A Report on Racial Discrimination in the Workplace - United Kingdom

This report investigates racial discrimination in the workplace, focusing on the United Kingdom and providing a comparative analysis with the United States. It begins by introducing the background, rationale, and problem statement related to racial discrimination, highlighting its impact on employees' mental health, self-esteem, and overall performance. The research objectives include identifying factors contributing to racial discrimination, investigating its impact on employees, and recommending strategies to mitigate its adverse effects. The literature review covers the concept of racial discrimination, its types, relevant theories such as the interactional model of cultural diversity and relative deprivation theory, and factors like differences in social beliefs and lack of communication. The methodology section details the research philosophy, approach, type, data collection process, and analysis techniques. The analysis and findings section presents thematic analyses of racial discrimination in the UK and the US, including statistics and case studies. The report concludes by discussing the pros and cons of racial discrimination and summarizing the overall findings, linking them back to the research objectives. This report and many others are available on Desklib.

Running head: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Business Management
Racial discrimination in the workplace- United Kingdom
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Acknowledgement
The success and outcome of this research project need a lot of guidance and assistance from my
university people and family members. I am extremely privileged to have everyone besides me
for accomplishing this project.
I want to give respect and thank to my principal Mr./Ms. ____________________________ for
giving me the opportunity to select me as one of the facility member of the academic institute
______________________University. I also want to show my gratitude to my mentor Mr./Ms.
____________________________, who have supported me on my project Racial discrimination
in the workplace- United Kingdom and encouraged me thoroughly to complete the project duly.
She/he has provided me all the necessary information that can help me to finish my research
work.
I heartily thank my parents from where I get constant encouragement, support and guidance.
They have supported me morally and encourage me wherever I felt that I would not be able to
finish my research.
Thank you all…!
Yours Sincerely
__________________________________

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Executive Summary
Racial Discrimination is a common problem everywhere and people adopted this nature do not
prefer to have neighbor or nearby people belong from other race. Racial discrimination is highly
witnessed at the workplace as different people work there for supporting their living. Though
according to the organizational policies and government legislations, discriminated people based
on their race and ethnicity is illegal but people of developed countries possess the nature to
discriminate others more than the ethnically retarded people. The nation that is considered in this
research study is United Kingdom where majority of people are White and a certain percentage
of the population are from Black community. Some case studies are being considered to
highlight the real scenario of racial discrimination at the workplace. The result of racial
discrimination is witnessed through the mental state of the people that furthermore hampers their
performance. Secondary research is used in order to satisfy the research objectives. Hence, it can
be said that an interpretivism philosophy and descriptive purpose is being used in this research
study to collect data and answer the develop research question.

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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................7
1.2 Rationale of the research.......................................................................................................7
1.3 Problem statement.................................................................................................................8
1.4 Aim of the research................................................................................................................9
1.5 Objective of the research.......................................................................................................9
1.6 Question of the research........................................................................................................9
1.7 Structure of the research......................................................................................................10
Chapter- 2 Literature review..........................................................................................................12
2.1 Concept of Racial Discrimination.......................................................................................12
2.1.1 Type of Racial Discrimination......................................................................................12
2.2 Theories related to workplace racial discrimination............................................................14
2.2.1 Interactional model of cultural diversity (IMCD)........................................................14
2.2.2 Relative deprivation theory...........................................................................................16
2.3 Factors for racial discrimination at the workplace..............................................................16
2.3.1 Difference in social belief.............................................................................................16
2.3.2 Lack of communication................................................................................................17
2.3.3 Improper resolution policy...........................................................................................17
2.3.4 Lack of Diversity Training...........................................................................................17

