Investigating the Impact of Racism on Smoking-Related Chronic Diseases

This research report investigates the correlation between racial discrimination and the increased risk of chronic diseases associated with smoking. It begins by framing the research question using the PICO framework, focusing on how racism elevates the risk of chronic diseases in smokers compared to non-smokers. The primary aim is to establish a connection between racial discrimination and higher rates of smoking-related health issues, particularly within the aboriginal community. Secondary objectives include identifying the reasons for the emergence of chronic diseases in this population and determining the extent to which racial discrimination contributes to smoking habits and subsequent health complications. The report references existing studies that link racial discrimination to smoking, especially among individuals with low socioeconomic status, and highlights the vulnerability of adolescents and young adults to environmental and peer pressure. Ultimately, the study aims to determine whether the increased health problems in discriminated populations are primarily due to smoking or other contributing factors.

Running head: HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
HOW RACISM IMPACT CHRONIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED TO SMOKING
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Several research studies conducted in the United States of America determined that
buffering the negative impact of racism can be done using positive parenting, social; support and
behavior, and professional achievements (Read et al. 2018). However, very few researches
available draw a parallel between the negative effect of racism and the smoking related health
complications. Therefore, in this section, the discussion of racism and its impact on health
complication influenced my smoking will be discussed.
The PICO question
Population Indicator(I) Comparison (C) Outcome of interest
(I)
People, who are
deprived or suffer from
racial discrimination
Emergence of Chronic
diseases
Among smoking or
nonsmoking people
The rate depends or
does not depends on the
racial discrimination
The question: How does racism increases the risk of chronic diseases for people who smoke
compared to those who do not smoke?
Hypothesis: smoking related habits in people suffering from racial discriminations has 40%
higher rate of risk of chronic diseases compared to people who do not smoke or are facing
racism.

2HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research aim
The primary aim of the research is to draw a parallel between racial discrimination and
higher rate of smoking related health concern among the selected population and for this
purpose, the aboriginal community will be chosen. Further, the secondary aim of this research
will be identifying the reason of emergence of chronic diseases in the population and determine
the reason of those chronic diseases are racial discrimination and smoking or not. Besides these,
the research will also try to identify the extent of racial discrimination that pushes people to
indulge into smoking habit and affected with chronic diseases.
Research objectives
The objectives of conducting his research will be -
 To determine the risk of chronic diseases in population facing the maximum racial
discrimination and are associated with smoking.
 To determine the risk of chronic diseases in population, who are not facing the
maximum racial discrimination and are not, associated with smoking.
 To determine any difference between these two
Description
In a study conducted by Paradies et al. (2015), it was identified that racial discrimination
is associated with emergence of smoking habit in people having low social economic status or
are struggling for their social determinants of health. The phase, early adolescence to early
adulthood was found to be most impulsive and vulnerable in which people generally take up
such habits due to environmental pressure, peers pressure or to withstand any kind social

3HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
struggle they are going through (Bauer et al. 2014). Due to these, they suffer from several
chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung diseases and also from
cancer. Therefore, the research question of this study is completely aligned to the research
method and proposed study as it is aimed to identify the role of racial discrimination in making
people suffer from smoking related chronic diseases (Piazza et al. 2012). Further, it is also
expected to identify that the health problems increasing in those deprived and discriminated
populations are due to smoking or some other factors.
Conclusion
In this section of research methodology, a PICO question was provided that summarizes
the primary aim and objectives of the research. Further, using the objectives and aim of the
research the goal which is to identify the relation between racism and emergence of smoking
related chronic disease has been included in this section.

4HEALTH RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
References
Bauer, U.E., Briss, P.A., Goodman, R.A. and Bowman, B.A., 2014. Prevention of chronic
disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and
disability in the USA. The Lancet, 384(9937), pp.45-52.
Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., Gupta, A., Kelaher, M. and
Gee, G., 2015. Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS
one, 10(9), p.e0138511.
Piazza, J.R., Charles, S.T., Sliwinski, M.J., Mogle, J. and Almeida, D.M., 2012. Affective
reactivity to daily stressors and long-term risk of reporting a chronic physical health
condition. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(1), pp.110-120.
Read, U.M., Karamanos, A., Silva, M.J., Molaodi, O.R., Enayat, Z.E., Cassidy, A., Cruickshank,
J.K. and Harding, S., 2018. The influence of racism on cigarette smoking: Longitudinal study of
young people in a British multiethnic cohort. PloS one, 13(1), p.e0190496.