disease are comparatively
high. The mortality rates are crucially dependent on this infection (Daniels and Hassink, 2015).
The prevention from this disease and its further transmission is detriment for the longevity of the
lives of individuals, the disability rates developed due to this ailment is also high, and there
remedy should be initiated. The bacteria of this disease mostly thrive in dense and unhygienic
places. Climate and seasonal changes also are part of the transmission of the infection. It is
estimated that over 600,000 people in UK gets severely affected by infectious diseases like
tuberculosis. The pathogens involved in transmitting the infectious disease of tuberculosis
disrupts the normal functioning of the body and results in fever, inflammation and other
symptoms. As derived from the case study, it can be determined that the infectious diseases are
one of the leading causes of deaths in the country of United Kingdom.
Non-infectious diseases- heart diseases like strokes are a typical example of non-infectious
diseases. Approximately 7.4 million people in UK have known to contract heart disease with
equal percentage among men and women. It is accounted that the survival rate is almost less than
1 in a maximum range of 10 (Eaton et al., 2015). As per the epidemiology of the heart disease,
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thyroid dysfunction is the mostly encountered risk factor in the patients. On an average 10% of
the elders have this issue, yet most of them ignore the fact. Due to this issue, there are high
probability rates of heart attacks and strokes in the citizens of UK. The factors, which are mostly
responsible for this ailment, are mental disorders like anxiety, depression and hypertension. In
order to take control of the growing problem of heart malfunctioning, nuclear techniques,
assessing of the risks and other corrective measures can be implemented. Coronary heart disease
is an integral part of the whole assessment of the heart diseases (Liu et al., 2015). The stress
factors due to poor earning and unhealthy lifestyle also contribute to the growing rate of the heart
attacks and strokes. As per the survey conducted in the country of UK, over 74% of the adults
has faced high stress factor estimated last year. Stress and negative thinking are the main causes
of the psychosomatic diseases that most of the people in the chosen country encounter in a
regular basis. The preventive measures undertaken for countering the increased level of tension
are different meditation styles, practice of yoga and utilizing the benefits of therapy and
counselling.
1.3 “Evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the
incidence of disease in communities”
The approaches and strategies that can be followed by the health care organisations to measure,
control and monitor the incidence of diseases are,
Surveillance
Surveillance deals with the observation of the environment. In this process the healthcare
organisations of the UK check the surroundings and notice the effects of upcoming diseases.
They can successfully analyse and interpret different healthcare programs for different
population of the UK to develop heath interests and fulfil health needs of the people (Ortu and
Williams, 2017.)
Screening
Screening strategy is used to control the diseases in the social community with the help of
medical testing for the diseases after observing the symptoms of the diseases. Screening of
individuals help the health organisations to determine the symptoms and they can prepare
appropriate healthcare practices to mitigate the disease.
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Societal and environmental change
It is duty of the government and healthcare organisations to maintain environmental safety and
reduce environmental pollution with the help of proper lean management. It can facilitate
societal change.
Immunisation
Immunisation refers to the technique that is followed to immune certain diseases. Medical
treatment required for different infectious and non-infectious diseases is included in it. Nutrition,
vaccines, medicines and clean water access are required for proper immunization (Prüss-Üstün
and Neira, 2016).
Special welfare
Social welfare programs and health education is also required for growing public interests of the
UK people. In this process, the healthcare organisations educate the population about recognition
and prevention of the diseases as well as they can provide vaccines and medicines to reduce the
health issues.
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LO2
2.1 “Use relevant research to determine current priorities and approaches to the provision
of services for people with disease or illness”
There are priorities and approaches that can be followed by the Healthcare organisations to
provide services to the people with diseases. Approaches that are required for Healthcare include
prevention, treatment, remedial care and palliative care. Prevention has high priority to mitigate
the diseases (Cheng et al., 2015). For this purpose three types of prevention are used to eliminate
the functional problem of the diseases. Primary prevention is the efforts to eliminate the health
problems at their source that means prevention is conducted to their occurrence or to costumes.
These types of preventions are immunization increasing physical fitness, improving emotional
well-being and develop multi nutritional status. Secondary prevention refers to the report
screening of the diseases. These programs are not evidence-based and systematics. The third type
of prevention is tertiary prevention. Lack of affordability and availability of treatment cannot
limit the diseases (Ostrom et al., 2015).For this purpose staff training along with management
approaches and evidence-based treatment with modern equipment is required.
There are two broad approaches to set priorities for health research such as technical analysis
that depends on unquantifiable epidemiology and integrative assessments that relies views of
informed participants. The factors supporting explicit priority settings and decision making are
clarity process local worship and Awareness of the diseases. The priority medicines are set by
the European medicines agency interpreting medicines report is revised bye European Union
Pharmaceutical legislation. Palliative care refers to the specialised medical care for the people
who have serious illness which type of care focuses on the relief from the symptoms and stress
of serious illness (Nichols et al., 2016).The goal of this care is improvement of quality of life for
the both patient and family. On the other hand remedial care is a treatment of disease at the time
of it is clear that the person cannot service from the serious illness.