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2.4 Impact of the racial discrimination on the employees.........................................................18
2.4.1 Physical and emotional impacts....................................................................................18
2.4.2 Society and Businesses impacts....................................................................................18
2.4.3 Social, educational and financial impacts.....................................................................18
2.4.4 Political impacts............................................................................................................19
2.5 Conceptual framework.........................................................................................................19
Chapter 3- Research Methodology................................................................................................21
3.1 Research Philosophy............................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Justification for selected research philosophy..............................................................21
3.2 Research Approach..............................................................................................................21
3.2.1 Justification for chosen research approach...................................................................22
3.3 Type of Research.................................................................................................................22
3.3.1 Justification for selected research purpose...................................................................22
3.4 Data collection process........................................................................................................22
3.5 Data Analysis techniques.....................................................................................................23
3.6 Sampling technique.............................................................................................................24
3.7 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................24
3.8 Research limitation..............................................................................................................24
3.9 Gantt Chart...........................................................................................................................24
Chapter 4- Analysis and Findings..................................................................................................26

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4.1 Theme 1: Racial Discrimination in the workplace- The United Kingdom..........................26
4.1.1 Overview of the racial discrimination in the United Kingdom....................................26
4.1.2 Statistics of the racial discrimination in the United Kingdom......................................26
4.1.3 Racial discrimination cases in the United Kingdom.....................................................34
4.2 Theme 2: Racial Discrimination in the workplace- United States of America...................36
4.2.1 Statistics of the racial discrimination in the United States...........................................36
4.2.2 Racial Discrimination in America................................................................................41
4.2.3 Case study of Francois vs. Department of Mental Health (2018)................................41
4.2.4 Case study of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission vs. McCready Foundation
Inc. (2017)..............................................................................................................................43
4.4 Theme 3: Pros and Cons of the presence of racial discrimination at the workplace...........43
4.4.1 Advantage of racial discrimination...............................................................................43
4.4.2 Disadvantage of racial discrimination..........................................................................44
5.0 Discussion and Conclusion......................................................................................................46
6.0 Reference List..........................................................................................................................50

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Table of Images
Image 1: Structure of the research.................................................................................................10
Image 2: Conceptual framework...................................................................................................20
Image 3: Statistics for employment rate in the UK of different race for the year 2016................28
Image 4: Percentage of unemployed people by ethnicity in the UK for the year 2016.................28
Image 5: Time spent in unemployment by ethnicity in the UK for the year 2016........................29
Image 6: Percentage of people with their income in the UK for the year 2016............................30
Image 7: Average hourly pay by ethnicity from 2013 to 2016......................................................31
Image 8: Civil service staff by ethnicity in the UK for the year 2016...........................................32
Image 9: Population by ethnicity recruited for police officer in the UK for the year 2016..........32
Image 10: Percentage of teachers by ethnicity in the UK for the year 2016.................................33
Image 11: Judges and non-legal members by ethnicity in the UK for the year 2016....................34
Image 12: Charge Sheet files against racial discrimination 1997- 2017.......................................36
Image 13: African-American participation rate for official and managerial position in United
States..............................................................................................................................................37
Image 14: Educational attainment of the labor force by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity...38
Image 15: Percentage of unemployed people by ethnicity in the US for the year 2017...............39
Image 16: Employed people by occupation, 2016 annual averages..............................................40
Image 17: Hourly earnings of men and women of different ethnicity in US for 2016..................40

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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
This study aims to find the racial discrimination in the workplace. Triana et al. (2015)
stated that in recent time, where organization opted for the approach of globalization, they intend
to recruit people from diverse background. The prime reason in doing so is that existing
workforce gets the opportunity to know different culture and also utilize their knowledge base to
improve the operational functionalities. However, Okechukwu et al. (2014) argued that many
times, due to this difference in the culture and tradition conflict arises and often results in
discrimination. Racial discrimination in contemporary organizations can be seen especially in
recruiting and promoting employees to higher designation (Pager and Western 2012). This
discrimination is majorly witnessed in case of African Americans and Asian people. This
research paper highlight the discrimination occurred in the workplace with employees based on
their race, culture and tradition.
1.2 Rationale of the research
Every organization has anti-harassment and anti-discrimination policies that they have
developed for their employee and give them the sense of equality. However, Offermann et al.
(2014) argued that employees throughout the year file a lawsuit in court regarding the
opportunity that they did not get due to their different race. The statistics also state that in UK
organizations, 74.7% white people are employed and people from ethnic minority face high
unemployment rates. Another statistics shows that in UK workplaces 29% of Asians and 34% of
blacks stated that they had experienced racial or religious discrimination (News.bbc.co.uk 2018).
In recent times, when a company invested in outsourcing and opted for multinational approach,

