Public Health Report: Roles, Epidemiology, Strategies, Case Study

This report delves into the core aspects of public health, commencing with an overview of the roles and responsibilities of public health agencies, such as the Health Protection Agency and the World Health Organization, in identifying and addressing community health issues. It then explores the epidemiology of both infectious diseases, exemplified by tuberculosis, and non-infectious diseases, particularly diabetes, highlighting their prevalence and impact in specific regions, such as Africa. Furthermore, the report assesses the effectiveness of various strategies employed to control the incidence of these diseases, including intervention approaches and awareness campaigns. A case study is included, analyzing the influence of current lifestyle choices on the future needs of health and social care services, specifically focusing on the health and wellbeing priorities of a patient with diabetes, obesity, and heart-related issues. The report emphasizes the importance of proactive healthcare measures, including lifestyle modifications and effective treatment strategies, to mitigate the impact of these diseases and improve overall public health outcomes.

ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH
CARE

INTRODUCTION
The efforts that are taken or carried out to meet the interest of the society in a broader way
for ensuring the better health condition of people is defined as public health. The various
missions that are related to the health of public is quite broad and it involves the addressing
toward the immediate health issues and making efforts for its prevention and reduce its impact
over the affected people in future (Davis et al.,2014). Therefore, the responsibility majorly
includes safeguarding the public from various health hazards, prevention of diseases in future
and controlling the spread of diseases. These can be done by modifying the environment and
reducing the factors that are associated with various risks relating to the diseases. Public health
programs are comprehensive at local, state and federal level to provide essential services
outlining the health of the society. This brings down to defining the objectives of such public
health agencies that are mentioned as follows:
 Identification of problems related to health of the community.
 Evaluating the status of health of the community.
 Investigation of various health hazards and issues in the community and diagnose of
such health issues.
 Empowering, educating and providing appropriate information about the various issues
related to health.
 To develop policies supporting to the health efforts of community as well as individual.
 An efficient workforce that assures to provide personal health care and public health.
 Ensuring safety and enforcing laws for safeguarding the health of the community.
 Develop and derive out innovative solutions through rigorous research and development
to the health issues.
 The health services must be evaluated for its effectiveness, accessibility and enhance its
quality towards a wide population and personal basis.
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TASK 1
1.1 Roles of Agencies in Identifying the Health Issues.
The presence of various agencies like Health Protection Agency, World Health
Organization are responsible for identification of various levels of health and diseases that have
chance and have been occurring in the communities. The above mentioned two agencies may
have distinguished goals but their efforts are common in providing a healthier, safer and risk
free environment for the people.
HPA or Health Protection Agency facilitates in identifying and determining the health levels and
diseases. This agency has some major functions that mainly focuses on the protection of the
community against various infectious diseases and several other health hazards. The variation in
health levels is an outcome of exposure of people to dangerous substances and chemicals and
biological hazards (Eisenberger& Cole, 2012). Such activities are observed minutely by the
HPA. The agency is designed especially for catering of such kind of issues and has objectives
that completely focus on the avoidance of such inimical prevalence from taking place. In
addition to this, it can be said that healthcare agencies plays a critical role in dealing with health
issues. Diverse agencies are there which have working on improvement of provisions so that
better health measures can be taken into account. With an assistance of this, it can be said that
agencies are also focused towards health relief so that better conditions can be created in
appropriate manner. Health relief measures, awareness camps thus delivering on outcomes thus
making community and society aware of different prospects thus related with other citizens.
World Health Organization mainly aims over implementing backup and provide services to
various health care facilities around the world. The services are primarily provided to the ones
that require immediate attention (Eliasen et al.,2016). The organization even has tie ups with
various other important organizations of health for acquiring help for carrying out various
activities and programs at a local level.
1.2 The Epidemiology of an Infectious and Non-Infectious Disease.
The Epidemiology study was seen in 2007 in Africa it illustrated a distinguished
increment. In between the years of 2006-2007, there were several cases that integrated up to
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0.9% of the marked data which was greater than the count of cases that prevailed. The rate of
target preponderance was intent to 384 per 100000 populations. The surveillance that carried out
recently conveyed 692 cases in every 100000 populations. The death rate relating to the disease
of tuberculosis was seen in a fast growing rate. The mortality rate at that time was 230 per
100000 populations in a year that had a target of 39 in this coming month 2015. These counts
mean that Africa has a long distance to cover in order to reduce the number cases that are
emerging each year (Frost, Lehavot & Meyer, 2015). Moreover the gradual increment in the
sully of new sputum both positive and negative, treatment and relapse notifications along with
new extra pulmonary.
