A Report on Race and Security: How They Challenge Liberalism

This report examines the intricate relationship between race, security, and liberalism, highlighting the challenges that racial discrimination and security concerns pose to the core tenets of liberalism. It discusses how racism, manifested through historical injustices like colonialism and slavery, continues to undermine the principles of equality and universal human rights. The report references international conventions and treaties aimed at combating racial discrimination, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), and analyzes the legal frameworks in countries like the UK and the US designed to address racial inequality. Furthermore, it explores various theoretical approaches to understanding racism, including discussions on discrimination, equal opportunities, and the lingering effects of historical injustices, concluding that a comprehensive approach, incorporating legal, social, and psychological perspectives, is essential to effectively address and eliminate racial discrimination and promote a more just and equitable society. Desklib provides access to similar reports and study tools for students.

Power, the state and the
individual

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK
..........................................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION
..........................................................................................................................................................6
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Racism is the serious issue that are still exist in the society. Racial liberalism faces difficulty
with the idea due to lack of equality among the people. There are many incident took place all
over the world that clearly indicates the negative effects of race or ethnicity in the workplace,
education , in health and in many parts of the world. Racism is global issue that reflects the
colonialism and the slavery. It is the successes story of the century that we all are entitled to
enjoy the Universal human rights. The main aim of the Universal Declaration of Human right is
to that everyone is equal in the eyes of law and everyone is entitled to enjoy same right and equal
human dignity. No person can infringe the right of others on the basis of caste, sex, place of birth
, work , culture , race and any other related grounds. Unfortunately, the struggle continues to
ensure the equal treatment of an individual in the society. The International law aims to redress
the victims by using the principal of non discrimination and binding norms on the citizens. This
report aims to highlight how race has compromised the theoretical understanding of International
relation and its applicability in providing strategy and security.
TASK
‘Problems of race and security render liberalism problematic’.
Racial security has no specific definition in the legal framework for the advancement of
human security and has historically ignored by the powerful authority. Racism is the burning
issue in all over the world1. International Convention on human security are still uncovered the
issues like racism and security to provide protection for it. Racism is manifested by the oppressor
by the people and racism widened the scope of racism by including a white and non white in the
establishment of nation state. According to Universal Declaration of Human right provides “all
human are freely born to maintain their dignity and exercise the rights. There are many
International treaties and Convention that are specifically deals with the legal framework for the
protection against the Racial Discrimination and intolerance against such acts. The development
of country and legal provision fails to deals with the serious crimes like race which not only
affects the dignity of the individual but also harm their respect and dignity in the society.
1 Bhopal R, 'Structural Racism Hide And Seek: Only One Of Five Official UK Reports On
Health Has Found Structural Racism' [2021] BMJ

International Conference
In 2001, the Durban World Conference was held the Conference was made the international
efforts to address the serious issues of the society. The aims of this conference to address the
contemporary issues of racism and defines various legal action taken to deal with these matters.
These legal issues requires to be address at the international level to bring positive change in the
society. Government has imposed several legal principles to deal with the non discrimination and
extensive international efforts has been taken for proper implementation of these laws.
International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination defines
the term ‘Racism’ as it includes any differences, exclusion , limitation based on race , colour ,
caste, national or origin used for the purpose impairing , exercise of human rights on the basis of
political, economic, social and cultural access of public life. But this definition is lack of
enforcing the strict punishment against the racial discrimination . State must provide the effective
implementation these Convention by way of legal provision and court system where accused has
to punish for such an illegal acts2. It is the statutory duty of the state to monitor the activities that
promotes racial hatred.
Slavery is one of the main reason for increasing the status of racism and crime against the
humanity. The reason for increasing the crime against the racism increased due to human
trafficking of domestic workers, women and children for conducting sexual acts. The CERD
(Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination )was comes into force in the year 1966
to deal with the global struggle against the racism. The continue efforts was made by the Durban
Conference to enforce the extensive programme of action.
The United Nation Charter was adopted in San Francisco in the year 1945 after worlds wars
which inserted to ensure core elements of human rights. Article 55 of the United Nation Charter
empowers social, economic and political cooperation from an individual to enjoy available rights
without any discrimination. Also, an International community on International Labour
Organization ensures freedom and dignity to seek employment opportunities fair treatment at
workplace. However, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 focuses on equality of
all the individual to maintain inherent dignity and access all the inherent right available to them.
2 Bremner F, 'Reacting To Black Lives Matter: The Discursive Construction Of Racism In UK
Newspapers' [2022] Politics