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they have to hire people, who belong to other religion, caste and race. Though companies have
policies against racism and any other kind of discrimination, employees from a minority group,
black people or Asian people face discrimination at their workplace. This research paper will
highlight the act of racial discrimination in the workplace in the United Kingdom.
1.3 Problem statement
It has been found that due to racial discrimination, employees suffer from depression,
exclusion and some of them also commit suicide in many cases (Roscigno et al. 2012).
Wadsworth et al. (2006) furthermore affirm that people, with whom racial discrimination is
occurring, face low self-esteem, self-worth and their social relations also get hampered. This
affects results in their poor performance and low motivation to remain associated with the
organization. UK government has the legislation of Equality Act 2010 according to which all the
employee are protected from any discrimination (Gov.uk 2018). This legislation address both the
direct and indirect discrimination where a person is treated less favorably compared to others
and due to the policy adopted by an organization a particular group of people are affected
respectively. In some cases, victimization is also noticed which is occurred when the victim
made a complaint of race discrimination (Bonilla-Silva 2017). Harassments are the common
form of racial discrimination in UK workplaces where employees feel humiliated, offended or
degraded concerning their different race and tradition. However, Canas and Sondak (2013) stated
that some job designations have some explicit occupational requirement based on which specific
race is crucial for the job. In such cases, exclusions occurred. This research paper thus identifies
the reason for the cause of racial discrimination at the workplaces.

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1.4 Aim of the research
This research highlighted the aspect through which racial discrimination occurred at the
workplace. The impact of such racial discrimination on the employee is also highlighted as it
hampers their ability to survive in the competitive environment.
1.5 Objective of the research
 To identify the factors for racial discrimination at the workplace
 To investigate the impact of the racial discrimination on the employees
 To recommend strategies to diminish the adverse impact of racial discrimination
1.6 Question of the research
 What are the factors for racial discrimination at the workplace?
 What is the impact of the racial discrimination on the employees?

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Chapter One Introduction
Chapter Two Literature Review
Chapter Three Research Methodology
Chapter Four Analysis and Findings
Chapter Five Discussion
Chapter Six Conclusion
1.7 Structure of the research
Image 1: Structure of the research
(Source: Created by Author)
First Chapter- In this research paper, the first chapter of the research comprises of details
of the background of the study, rational of the study and problem statement. The aim, objectives
and question of the research are also illustrated in this research study.
Second Chapter- The second chapter comprises of the research finding from other
research scholar's papers on the same research topic. In this research study, the literature on the
concept of racial discrimination, type of racial discrimination, theories related to the
discrimination at the workplace, factors for racial discrimination at the workplace and impact of
the racial discrimination on the employees is illustrated.

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Third Chapter- The third chapter contains the detailed information of the data collection
method used and the research philosophy research approach and research purpose for collecting
the data are highlighted. The data analysis technique for evaluating the research outcome to
satisfy the research objectives is also described in details. The sampling technique and the
research ethics are also described in this third chapter.
Fourth Chapter- All the data collected are from secondary sources and thus, thematic
analysis is represented in the fourth chapter. The outcome of the literature review is also used to
find out the scenario of the racial discrimination at UK workplaces.
Fifth Chapter- This chapter comprised of the discussion on how the data obtained in the
fourth chapter, satisfy the research objectives formulated at the first chapter. This chapter is
important as it presents the overall findings of the research.
Sixth Chapter- This is the last chapter of the dissertation and illustrated the overall
findings of the dissertation. This chapter also links the findings of the research with the objective
to highlight the effectiveness of this research.