It has been noticed that non-infectious disease is considered as disease which is linked with
consumption of fatty acids. It is mainly related with the mortality aspects so that goals and
objectives can be accomplished effectively. Fatty acids making in perspectives with goal of high
risk. By having an improved focus on diverse measures such kind of issues can be overcome in
desired manner. Mortality allotted with risk and other consumption focused for making
provisions. Other than this, infectious diseases is considered as infection which impacts overall
health values. It has been witnessed that diarrhoea is considered as key issue which influences
the health conditions.
The percentage of outcomes that are unfavourable resulted in deaths, failures, transfers,
non-evaluation and defaults where the large number of such negative cases led to high death
rates. The cases of extra pulmonary faced similar consequences in the increasing rates of new
sputum smears. In addition to this, the major non-infection disease in Africa is diabetes that has
significant impact on the health condition of population and affecting the groups. According to
analysis, it is been carried out that approach 2 million people of Africa are suffering from the
type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This is serious issues for the health care organization to deal with and
create awareness about the protection from the disease. As per the analysis, the leading health
care organization of country are offering the information through the promotional activities
using the media tools and providing the detail information at ground level form preventing the
people from high sugar. The key issues that affecting the health and increasing the diabetes are
change in the life style, food habits like use of junk and fast food, stress and less exercise. The
health care organizations are organizing the events and activities to protect people. The cases
regarding the retreatment was also increased which resulted into unpleasing factors. The
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detection rates of case had improved drastically this signifies that the plans regarding
management has been able to come in track and is in compliance of the objectives. The rate of
diabetes in Africa was not that high only 3% to 5% of the populations in the ages between 35 to
64 years are affected which increased drastically or increment by doubling up within several
years (Hampson et al., 2013).
1.3 Effectiveness of Strategies for Controlling the Incidence of Diseases.
The effectiveness of various strategies and approaches for controlling tuberculosis
(communicable disease) and diabetes (non-communicable diseases) within these two,
communicable one has illustrated the ability of various teams of public health and organizations
for the control and prevention of the escalation of certain disease within the community.
Approaches:
In order to overcome the impact of identified disease the health care organization of country are
using the intervention approaches. The approach is efficient as the target is set in the local areas
the evidence of this is seen in the survey of national post implementation for evaluating the
situation whether it has risen up or calmed down (Heine,2015). When the intervention is aimed
in terms of several groups then there are chances of creating a planned solution for each group.
Even the study of epidemiological is focused to case only. The results in this study of
epidemiology are an essential strategy in determining the incidences and existence of this kind
of disease in a specified area. These results are then used as a basis for action planning,
implementation of activities relating to the occurrence of disease in terms of intensive or
extensive. The information collected, shows pause in the extension specifically to the number of
cases. In the case of non-communicable disease such as diabetes, it leads to significant impact
over the body. The approach regarding strategies for eradication of diabetes is effective only
when there is spread of proper awareness among the people. It is often said that diabetes is
hereditary in nature but science has something else to say. There are two different types of
diabetes and so the awareness has to be done defining the specification of these (Herrenkohl et
al.,2013).
Strategy:
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For the type 2 diabetes the efforts and strategies is clearly seen in the events that are organized
to provide information about this disease. Efforts of spreading of awareness for reversing the
disease through natural way are seen that are carried out by community health organizations.
Since the type1 diabetes is rarely seen and irreversible, the health organizations are trying hard
to provide information and suggest healthy diet practices to control the effect and occurrence of
such disease. As this disease is rarely found and reversed the heath organizations are successful
in creating awareness among the people in groups by providing relevant information to
safeguard them from such disease. By having an improved focus on diverse strategies the issues
in regard to non-communicable diseases can be overcome effectively. It has been noticed that
global strategy for prevention and control of diseases is required for sustainable development.
Attaining detailed information in regard to prevention and control of disease is essential because
it allows to meet key goals and objectives. If members are well aware in regard to diseases then
it might be possible that better standards can be taken into account.
TASK 3
Case Study
1. The future needs of health and social care services will be influenced by current
lifestyle choices. Analyze.