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2.2 “Explain the relationship between the prevalence of disease and requirements of
services to support individuals within the health and social care service provision”
Prevalence refers to the proportion of a population who have specific characteristic in a limited
time period. Prevalence is estimated by selecting sample from the entire population with the help
of random population selection method to increase the chances of producing diseases. There are
different types of balances such as point prevalence period prevalence and lifetime prevalence.
Point prevalence refers to the proportion of the people who have characteristic of specific point
of time. Period prevalence refers to the population who have characteristic at any point during a
limited time period of interest (healthknowledge.org.uk, 2019).Lifetime prevalence refers to the
population who handsome prevalence in some point of time in their life. Prevalence helps the
individuals in health and social care settings to determine the health needs. Prevalence helps to
develop programs that can be implemented to prevent the diseases.
Epidemiological tool is required to prevent the diseases and measure is requirement in the
lifestyle. The Healthcare individual can get knowledge about the root cause of the disease and
the data areas in which the people are more prone to get diseases and identify the target of
particular area to mitigate the disease. The data regarding speed and effectiveness of diseases can
also be identified through the prevalence. It can help the local authorities and healthcare
organisation to plan for a programs which can help the people to provide education in order to
prevent the diseases (Pelenc and Ballet, 2015).Effective knowledge of the cause and effect of
diseases can be beneficial for the Healthcare individuals as they can easily prevent the diseases
and gather that resources that can be required to mitigate the diseases. It can also help the
Healthcare organisation to prioritise the diseases and resources that can help them easily target
the population which have higher risk and studying the statistical data to determine the cause and
effect of the diseases.
Therefore, the procedures that can create relationship among the prevalence and requirement of
services are planning, facilities, training, funding, partnership working and improvement of
living conditions. As mentioned by Bennett et al., (2015), proper planning of prevalence is
required to cope up with emergencies. Local and national services are also necessary to improve
the training and expertise in the Healthcare services of the UK. It is identified that 30% of the
UK population has been reported pain of severe intensity of the cardiovascular and osteoporosis
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diseases. Rate of the disease of cancer and child mortality rate is high in the UK and prevalence
of these diseases is required.
The processes that are required for the prevalence of the cancer and other diseases are the law of
the UK emphasizes on increasing the standard of dialysis and meditation facilities, strengthening
the screening procedures, collection of ethnic data as well as maintain the government guidelines
for the people who have severe illness and their families. Participation in research trial is also
included in this process to improve treatment facilities (Aringhieri et al., 2017).As health
disparity is higher in the UK and there is economic inequality among the society increases the
chances of illnesses and reducer possibilities of property treatment. Henceforth, participation in
in treatment of severe disease is required for the local authorities to improve health benefits.
2.3 “Analyse the impact of current lifestyle choices on future needs for health and social
care services”
Current Lifestyle choices have impact on the future needs of Health and social care as it can
reduce to gain health opportunities. It is observed that in the UK the rate of Cancer is increased
as well as cardiovascular diseases diabetes and other respiratory diseases due to bad habit of the
people. About 1.6 million people died from diseases related to diarrhoea in 2017 and 1.8 million
propel died for neonatal disorders. It is clear that bad habit of food and water consumption
enhance the chance of getting diseases (Sandifer et al., 2015).The lifestyle choices are
smoking, alcohol consumption, diet consumption and work exercise.
There are several factors that create health problem among the people which are described
below.
Poor diet
People in the UK have habits of eating fast food and taking diet to reduce the calories that can
leads to bad health habit. Wrong eating habit among the adults increases rate of obesity and
death rate by 5% in 2018.Bad water consumption also becomes a treat for the population of the
UK as it can increase water borne diseases which cannot fulfil health needs of the people.
Lack of exercise
No physical exercise also creates issues among the individuals as it can enhance the chances of
obesity.
Consumption of smoking, alcohol and drugs
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Regular Consumption of alcohol and drugs can immediately affect the body as it can increase
blood alcohol concentration level by entering in the bloodstream. On the other hand as
highlighted by Quirk et al., (2016), addiction of drug can create chronic disease and lead to
different harmful consequences sashes lack of self-control and lack of persistent. It is not
effective to fulfil the future needs of the health and social care and therefore the individual needs
to follow proper diet to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
LO3
3.1 “Assess the health and wellbeing priorities for individuals in a particular health or
social care setting”
The health and wellbeing priorities are as follows,
Reducing the impact of poor mental health
In a social or Healthcare setting the focus is primarily made on mental health. It has been
witnessed that mental illness is the main cause for adversities in the body. Henceforth the mind
of an individual is one of the most important aspects furnishing a good and healthy life. Due to
this the Associates of Healthcare setting are hell-bent on keeping Healthcare uses happy from all
aspects. According to the views by various health experts, it can be stated that a healthy mind
can eventually discard all the adversities that are present in the body.