The countries examined various racist discrimination taken place and international action was
took place. In the year 1950, South Africa experienced the Nazi atrocities prior to the Second
World War which force the United Nation to take against the Non self governing and Trust
terrorist atrocities applied the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
genocide. The Convention deals with the crime committed against the national and ethnic or
against any social group. Later, several International Convention relating to Refugees and
Suppression and Punishment of Crime of Apartheid , are the Convention provides anti
discrimination mechanism .
The United Kingdom provides statutory framework that deals with the unlawful discrimination
on the basis of race is against the Equality Act, 20103. It prohibits unfair treatment on the basis of
colour nationality and ethnic origin are considered as violation of inherent right of the individual.
The UK Government has laid down the well established policies for preventing the racism to
raise concern on the serious issues land its anti terrorism programme designed to prevent hate
crimes .
Concept and theoretical approaches
The theoretical approaches defines the racism at various field because of the globalization are as
follows:
 Discrimination and equal opportunities: It is generally seen that the employment decision
should be fair free from bias in relation to appointments , promotion , selection and other
recruitment process4 . It means employment does not consider the factor such as race, caste,
gender of the candidate are must be treated equally and hence principle of equality must
follow for fair process.
 Main Forms of Discrimination: Discrimination cam be done by various modes such as ate
speeches, intentionally , excluding certain members from employment , exclusion on the
basis of height and weight and any other factor promoting such acts are violation under the
law.
3 Buzas Z, 'Racism And Anti-Racism In The Liberal International Order' [2020] SSRN
Electronic Journal
4 Malamed C, 'Does Your Institute Have An Anti-Racism Commitment? Interrogating Anti-
Racism Commitments In Psychoanalytic Institutes' [2022] Psychoanalysis, Culture &
Society

 Lingering effects of discrimination: The legal principle of legal opportunity is the
fundamental element of providing legal remedies against discrimination. Example: In south
Africa , blacks are excluded from certain jobs are unconstitutional and are not acceptable.
Even though they are qualifies and experienced but discriminated from very long time.
 Equal treatment and equal outcomes: An equal opportunity guarantees equal rights to an
individual whereas unequal result faces a major issues when inequalities comes in between.
The law of equity deals with the equal protection of law and equality before law which
means law treats equal to all irrespective of caste, religion , origin etc 5. Equal treatment is
the primary objective of our legal system to secure the rights of the individual.
 Stereotype and different taste: This is one of the major reason for discrimination on the basis
of race as it involves backward thinking which give rise to increase in unequal treatment of
people at different places. The thinking and prospective of very individual is different and
that may be one of the reason for inequality in the society.
Therefore, the racism is a societal as well as political issues that need effective mechanism to
redress such situation for fair implementation of policies to deal with the discrimination.
Discrimination is the complex and intolerable for certain social categories6. Various serious
events and acts of violence are evident of targeting people to bring tension and fear in the
society. Justice comes into force to protect victim and secure their rights from violation of
available rights. The UK legislative provision such as Equality Act, 2010 provides protection in
every areas such as employment equality, human rights, equality among the employees etc. It
cover wide range of protection available to every citizen. The United Kingdom has
criminalized the discriminatory acts to protect victims of discrimination. The US has established
its own constitution and the Bill of rights which provide human right mechanism to serve
equality and justice in the society. The EU is the best example to combat with the unequal
treatment and racist attacks. Intersectional discrimination are subjected to a form of
discrimination as a consequences of specific problem of vulnerability and violence are increased
5 Burdsey D, and Gorman S, 'When Adam Met Rio: Conversations On Racism, Anti-Racism And
Multiculturalism In The Australian Football League And English Premier League' (2014) 18
Sport in Society
6 Hook D, 'Racism And Jouissance: Evaluating The “Racism As (The Theft Of) Enjoyment”
Hypothesis' (2018) 23 Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society

many countries. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR) ensure all the
individual right to exercise their fundamental rights and human rights and prohibit discrimination
on the basis of race, colour, sex and religion. Another Convention on International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) guarantees all the rights including social ,
economic and political rights of an individual. Also, the United Nations Protocol on trafficking ,
2000 prevent and punish trafficking of women and child and prosecute such crimes. It ensures
effective tool to the women and child to protect from such types of crimes. These crimes are
mainly committed to assault and indulge them into sexual activities which leads to violation their
human rights. It is considered as the serious offfences committed against human body and their
rights , should be strictly penalized under the given law.
It is the obligation on states to take necessary steps to combat with the gender discrimination.
Many countries are still facing with these serious issues and few are adopting strict legislation to
address the needs of implementing such provision.
CONCLUSION
From this above report, it has been concluded that the gender inequality is the complex and
difficult to structured. Yet, many states have been addressing the serious issues to eliminate the
racial discrimination. The states are need to implement all the international agreement strictly for
fair and effective implementation of anti discrimination provision in the States. These kinds of
discrimination can e removed from the society only after criminalizing the activities which
increase hate in the community . Physiological prospective also plays important role in
committing such acts so it is necessary to give importance to every religion, colour, race, sex and
ethnic culture to promote economical and social welfare in the society.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bhopal R, 'Structural Racism Hide And Seek: Only One Of Five Official UK Reports On Health
Has Found Structural Racism' [2021] BMJ
Bremner F, 'Reacting To Black Lives Matter: The Discursive Construction Of Racism In UK
Newspapers' [2022] Politics
Buzas Z, 'Racism And Anti-Racism In The Liberal International Order' [2020] SSRN Electronic
Journal
Hook D, 'Racism And Jouissance: Evaluating The “Racism As (The Theft Of) Enjoyment”
Hypothesis' (2018) 23 Psychoanalysis, Culture & Society
Burdsey D, and Gorman S, 'When Adam Met Rio: Conversations On Racism, Anti-Racism And
Multiculturalism In The Australian Football League And English Premier League' (2014) 18
Sport in Society
Malamed C, 'Does Your Institute Have An Anti-Racism Commitment? Interrogating Anti-
Racism Commitments In Psychoanalytic Institutes' [2022] Psychoanalysis, Culture &
Society
'Tackling Racism In UK Health Research' [2022] BMJ