Ans: Yes, the current choices of lifestyle will definitely influence the future needs of health
and social care services as the diet is not going to help Mrs. Senna in this case as she is a
patient of diabetes type 2 which requires a proper medication along with a diet control. The
body suffering from type 2 diabetes gets caught up in the feedback loop (Kemp &
Quintana,2013). According to given case, Mrs. Senna is getting the treatment for obesity,
high sugar and heart attack and the health care professional has suggested for gastric bypass
surgery. Moreover, care professionals have advised her to make change in the diet plan as
well in the life style. The lack of exercise, high consumption of junk and fast food is
affecting the health of Mrs. Senna which is due to current life style of people. After a month
secondary complications rise up that includes kidney failure, poor peripheral circulations and
retinal blindness. This is the period when she needs to avail the facilities that are provided by
the health care services. For future prospective information about the health activities need to
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be included in the education that will help to overcome the impact of such serious disease as
per the change in the life style.
It has been noticed that by setting out diverse priorities the issues can be overcome in
diverse manner. It allows to employ effective and standardised treatment to overcome
disease. It allows to improve efficiency of treatment process so that goals and objectives can
be accomplished in desired manner. Healthcare systems allows to have better well-being so
that health standards can be advanced in critical manner. Aligning organizations to focus on
for providing and linking priorities requires for NHS. Making in effectiveness linked with
strategies, policies and other systems helps in improving performance.
2. Assess the health and wellbeing priorities for Mrs. Senna in a particular health or
social care setting.
Ans: The health and wellbeing priorities for Mrs. Senna in accordance with health and social
care setting is that she has to be under strict supervision of doctors and must be diagnosed to
identify the damage that she had received along with its particulars. This will result in
identification of affected areas and further, the doctors will have to prescribe certain
medication that is required to control the damage (Melchior & Mabry,2016). Then, in such
setting the doctors can build up an exercise routine and carbohydrate negative diet that will
facilitate in curbing up the disease.
By having an appropriate testing of methods the work environment at health care sector
can be advanced in critical manner. Public health outcomes would include reevaluating wider
determinants of health, improving the health, protecting it providing healthcare for public and
prevention of premature mortality.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies, systems and policies and evaluate an activity
that can be implemented to encourage behavioral change of Mrs. Senna that will
directly maximize her health in a health or social care setting.
Ans: The strategy of setting up an exercise routing and designing of a proper diet that is
free from carbohydrates will facilitate in curbing up the impacts of the disease she is
suffering from. The policy of health care organization for managing the resources according
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to need and process of crafting improvement in the services standard will be beneficial for
Mrs. Senna for crafting improvement in the health. According to analysis, it is been analyzed
that proper monitoring and emotional support from the care worker will help to change the
behaviour of lady and encourage her to follow the instruction of care professional. Apart
from that, to encourage the behavioural change in Mrs. Senna the care worker will use the
Yoga, meditation and light exercise that will help to control the weight and level of sugar. By
following the mention activities the health condition of Mrs. Senna can be maximized and
influence the effectiveness of health care setting. Proper diet and intervention activities will
help the care setting to maximize the health. These are the effectiveness of the strategies that
can be implemented to encourage the behavioural change and will maximize her health
condition in a positive way.
Since it is type2 diabetes there is maximum chances that the disease can subside provided
that she is following the diet and carrying out regular exercises as per the routine (Piazza et
al.,2013). In addition to this, the uses of the different tools like training and prior education
about the impact of the life style on the health of the individual will helpful in overcome the
stress and get the proper diet according to requirements.
4. Discuss changes that could be made to improve the health and wellbeing of Mrs.
Senna in health and social care setting or the public to encourage healthy lifestyle.
Ans: In the case of type2 diabetes, the major change that is involved for improving the health
and wellbeing of Mrs. Senna in the health and social care setting is the change in the life
style and routine that she had been following till date. After diagnosis one has to understand
that the diet and the daily activities are the sole reasons that are responsible for occurrence of
such diseases. These diseases can only be tackled with a diet that has low content of
carbohydrates in the food and the physical activities that can bring about changes in the body
and help in curbing up the effects of such diseases (Payne et al.,2013). A healthy life style
includes a proper diet and it is always based on the requirement of the body in this case low
carbohydrate negative diet and the second one is daily exercise. A routine exercise will
enable the metabolism of the body to enhance and be healthier. These practices will decrease
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the effects of such diseases and will gradually help in eradicating them with the help of
healthy practices with the guidance by health and social care setting.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it is been considered that for preventing the people from illness and
disease health care setting and leading organization plays critical role. Report has provided the
information about the leading health care organization and detail information about the infection
and non-infection disease in Africa. In the next task report has undertaken the case of Mrs. Senna
and explained the process, policies and system of the health care organizations to craft
improvement in the lady by offering the support and treatment for promoting the health care
activities.
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