Reducing physical inactivity
In social or healthcare units, the social and healthcare users are always encouraged to manifest
physical activity. Physical activity keeps the blood flow in the body stable thereby leading to
better health. It also keeps the brain charged for functioning throughout the day. According to
majority of health experts in UK, physical activity removes almost 30-40% of the intended effect
of disorders within the body (Moller et al., 2017).
Maintenance of hygiene
The health experts in UK have been hell-bent on provision of a balanced diet for maintaining
stable health. Due to this the healthcare units in UK have taken a in impetus on providing a diet
which is rich in vitamins and nutrients which can maintain proper flow of blood within the body.
Reducing neonatal disorders
It has been witnessed that the children within the first 28 days of their birth are prone to
vulnerable diseases. In the poor countries such as South Sudan and Algeria, almost 18 to 20
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children out of 100 die owing to infectious diseases such as jaundice and tuberculosis. Therefore
the World Health Organisation (WHO) has decided to allocate a special health care team for
eradicating the cause of disease. In the recent past, in UK the number of neonatal disorders
leading to death has increased in 2018. Due to this, as per Health and Social Care Act 2012, the
health care units in UK are obliged to provide free treatment to the infants who are less than 30
years of age. As per the UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund), the future prosperity of a
nation is dependent on the present infant mortality rate of the country (Who.int, 2019).
Therefore, it is the duty of the Government of every country to make sure that it is able to render
safety to its infants who are future citizens of the country.
Safety and security from diseases
The rate of cardiovascular diseases in UK has increased by leaps and bounds. The rate of death
caused due to cardiovascular diseases is almost twice that if cancer. The angina as well as
myocardial infarction is the root cause of cardiovascular diseases. The main cause of
cardiovascular diseases is the consumption of unhealthy food which creates more amount of
pressure on the heart to pump equal amount of blood from the ventricles. This pressure disturbs
the metabolism of the body and affects the important organs such as lungs and also some apart of
digestive system (Quested et al., 2017). Specifically due to this reason, an initiative has been set
up by most of the healthcare units in UK for allocating a special cardiovascular ward. In this
manner special treatment from the top notch health associates has been provided in order to
reduce the number of cardiovascular related deaths in the country.
3.2 “Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies in a health or social care
setting”
The Social Value Act 2012 substantiates health organisations and local sector bodies for
developing economic, social as well as environmental concerns of individuals who are not able
to afford health care services. It also promotes opening more number of health care units in UK
for transforming the health condition of users in the country (McColl-Kennedy et al., 2017).
Most of the healthcare units in UK such as Advinia healthcare have launched an app in which the
health users can directly avail the healthcare services at their residence by paying nominal
charges. Moreover the Government of UK has increased the funds for social healthcare unit set
up by 12%.
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Being a secular country, as per Equality Act 2010, the treatment of healthcare users in UK are to
be provided irrespective of caste, creed and gender. The development of healthcare units in the
country can also render proper work performance of individuals by maintaining a stable health. it
has also been seen that healthcare units like Allied Healthcare have decided to provide training to
its staff for providing efficient healthcare services (Kilbourne et al., 2018). The nursing as well
as the physiology staff of a healthcare unit has been provided training for 6 months regarding the
manner in which they are required to handle the health care users.
In UK, it has also been seen that the healthcare units with lesser number of resources have
decided to be in partnership with bigger units in order to create an ambience of efficient health.
Moreover, the friends and family members of users are advised to make regular visit in order to
lift the spirit of healthcare user. An association with close ones can reduce stigma of a major
disorder and render the mind with peace which can consequently enhance the recovery from a
disorder.
3.3“Discuss changes that could be made to improve the health and wellbeing of individuals
in a health or social care setting”
Some changes in Healthcare settings are required to fulfil the health of the people and reduces
the chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. There are some activities that
can be taken by Healthcare organisations and the Government of the UK to improve the health of
the individuals. The activities are Health Promotion, health education and consultation
exercises. Therefore, it is required for the Healthcare organisations such as NHS and WHO to
bring changes in the Healthcare behaviour to make the people aware of the health care needs
which can help them to reduce the causes of the diseases (Rappange et al., 2016). Health
education emphasizes on physical health, social health, intellectual health, spiritual health,
emotional health and environmental health. In this process professionals of Healthcare
organisations can make the people aware of the promotion maintenance and Restoration of
health with the help of building resistance of the diseases.
Health Promotion is also included in the individual wellbeing of the community as it enables
people to increase control over the health. It can help the people to reach complete mental
physical and social welfare identify aspirations and satisfy their need in the environment (Sagner
et al., 2017).Physical capacities of the people can also be improved by increasing the resources
which is essential for the people to bring welfare in the society.
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